Project Design for Geomatics Engineers and Surveyors

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface (Second Edition)
Preface (First Edition)
Acknowledgments
Authors
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Part I: Overview
	Chapter 1 Project Design Process
		1.1 Understanding Project Requirements
			1.1.1 Scope, Time, and Budget
			1.1.2 Design Framework
		1.2 Information Gathering
			1.2.1 Existing Sources
				1.2.1.1 Survey Control Data
				1.2.1.2 Existing Photography
				1.2.1.3 Existing Maps
				1.2.1.4 Plans and Legal Property Descriptions
				1.2.1.5 Agency Contacts and Interviews
			1.2.2 Ground Information
				1.2.2.1 Reconnaissance
				1.2.2.2 Surveys
		1.3 Design Approaches
			1.3.1 Workflow Design
			1.3.2 Schematic Design
		1.4 Scheduling and Cost Estimating
			1.4.1 General Steps in Geomatics Projects
				1.4.1.1 Steps in a GNSS Control Survey Project
				1.4.1.2 Steps in a Topographic Mapping Project
				1.4.1.3 Steps in a Boundary Survey Project
				1.4.1.4 Steps in a GIS Project
				1.4.1.5 Steps in Aerial Survey/Mapping Project
			1.4.2 Project Scheduling
			1.4.3 Cost Estimating Principles
		1.5 Writing Proposals
		Bibliography
		Exercises
Part II: Contemporary Issues
	Chapter 2 Standards and Specifications
		2.1 Definitions
		2.2 Application Modes of a Standard
		2.3 Units of Measure
			2.3.1 Metric Scales
			2.3.2 Conversion Factors
			2.3.3 Mapping Scales
		2.4 Accuracy Versus Precision
			2.4.1 GNSS Accuracy Measures
			2.4.2 Examples of 2D Accuracy Measures
			2.4.3 3D Accuracy Measures
		2.5 Equipment Specifications
		2.6 Limits of Closure
		2.7 Least Squares Analysis
		2.8 Mapping and GIS Standards
			2.8.1 Map Scale
				2.8.1.1 How to Interpret Numerical Map Scales
			2.8.2 Map Resolution
			2.8.3 Map Accuracy
		2.9 Classical Surveying Standards
		2.10 GPS Surveying Standards
		2.11 Other Standards
		Bibliography
		Exercises
	Chapter 3 Professional and Ethical Responsibilities
		3.1 Know What You Do
			3.1.1 Typical Work Activities
			3.1.2 Work Conditions
			3.1.3 Qualifications
		3.2 Ethics and Professional Conduct
			3.2.1 Principles
			3.2.2 Rule Ethics and Social Contract Ethics
			3.2.3 FIG Model
		3.3 Individual and Team Responsibilities
			3.3.1 Regarding Your Work
			3.3.2 Regarding Your Boss
			3.3.3 Regarding Associates and Colleagues
			3.3.4 Communicating Your Ideas
			3.3.5 Staying Technically Competent
			3.3.6 Managing Your Time
		Bibliography
		Exercises
	Chapter 4 Policy, Social, and Environmental Issues
		4.1 Policy Issues
			4.1.1 Professional Qualifications
			4.1.2 Access to Public Information and Records
			4.1.3 Mandatory Filing Requirements and Fees
			4.1.4 Best Practice Guidelines, Rules, and Procedures
			4.1.5 Land (Development) Policies
				4.1.5.1 Local Land Use Regulations
			4.1.6 Environmental Policy and Regulations
				4.1.6.1 Example 1: Environmental Land Use Restrictions
				4.1.6.2 Example 2: Specially Protected Areas
		4.2 Social and Global Issues
			4.2.1 Project Stakeholders
			4.2.2 Bureaucracy and Ethical Considerations
			4.2.3 Worldwide Land Registration Systems
		4.3 Environmental Issues
			4.3.1 Sustainable Development
			4.3.2 Environmental Impact
			4.3.3 Green Design
			4.3.4 Case Examples
		Bibliography
		Exercises
Part III: Planning and Design
	Chapter 5 Boundary Surveys
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 How Are Boundary Lines Established?
		5.3 Boundary Types and Boundary Markers
		5.4 Boundary Survey Design and Procedures
			5.4.1 Information Gathering
				5.4.1.1 Encroachments and Gaps
				5.4.1.2 Research of Land Records
				5.4.1.3 Title Search
				5.4.1.4 Adjoining Property
			5.4.2 Analysis of Information
				5.4.2.1 Monuments
				5.4.2.2 Discrepancies
				5.4.2.3 Fieldwork Preparation
			5.4.3 Boundary Survey
				5.4.3.1 Fieldwork
				5.4.3.2 Office Work
		5.5 Legal Considerations in Boundary Determination
			5.5.1 Conflicting Title Elements
		Bibliography
		Exercises
	Chapter 6 Control Surveys
		6.1 General Considerations
			6.1.1 Project Scope and Requirements
				6.1.1.1 Number and Physical Location of Project Points
				6.1.1.2 The Layout of Project Area
				6.1.1.3 Accuracy and Datum of Control
		6.2 GNSS Control Surveys
			6.2.1 Individual Site Considerations
			6.2.2 Continuously Operating GNSS Networks
				6.2.2.1 GNSS Processing Using Online Services
		6.3 Typical Workflow of a GNSS Project
			6.3.1 Station Recon
			6.3.2 Existing Control
			6.3.3 Equipment Inventory
			6.3.4 Field Data Sheets
			6.3.5 Training and Management
			6.3.6 Evaluate Site Characteristics
			6.3.7 Determine When Difficult Monuments Must Be Visited
			6.3.8 Coordinate and Supervise
			6.3.9 Work Up Detailed Observation Plans
			6.3.10 Control Network Optimization
		6.4 Designing a GNSS Survey Network
			6.4.1 Standards and Design Criteria
			6.4.2 Station Locations, Distribution, and Access
			6.4.3 Plan of Project Points
			6.4.4 Design by Least Squares and Simulation
				6.4.4.1 Computation of GDOP and Its Effect on the Position Results
				6.4.4.2 Use of Predicted GDOP Maps
				6.4.4.3 Network Design Terminology
				6.4.4.4 Summary of Procedures for Design by Simulation
		6.5 GNSS Observation Planning and Optimization
			6.5.1 Forming GNSS Baselines and Loops
			6.5.2 Finding the Number of GNSS Sessions
			6.5.3 GNSS Optimization
				6.5.3.1 How Are the Elements of the Cost Matrix in Table 6.4 Interpreted?
				6.5.3.2 Calculating the Optimal Session Schedule
		Bibliography
		Exercises
	Chapter 7 Topographic Surveys
		7.1 General Considerations
			7.1.1 Project Scope and Requirements
				7.1.1.1 Sample Topographic Survey Request
			7.1.2 Other General Considerations
				7.1.2.1 Topographic Survey Planning Checklist
				7.1.2.2 Rights-of-Entry
				7.1.2.3 Sources of Existing Data
		7.2 Project Control for Topographic Surveys
			7.2.1 Establishing Control at a Project Site
			7.2.2 Project Control Densification Methods
			7.2.3 Extending Control from a Local Project or Network
			7.2.4 Extending Control from a Distant Network
				7.2.4.1 Using Online GNSS Processing Services
			7.2.5 Approximate Control for an Isolated Project
		7.3 Map Scale and Contour Interval
		Bibliography
		Exercises
	Chapter 8 GIS Application
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 General Considerations
			8.2.1 Data Requirements
			8.2.2 Level of Accuracy
			8.2.3 Existing Information
		8.3 System Design Process
			8.3.1 Selecting a GIS System
			8.3.2 Designing a GIS
		8.4 Input Data from Fieldwork
			8.4.1 Utilizing GNSS for Fieldwork
				8.4.1.1 Why Use GNSS?
				8.4.1.2 Defining Data Collection Goals and Objectives
			8.4.2 Basic Data Dictionary Concepts
			8.4.3 Other Methods
				8.4.3.1 Using Maps to Approximate Coordinates
				8.4.3.2 Traditional Surveying
				8.4.3.3 Digitizing Coordinates
				8.4.3.4 Address Geocoding
		8.5 Other Sources of GIS Data
			8.5.1 Augmented Reality Informatics
			8.5.2 Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Services
			8.5.3 AI and Big Data
		Bibliography
		Exercises
	Chapter 9 Unmanned Aerial Systems Surveys/Mapping
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 General Considerations
			9.2.1 UAS Laws
			9.2.2 Project Scale and Location
			9.2.3 Mission Planning and Flight Considerations
			9.2.4 Ground Control Points
			9.2.5 Post-Flight Processing
			9.2.6 Deliverables
		9.3 Standard UAS Operating Procedures
			9.3.1 Pre-Flight Operations
			9.3.2 During Flight Operations
			9.3.3 Post-Flight Operations
			9.3.4 Emergency Procedures
			9.3.5 Incident Reporting
		Bibliography
		Exercises
	Chapter 10 Engineering and Mining Surveys
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 General Considerations
			10.2.1 Fundamental Principles and Concepts
			10.2.2 Common Instruments and Accessories
			10.2.3 Exposition Using a Case Study on Tunnel Surveys
		10.3 Transferring Controls
		10.4 Considerations for Setting Out and Deformation Monitoring
		10.5 Mining Surveys
			10.5.1 The Future of Mining Surveys
			10.5.2 Classical and Emerging Features of Mining Surveys
			10.5.3 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Aspects in Mining Surveys
		Bibliography
		Exercises
Part IV: Proposal Development
	Chapter 11 Estimating Project Costs
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Elements of Costing
		11.3 Unit Price Schedules
		11.4 GNSS Survey Cost Estimating
			11.4.1 Sample Cost Estimate for GNSS Services
			11.4.2 Sample Scope of Work for GNSS Services
				11.4.2.1 Specifications and Accuracy Standards
				11.4.2.2 Sample Scope of Work
		11.5 Topographic Survey Cost Estimating
			11.5.1 Sample Cost Estimate for Topographic Survey
			11.5.2 Sample Scope of Work for Topographic Survey
		11.6 Aerial Survey and Mapping Cost Estimating
			11.6.1 Cost Phases of Mapping Operation
			11.6.2 Sample Scope of Work
			11.6.3 Sample Cost Estimate
		Bibliography
		Exercises
	Chapter 12 Writing Geomatics Proposals
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 How to Write a Winning Proposal
		12.3 Layout of the Proposal
		12.4 Managing the Writing Process
			12.4.1 Getting Started
			12.4.2 Assigning Individual and Team Responsibilities
			12.4.3 Outlining the Process
			12.4.4 Incorporating Revisions and Feedback
			12.4.5 Submitting the Proposal
			12.4.6 Things to Avoid
		12.5 Sample Proposal Format
			12.5.1 Cover Letter
			12.5.2 Title Page
			12.5.3 Table of Contents
			12.5.4 Executive Summary
			12.5.5 Bios/Resumes
			12.5.6 Scope of Work and Approach
			12.5.7 Schedule and Budget
			12.5.8 Fee
			12.5.9 Related Experience
			12.5.10 Appendix
		Bibliography
		Exercises
Part V: Appendices
	Appendix A: Resource Guide for Geomatics Projects
	Appendix B: Sample Geodetic Standards
	Appendix C: Glossary of Terms
Index