Progress in China Epidemiology: Volume 1

Preface
Contents
1: The Infectious Diseases Associated with Behavior and Ecological Changes
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Examples of Behavior and Ecology-Induced Infectious Diseases
		1.2.1	 Plague
		1.2.2	 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in China
		1.2.3	 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
		1.2.4	 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection
		1.2.5	 Human Infection of Streptococcus suis
	1.3	 Behavioral and Ecological Factors that Can Cause Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
		1.3.1	 Large-Scale Farming of Economic Animals Without Concern of Infectious Diseases
		1.3.2	 Large-Scale Supply of Piglets and Lambs Carrying Pathogens
		1.3.3	 Changes in Dietary Habits
		1.3.4	 Trade Activities
		1.3.5	 Large-Scale Production, Transportation, and Distribution of Food Products
		1.3.6	 Modern Pharmaceutical Production Methods that Expand the Impact of Incidental Contamination
		1.3.7	 Unsafe Sexual Behavior
		1.3.8	 Unprotected Exposure to Vectors Carrying Pathogens Such as Ticks
		1.3.9	 Unprotected Exposure to Wildlife
		1.3.10	 The Large-Scale Development of Transportation Means and Methods
	1.4	 Prevention and Control of Behavior and Ecology-Induced Infectious Diseases
		1.4.1	 Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases by Controlling Social Behavior
			1.4.1.1	 Successful Prevention of Re-Emergence of SARS by Prohibition of Large-Scale Masked Palm Civets Trade
			1.4.1.2	 Effective Control of the Scale of the Outbreaks of H5N1 and H7N9 Avian Influenza in Humans by Closure of Live Poultry Markets
		1.4.2	 Individual Behavior
	References
2: Progress in Epidemiology of Emerging Tick-Borne Infections in China
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Emergence of Emerging Tick-Borne Agents in the Mainland of China
	2.3	 Emerging SFGR Infections
	2.4	 Emerging Infections with Agents in the Family Anaplasmataceae
	2.5	 Emerging Infections with Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato
	2.6	 Emerging Babesia Infections
	2.7	 Emerging SFTSV Infections
	2.8	 Factors Contributing to the Emergence of Tick-Borne Infections
	2.9	 Perspectives
	2.10	 Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
	References
3: Progress on Epidemiology of Influenza A(H1N1)
	3.1	 Etiology of Influenza A(H1N1)
		3.1.1	 Structure and Biological Characteristics of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
			3.1.1.1	 Structure of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
			3.1.1.2	 Classification of Influenza Viruses
		3.1.2	 Origin of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
		3.1.3	 Cross-Species Transmission and Host of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
			3.1.3.1	 Cross-Species Transmission of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
			3.1.3.2	 The Hosts and Receptors of Influenza A Virus
		3.1.4	 Virulence and Drug Susceptibility of Influenza A(H1N1)
			3.1.4.1	 Virulence of Influenza A(H1N1)
			3.1.4.2	 Analysis of Drug Susceptibility
	3.2	 Epidemiology of Influenza A(H1N1)
		3.2.1	 Epidemiological Characteristics
			3.2.1.1	 Discovery of Influenza A(H1N1)
			3.2.1.2	 Profile of Influenza A(H1N1) Epidemic
			3.2.1.3	 Epidemiological Characteristics of Influenza A(H1N1)
			3.2.1.4	 Epidemic Characteristics under China’s Effective Intervention in Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)
		3.2.2	 Epidemic Relevant Parameters
	3.3	 Progress in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza A(H1N1)
		3.3.1	 Clinical Feature
			3.3.1.1	 Clinical Manifestation
			3.3.1.2	 Risk Factors for Severe Illness of Influenza A(H1N1)
		3.3.2	 Laboratory Findings
			3.3.2.1	 Peripheral Hemogram
			3.3.2.2	 Biochemical Examination of Blood
			3.3.2.3	 Etiological Examinations
			3.3.2.4	 Chest Radiological Examinations
		3.3.3	 Diagnosis and Classification
			3.3.3.1	 Diagnostic Criteria
				3.3.3.1.1 Suspected Case
				3.3.3.1.2 Clinically Diagnosed Cases
				3.3.3.1.3 Confirmed Cases
			3.3.3.2	 Diagnosis of Severe and Critical Influenza A(H1N1)
		3.3.4	 Complications
		3.3.5	 Treatment
			3.3.5.1	 Isolation
			3.3.5.2	 Symptomatic Treatment
			3.3.5.3	 Antiviral Therapy
			3.3.5.4	 Other Treatment
			3.3.5.5	 Discharge Standard
	3.4	 Progress of Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine
		3.4.1	 Comparison of Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Strain and Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Strain
		3.4.2	 Research Progress of Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine in China
		3.4.3	 Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine Approved by the United States and the European Union
	References
4: Progress in Novel Vaccine Clinical Epidemiology Research in China
	4.1	 Recombined Hepatitis E Vaccine
		4.1.1	 Background and Rational
		4.1.2	 Methods
			4.1.2.1	 Participants and Study Site
			4.1.2.2	 Design of Optimal Dosage, Formulation, and Immunization Schedule
			4.1.2.3	 Study Design of Vaccine Efficacy
			4.1.2.4	 Statistical Analysis
		4.1.3	 Results
			4.1.3.1	 Optimal Dose, Dosage Form, and Vaccination Schedule of HEV Vaccine
			4.1.3.2	 Efficacy of HEV Vaccine
		4.1.4	 Conclusions
			4.1.4.1	 Safety
			4.1.4.2	 Immunogenicity
			4.1.4.3	 Efficacy
			4.1.4.4	 Post-Licensure Surveillance
	4.2	 Enterovirus 71 Vaccine
		4.2.1	 Background and Rational
		4.2.2	 Methods
			4.2.2.1	 Participants and Study Sites
			4.2.2.2	 Design of Optimal Dosage, Formulation, and Immunization Schedule
			4.2.2.3	 Study Design of Vaccine Efficacy
			4.2.2.4	 Statistical Analysis
		4.2.3	 Results
			4.2.3.1	 Immune Program for Optimal Immune Dose Form
			4.2.3.2	 Efficacy
		4.2.4	 Conclusion and Evaluation
			4.2.4.1	 Safety
			4.2.4.2	 Immunogenicity
			4.2.4.3	 Efficacy
			4.2.4.4	 Post-Licensure Surveillance
			4.2.4.5	 Evaluation
	4.3	 Ebola Vaccine
		4.3.1	 Background
		4.3.2	 Methods
			4.3.2.1	 Participants and Locations
			4.3.2.2	 Design of Optimal Dosage, Formulation, and Immunization Schedule
			4.3.2.3	 Statistical Analysis
		4.3.3	 Results
			4.3.3.1	 The Target Vaccine Dose, or Formulations and Regimen for Primary Immunization
			4.3.3.2	 A Homologous Boost After the Primary Immunization
			4.3.3.3	 Immunogenicity and Safety for Optimal Doses of the Vaccine
		4.3.4	 Conclusion
			4.3.4.1	 Safety
			4.3.4.2	 Immunogenicity
			4.3.4.3	 Efficacy
	4.4	 Summary
	References
5: Progress in Epidemiology of Ebola Virus Disease
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Etiology and Animal Host
	5.3	 Clinical Features and Prognosis
	5.4	 Transmission
		5.4.1	 Contact Transmission
		5.4.2	 Household Transmission
		5.4.3	 Nosocomial Transmission
		5.4.4	 Sexual Transmission
		5.4.5	 Other Possible Transmission
	5.5	 Overview of EVD Epidemic Distribution
		5.5.1	 Seasonal, Population, and Regional Distribution Characteristics
		5.5.2	 Distribution Characteristics of Virus Subtypes
	5.6	 Influencing Factors
		5.6.1	 Natural Environmental Factors
		5.6.2	 Factors of Human Behavior and Cultural Practices
		5.6.3	 Socioeconomic and Political Factors
	5.7	 Prevention and Control
		5.7.1	 Drugs and Vaccines
		5.7.2	 Control and Intervention
	5.8	 Prospects and Challenges
	5.9	 Conflict of Interest
	References
6: Progress in Dengue Epidemiology
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Disease Burden and Epidemiology
		6.2.1	 Geographic Distribution
		6.2.2	 Temporal Distribution
		6.2.3	 Population Distribution
	6.3	 Risk Factors for Transmission
		6.3.1	 Source of Infection
		6.3.2	 Route of Transmission
		6.3.3	 Susceptible Population and Mechanism
		6.3.4	 Virus and Detection
		6.3.5	 Epidemic Process
		6.3.6	 Impact Factors and Transmission Process
	6.4	 Control and Prevention Strategy
		6.4.1	 Surveillance and Forecast
			6.4.1.1	 Epidemic Surveillance
			6.4.1.2	 Vector Surveillance
			6.4.1.3	 Forecast, Prediction, and 3S Technology
		6.4.2	 Control System and Organization
			6.4.2.1	 Vector Control
			6.4.2.2	 Case Management
			6.4.2.3	 Health Education
			6.4.2.4	 Protection of the Susceptible Population
	6.5	 Future Challenge
	References
7: Epidemiological Progress of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Etiology
		7.2.1	 Morphology and Structure
		7.2.2	 Resistance
		7.2.3	 Infectivity and Virulence
	7.3	 Epidemiology
		7.3.1	 Epidemic Characteristics
		7.3.2	 Host Animals and Vectors
		7.3.3	 Route of Transmission
		7.3.4	 Susceptible Population
	7.4	 Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment
		7.4.1	 Pathogenesis
		7.4.2	 Pathological Features
		7.4.3	 Symptoms and Signs
		7.4.4	 Laboratory Examination
		7.4.5	 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
		7.4.6	 Treatment
		7.4.7	 Prognosis
	7.5	 Prevention and Control
	References
8: Progress in Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in China
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Epidemiology of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
		8.2.1	 Overview
		8.2.2	 Diagnostics of LTBI
		8.2.3	 Future Perspectives
		8.2.4	 Recommended Populations for LTBI Testing
		8.2.5	 Preventive Treatment Regimen
			8.2.5.1	 Daily Isoniazid Monotherapy
			8.2.5.2	 Weekly Rifapentine Plus Isoniazid
			8.2.5.3	 Daily Rifampicin plus Isoniazid
			8.2.5.4	 Daily Rifampicin Monotherapy for 3–4 Months
			8.2.5.5	 Management During the Treatment Course
			8.2.5.6	 Withdrawal Criterion
	8.3	 Epidemiology of Active Tuberculosis
		8.3.1	 The Epidemic of Active TB
		8.3.2	 Diagnosis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		8.3.3	 Treatment of Tuberculosis
			8.3.3.1	 Health Nutrition Therapy
			8.3.3.2	 The Era of Standard Chemotherapy
		8.3.4	 The Era of Standard Chemotherapy for Tuberculosis
		8.3.5	 The Era of Short-Course Chemotherapy for TB
		8.3.6	 Therapeutic Principle
		8.3.7	 Therapeutic Regimen
		8.3.8	 Treatment Management of TB Patients
		8.3.9	 TB Patients Management
			8.3.9.1	 Content of Management
			8.3.9.2	 Medical Staff Management
			8.3.9.3	 Family Member Management
			8.3.9.4	 Volunteer Management
			8.3.9.5	 Intelligent Tools Assist Management
	8.4	 Epidemiology of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis
		8.4.1	 Overview
		8.4.2	 Diagnosis
			8.4.2.1	 Phenotypic Testing on Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
			8.4.2.2	 Genotypic Testing on Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
		8.4.3	 Treatment [44]
			8.4.3.1	 The Composition of Longer MDR/RR-TB Regimens
			8.4.3.2	 The Standardized Shorter MDR/RR-TB Regimen
		8.4.4	 Management
			8.4.4.1	 Monitoring
			8.4.4.2	 Treatment Outcomes
			8.4.4.3	 Care and Support for Patients with MDR/RR-TB
			8.4.4.4	 Health Care Service and Funding Mechanisms of MDR/RR-TB
	8.5	 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Comorbidity
		8.5.1	 HIV/TB Co-infection
			8.5.1.1	 Overview
			8.5.1.2	 The Relationship Between Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS
			8.5.1.3	 HIV/TB Co-infection Clinical Features
			8.5.1.4	 The Prevalence of HIV/TB Co-infection
			8.5.1.5	 HIV/TB Co-infection Control Strategy
			8.5.1.6	 Problems and Challenges
		8.5.2	 Epidemiology of DM in PTB
			8.5.2.1	 Mutual Effect of PTB-DM
			8.5.2.2	 The Prevalence of PTB-DM
			8.5.2.3	 Risk Factors for PTB-DM
			8.5.2.4	 The Mechanism of PTB-DM
			8.5.2.5	 PTB-DM Treatment Outcome
			8.5.2.6	 Prevention and Control Strategy of PTB-DM
		8.5.3	 Rare Complications of Tuberculosis
	8.6	 Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Key Populations
		8.6.1	 Students
			8.6.1.1	 Characteristics of the Epidemic
			8.6.1.2	 Characteristics of Public Health Emergencies of TB in Schools
			8.6.1.3	 School Routine Preventive Control Measures
		8.6.2	 The Elderly
			8.6.2.1	 Preventing Transmission
			8.6.2.2	 Early Detection
			8.6.2.3	 Appropriate Treatment
			8.6.2.4	 Programmatic Management
		8.6.3	 The Migration
		8.6.4	 Prisoner
	8.7	 Conclusion and Future Trends
	References
9: Recent Advances in Genetic Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer in Chinese Population
	9.1	 Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer
		9.1.1	 Temporal Trend
			9.1.1.1	 Temporal Trend of CRC Prevalence Worldwide
			9.1.1.2	 Temporal Trend of CRC Prevalence in China
		9.1.2	 Regional Distribution
			9.1.2.1	 Distribution of CRC Worldwide
			9.1.2.2	 Distribution of CRC in China
		9.1.3	 Population Distribution
			9.1.3.1	 Age
			9.1.3.2	 Gender
			9.1.3.3	 Race
	9.2	 Risk Factors of CRC
		9.2.1	 Modifiable Risk Factors
			9.2.1.1	 Overweight or Obesity
			9.2.1.2	 Physically Active and Sedentary Behavior
			9.2.1.3	 Dietary Patterns
			9.2.1.4	 Smoking
			9.2.1.5	 Alcohol Intake
			9.2.1.6	 Occupational Hazards
		9.2.2	 Non-modifiable Risk Factors
			9.2.2.1	 Hereditary Factors
			9.2.2.2	 Other Risk Factors
	9.3	 Strategy for Genetic Epidemiological Study in CRC
		9.3.1	 Association Analysis Based on Candidate Gene Approach
		9.3.2	 Genome-Wide Association Study
		9.3.3	 Post Genome-Wide Association Study
			9.3.3.1	 Using Computational Strategy
			9.3.3.2	 Fine-Mapping: Integrating Functional Annotation Data
			9.3.3.3	 Deep Sequencing and Exon Array Research
			9.3.3.4	 Experimental Post-GWAS
			9.3.3.5	 Gene–Gene and Gene–Environment Interaction Studies
			9.3.3.6	 Population Validation in a Prospective Cohort Study
	9.4	 The Potential Benefits and Challenges of Genetics Epidemiology for CRC
		9.4.1	 The Potential Benefits of Genetics Epidemiology for CRC
			9.4.1.1	 Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) in CRC Risk
			9.4.1.2	 Precision Medicine in CRC Treatment
			9.4.1.3	 Integrating Genetics into the Drug Development
		9.4.2	 Challenges in Post-GWAS Analysis for CRC
			9.4.2.1	 Genetic Association of Causal SNPs Could be Missed by Current GWAS
			9.4.2.2	 Target Genes of Regulatory SNPs Are Not Always the Nearest or Embedded Genes
			9.4.2.3	 Overlooking Tumor Microenvironment and Tissue Specificity
			9.4.2.4	 Consideration of Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Factors
	References
10: Research Progress in Infectious Agents of Malignant Tumors
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer, Anal Cancer, and Other Cancers
		10.2.1	 Introduction to the Biology of HPV
		10.2.2	 The Global and China Epidemic Trend of HPV and the Burden of Relevant Cancers
		10.2.3	 The Association Between HPV and the Risk of Cervical Cancer, Anal Cancer, and Other Tumors
		10.2.4	 Future Perspectives
	10.3	 HBV and HCV Infection and Liver Cancer
		10.3.1	 Introduction to the Biology of HBV and/or HCV
		10.3.2	 The Global and China Epidemic Trend of HBV and/or HCV and the Burden of Liver Cancer
		10.3.3	 The Association Between HBV and/or HCV and the Risk of Liver Cancer and Other Tumors
		10.3.4	 Preventive Effect of Hepatitis B Vaccine on Liver Cancer
		10.3.5	 Future Perspectives
	10.4	 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer
		10.4.1	 Introduction to the Biology of Helicobacter pylori
		10.4.2	 Trends in the Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in China and Worldwide
		10.4.3	 The Association Between Helicobacter pylori and the Risk of Gastric Cancer
		10.4.4	 Future Perspectives
	10.5	 Epstein-Barr Virus and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Burkitt Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
		10.5.1	 Introduction to the Biology of Epstein-Barr Virus
			10.5.1.1	 Biological Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus
			10.5.1.2	 EBV Tumorigenic Mechanism
		10.5.2	 Epidemiological Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus in China and Worldwide
		10.5.3	 The Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Burkitt Lymphoma, and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
			10.5.3.1	 The Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
			10.5.3.2	 The Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Burkitt Lymphoma
			10.5.3.3	 The Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
		10.5.4	 Future Perspectives
			10.5.4.1	 The Role of EBV Vaccine in the Prevention and Control of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Burkitt’s Lymphoma, and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
			10.5.4.2	 The Role of EBV Detection in the Prevention and Control of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Burkitt Lymphoma, and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
	10.6	 Human Herpes Virus Type 8 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Other Related Tumors
		10.6.1	 Biology of Human Herpes Virus Type 8 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
		10.6.2	 Prevalence of Human Herpes Virus Type 8 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
		10.6.3	 Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Other Related Tumors
			10.6.3.1	 Kaposi’s Sarcoma
			10.6.3.2	 Other Tumors
		10.6.4	 Future Perspectives
	10.7	 Summary
	References
11: Progress of Lung Cancer Genomic Epidemiology in China
	11.1	 Candidate Gene Study of Lung Cancer
	11.2	 Genome-Wide Association Study of Lung Cancer in China
		11.2.1	 Genome-Wide Association Study of Lung Cancer in the Chinese Population
		11.2.2	 Genome-Wide Association Study of Lung Cancer in Subgroup Population
			11.2.2.1	 Race
			11.2.2.2	 Smoking Status
			11.2.2.3	 Histopathological Type
		11.2.3	 Genome-Wide Association Study on the Prognosis of Lung Cancer
	11.3	 Post Genome-Wide Association Study in China
		11.3.1	 Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Lung Cancer
		11.3.2	 Pathway Analysis
		11.3.3	 Interactive Analysis
		11.3.4	 Fine Mapping and Deep Sequencing Study
		11.3.5	 Association Analysis Based on Exon Chip
		11.3.6	 Integration of GWAS with Other Omics
		11.3.7	 Polygenic Risk Score and Lung Cancer Risk Prediction
	11.4	 Research on Lung Cancer Genome Sequencing
		11.4.1	 Burden of Somatic Alterations in Chinese Lung Cancer Patients
		11.4.2	 Driver Genes in Chinese Lung Cancer Patients
	11.5	 Conclusion
	References
12: Progress in Epidemiology of Child Road Traffic Injury
	12.1	 Introduction
		12.1.1	 Definition
			12.1.1.1	 Children
			12.1.1.2	 Injury and Traffic Injury
		12.1.2	 Classification
	12.2	 Epidemiological Characteristics
		12.2.1	 Mortality
		12.2.2	 Years of Life Lost (YLLs)
		12.2.3	 Years Lived with Disability (YLDs)
		12.2.4	 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
		12.2.5	 Economic Burden
		12.2.6	 Age Group
		12.2.7	 Region
		12.2.8	 Date and Time
		12.2.9	 Transportation Method
	12.3	 Influencing Factors of RTI
		12.3.1	 Host
			12.3.1.1	 Driver
			12.3.1.2	 Victim
			12.3.1.3	 Seat Belt
			12.3.1.4	 Child Safety Seat
			12.3.1.5	 Intoxicated Driving
			12.3.1.6	 Safety Helmet
			12.3.1.7	 Distracted Driving
		12.3.2	 Vehicle
		12.3.3	 Natural Environment
		12.3.4	 Socioeconomic Environment
			12.3.4.1	 Incidence of Traffic Crashes Among Children
			12.3.4.2	 Emergency Care
			12.3.4.3	 Trauma Treatment
	12.4	 Interventions
		12.4.1	 Theories of Injury Intervention
			12.4.1.1	 Haddon’s Ten Strategies
			12.4.1.2	 “5Es” Intervention Theory
			12.4.1.3	 Active and Passive Intervention Strategies
		12.4.2	 Interventions
			12.4.2.1	 Legislation
				12.4.2.1.1 Speed Limits
				12.4.2.1.2 Restricting Drink-Driving
				12.4.2.1.3 Wearing Safety Helmets
				12.4.2.1.4 Using Seat Belts
				12.4.2.1.5 Using of Child Restraints
			12.4.2.2	 Increasing the Visibility of Children Pedestrians
			12.4.2.3	 Choosing Suitable Car Seats for Children
			12.4.2.4	 School Safety Education
			12.4.2.5	 Graduated Driver Licensing
			12.4.2.6	 Using Airbags with Caution
			12.4.2.7	 Improving Train for Young Drivers
			12.4.2.8	 Avoiding Distracted Driving
	12.5	 Conclusion
	References
13: Research Progress of Fracture Epidemiology
	13.1	 Definition and Classification of Fractures
		13.1.1	 Definitions
		13.1.2	 Cause
		13.1.3	 Classification
			13.1.3.1	 Traditional Classification Methods
			13.1.3.2	 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen and the Association of Study of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) Classification
	13.2	 Epidemiological Characteristics of Fractures
		13.2.1	 Population Disposition
			13.2.1.1	 Age Distribution
			13.2.1.2	 Gender Distribution
		13.2.2	 Regional Distribution
			13.2.2.1	 Urban-Rural Distribution
			13.2.2.2	 Geographic Distribution
		13.2.3	 Epidemiological Characteristics of Fractures in Different Countries
	13.3	 Influencing Factors of Fracture
		13.3.1	 Influencing Factors of Fracture Occurrence
			13.3.1.1	 Bone Density
			13.3.1.2	 Bad Habits
			13.3.1.3	 Climate
			13.3.1.4	 Other Influencing Factors
		13.3.2	 Factors Influencing Fracture Healing
	13.4	 Epidemiological Study of Fracture in China
	13.5	 Prevention and Treatment Strategies of Fractures
		13.5.1	 Prevention of Fractures
		13.5.2	 Treatment of Fractures
			13.5.2.1	 Emergency Treatment of Fracture
			13.5.2.2	 Treatment Principles of Fracture
			13.5.2.3	 Management of Open Fractures
			13.5.2.4	 Treatment of Open Joint Injury
		13.5.3	 Prevention and Treatment Strategy of Senile Fracture
	References
14: Extreme Weather and Mortality and Cardiovascular Diseases
	14.1	 Overview of Global Climate Change
		14.1.1	 Historical Record of Climate Change
		14.1.2	 The Main Factors of Global Warming
		14.1.3	 The Main Hazards of Climate Warming
	14.2	 Extreme Weather and Total Mortality or Cardiovascular Mortality
		14.2.1	 Heat Waves and Total Mortality or Cardiovascular Mortality
		14.2.2	 Cold Spell and Total Mortality or Cardiovascular Mortality
	14.3	 Extreme Weather or Meteorological Factor and Myocardial Infarction
	14.4	 Summary
	References
15: Twin Research in China and Worldwide
	15.1	 Brief History of Twin Research
	15.2	 The Value of Twin Studies
	15.3	 Twin Registries in the World
	15.4	 Advances in Twin Research
		15.4.1	 Heritability Estimation of Single Trait
		15.4.2	 Genetic Correlation Among Multiple Phenotypes
		15.4.3	 Heritability Modification
		15.4.4	 Multi-omics Study
			15.4.4.1	 Epigenome Study-DNA Methylation
				15.4.4.1.1 Introduction of DNA Methylation
				15.4.4.1.2 Advantages of Discordant Twin Design in Epigenome Studies
				15.4.4.1.3 Research Progress of DNA Methylation in CNTR
				15.4.4.1.4 DNA Methylation Age and Its Related Progress
			15.4.4.2	 Metabolomics Study
	15.5	 Future of the Twin Research in China
	References
16: Development of Active Surveillance System for Drug Safety in China
	16.1	 Passive Surveillance and Active Surveillance
	16.2	 Development of Active Surveillance in China
		16.2.1	 Available Data Sources for Active Surveillance
		16.2.2	 Specific System for Active Surveillance
		16.2.3	 Feasibility Studies
	16.3	 Some Practices of Active Surveillance
		16.3.1	 Signal Generation
			16.3.1.1	 Prescription Sequence Symmetry Analysis (PSSA)
			16.3.1.2	 Tree-Based Scan Statistic (TBSS)
		16.3.2	 Signal Evaluation
		16.3.3	 Confounding Control
	16.4	 Discussion
		16.4.1	 Enrolling Data Sources
		16.4.2	 Developing Methods and Tools
		16.4.3	 Encouraging Stakeholders
	References
17: Research Advances in Epidemiology of Autoimmune Diseases in China
	17.1	 An Overview of Autoimmune Diseases
		17.1.1	 A Brief Introduction of Autoimmune Diseases
		17.1.2	 The History of Autoimmunity
	17.2	 Epidemiological Characteristics of Autoimmune Diseases in China
		17.2.1	 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
		17.2.2	 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
		17.2.3	 Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
		17.2.4	 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
	17.3	 Risk Factors for Autoimmune Diseases
		17.3.1	 Genetic Factors of Autoimmune Diseases
			17.3.1.1	 Familial Aggregation and Twin Studies
			17.3.1.2	 Linkage Analysis
			17.3.1.3	 Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS)
			17.3.1.4	 Rare Variants as the Heritability of Autoimmune Diseases
			17.3.1.5	 Epigenetics in Autoimmune Diseases
		17.3.2	 Environmental Factors of Autoimmune Diseases
			17.3.2.1	 Cigarette Smoking
			17.3.2.2	 Infectious Processes
			17.3.2.3	 Silica and Silicate
			17.3.2.4	 Air Pollution
			17.3.2.5	 Other Environmental Factors
	17.4	 Summary and Perspectives
	References
18: Advance in Large-Scale Prospective Cohort Studies of Chinese Adults
	18.1	 Significance of Large-Scale Cohort Studies and Research Progress Abroad
		18.1.1	 Scientific Value and Public Health Significance of Large-Scale Cohort Studies
		18.1.2	 Current Status and Future Perspectives of Adult Cohort Studies in Western Countries
	18.2	 History, Current Status, and Challenges of Adult Cohort Studies in China
	18.3	 China Kadoorie Biobank
		18.3.1	 Recruitment of Participants and Baseline Survey
			18.3.1.1	 Field Investigations and Study Participants
			18.3.1.2	 Baseline Survey
		18.3.2	 Follow-Up
			18.3.2.1	 Resurveys
			18.3.2.2	 Follow-Up for Disease Outcomes
			18.3.2.3	 Outcome Validation and Adjudication
		18.3.3	 Biological Sample Bank
	18.4	 Research Output of the China Kadoorie Biobank
		18.4.1	 Hemorrhagic Stroke
			18.4.1.1	 Fruits
			18.4.1.2	 Alcohol Drinking
			18.4.1.3	 Adiposity
			18.4.1.4	 Blood Lipids
			18.4.1.5	 Lifestyles
			18.4.1.6	 Prognosis
		18.4.2	 Household Air Pollutions
			18.4.2.1	 Cardiovascular Diseases
			18.4.2.2	 Respiratory Diseases
			18.4.2.3	 Other Chronic Diseases
	References
19: Some Random Reflections on Evidence-Based Medicine, Precision Medicine, and Big Data Research
	19.1	 Reasons and Emotions in EBM
	19.2	 Precision Medicine Cannot Reply Only on New Technologies
	19.3	 Big Data: Statistical Precision Versus Scientific Credibility
	19.4	 Conclusions
	References
20: Research Progress in Biomedical Big Data
	20.1	 Introduction
		20.1.1	 Definition and Characteristics of Big Data
		20.1.2	 Development Status of Big Data in China and Abroad
	20.2	 Sources and Application of Biomedical Big Data
		20.2.1	 Major Sources of Biomedical Big Data
		20.2.2	 Application of Biomedical Big Data
	20.3	 Biomedical Big Data Initiatives and Actions
		20.3.1	 Big Data Research and Development Initiative
		20.3.2	 Data to Knowledge to Action
		20.3.3	 Global Pulse
		20.3.4	 National Population Health Data Sharing Platform
		20.3.5	 Big Data-Driven Management and Decision-Making Research
		20.3.6	 National Pilot Program for Healthcare Big Data Centers and Industrial Parks
		20.3.7	 Yichang Big Data Platform for Health Management
		20.3.8	 Regional Health Big Data Platform in Yinzhou District
	20.4	 Major Problems and Trends of Biomedical Big Data
		20.4.1	 Advantages and Flaws of Biomedical Big Data
		20.4.2	 Main Problems Faced by Biomedical Big Data
		20.4.3	 Trends of Biomedical Big Data
	References
21: Cultural Epidemiology in China
	21.1	 Introduction
	21.2	 The Intersection of Anthropology and Epidemiology Is an Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Health and Disease Research
	21.3	 Cultural Epidemiology
		21.3.1	 An Important Case of the Integrated Application of Anthropology and Epidemiology in Foreign History
	21.4	 The Integration of Culture and Epidemiology in Disease Prevention and Control in China
		21.4.1	 Patriotic Health Campaign
		21.4.2	 The Healthy China Strategy
	21.5	 Conclusion
	References
22: Progress and Perspective of Transmission Dynamics Models in Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases
	22.1	 Preface
	22.2	 Development of Transmission Dynamics Model
	22.3	 Transmission Dynamics Modeling in the Respiratory Infectious Disease
		22.3.1	 Model Instances Fitting the Current Respiratory Infectious Disease Dynamics in China
			22.3.1.1	 SEIR Model with Extended Compartments
			22.3.1.2	 SEIR Model with Specific Parameters
			22.3.1.3	 Mathematical Model with Stratified Populations
		22.3.2	 Objectives of Transmission Dynamics Models
			22.3.2.1	 Epidemiological Parameters Estimation
			22.3.2.2	 Dynamic Trend Prediction
			22.3.2.3	 Effectiveness Evaluation for Prevention and Control Measures
			22.3.2.4	 Exploration of Dynamic Uncertainty
	22.4	 Values of Transmission Dynamics Models
	22.5	 Challenges of Transmission Dynamics Models
	References
23: Propensity Score and Mendelian Randomization for Control of Confounding
	23.1	 Introduction to Propensity Score and Mendelian Randomization Methods
		23.1.1	 Propensity Score
		23.1.2	 Mendelian Randomization
	23.2	 Progress in Propensity Score and Mendelian Randomization Methodology and Application in China
		23.2.1	 Progress Regarding Propensity Score
		23.2.2	 Progress in Mendelian Randomization
	23.3	 Issues to Be Considered in the Propensity Score and Mendelian Randomization
		23.3.1	 Issues Regarding Propensity Score
		23.3.2	 Issues Regarding Mendelian Randomization
	References
24: Progress of Air Pollution Epidemiology Research in China
	24.1	 Air Pollution
	24.2	 Progress in Air Pollution Epidemiologic Study Methods
		24.2.1	 Principals of Exposure Assessment
			24.2.1.1	 Assessments of Air Pollution Exposure
			24.2.1.2	 Determinants of Air Pollution Exposure
		24.2.2	 Uncertainty and Variability in Assessment
	24.3	 Progress in Effect Estimates of Air Pollution
		24.3.1	 Short-Term Effects
			24.3.1.1	 Mortality Risk
			24.3.1.2	 Hospitalization
			24.3.1.3	 Surrogate Outcomes
				24.3.1.3.1 Pulmonary Pathophysiological Response
				24.3.1.3.2 Cardiometabolic Function
				24.3.1.3.3 Epigenetic Changes
		24.3.2	 Long-Term Effects
	24.4	 Summary and Perspectives
	References