Programming with C++

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
1.1 Computer and Computer Languages......Page 18
1.2 A Brief History of C++......Page 21
1.3 Major Additions from C to C++......Page 22
1.4 Some Advantages of C++ Over C......Page 23
1.6 Compilers for Programming with C++......Page 24
1.7 The C++ Standard Library......Page 25
1.8 Program Development in C++......Page 26
1.9 Programming Techniques......Page 27
1.10 Object Oriented Programming......Page 29
1.11 Operator Overloading......Page 32
1.13 Polymorphism
......Page 33
1.14 Number Systems......Page 34
1.15 Bits and Bytes......Page 37
1.16 Computer Performance......Page 40
2.1 Introduction......Page 44
2.2 Components of a Simple C++ Program......Page 45
2.3 Escape Sequences
......Page 47
2.4 Variable Declaration and Memory Allocation......Page 51
2.5 Namespaces......Page 53
2.6 User Interactive Programs......Page 55
2.7 Formatting the Output......Page 56
2.8 Function cin.getline() v/s cin......Page 62
3.1 Fundamental Data Types......Page 70
3.2 Declaration of a Variable......Page 74
3.3 Choosing an Identifier or Name for a Variable......Page 75
3.4 Keywords......Page 76
3.5 Size of Fundamental Data Types......Page 78
3.6 Scope of Variables......Page 83
3.7 Type Casting......Page 85
3.8 THE typedef
......Page 88
3.9 THE typeid () Operator
......Page 89
3.11 Function swap()......Page 90
4.1 Introduction......Page 94
4.2 Assignment Operator......Page 95
4.3 Arithmetic Operators......Page 99
4.4 Composite Assignment Operators......Page 102
4.5 Increment and Decrement Operators......Page 103
4.6 Relational Operators......Page 106
4.7 Boolean Operators......Page 107
4.8 Bitwise Operators......Page 108
4.9 Precedence of Operators......Page 112
5.1 Introduction......Page 116
5.3 The if Expression
......Page 117
5.4 The if...else Statement......Page 119
5.5 Conditional Selection Operator ( ? : )......Page 121
5.6 The  if … else Chains......Page 122
5.7 Selection Expressions with Logic Operators......Page 124
5.8 The switch Statement
......Page 126
6.2 The while Statement......Page 134
6.3 The Nested while Statements......Page 136
6.4 Compound Conditions in a  while (expression)......Page 138
6.5 The do….while Loop......Page 140
6.6 Endless while Loops......Page 143
6.7 The for Loop......Page 144
6.8 Compound Conditions in for (expression)
......Page 147
6.9 Nested for Loops......Page 148
6.10 Generation of Random Numbers......Page 149
6.11 The goto Statement......Page 153
6.13 Input with a Sentinel......Page 155
7.1 Introduction......Page 161
7.2 User Defined Functions......Page 162
7.3 Function Prototype and Return Statement......Page 164
7.4 Integration of a Function......Page 169
7.6 Function Overloading......Page 170
7.7 The inline Functions
......Page 171
7.8 Use of #define for Macros......Page 172
7.9 C++ Standard Library Functions......Page 174
7.10 Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference
......Page 177
7.11 Recursive Functions......Page 180
8.1 Declaration of an Array......Page 184
8.2 Accessing Elements of an Array......Page 186
8.3 Input/Output of an Array......Page 187
8.4 Searching a Value in an Array......Page 194
8.5 Address of an Array......Page 196
8.6 Arithmetic Operations on Array Elements
......Page 197
8.7 Sorting of Arrays......Page 200
8.8 Finding the Maximum/Minimum Value in an Array......Page 203
8.9 Passing an Array to a Function......Page 204
8.10 Two Dimensional Arrays......Page 206
8.11 Two Dimensional Arrays and Matrices......Page 208
8.12 Three Dimensional Arrays (Arrays of Matrices)......Page 211
9.2 Declaration of Pointers......Page 214
9.3 Processing Data by Using Pointers......Page 219
9.4 Pointer to Pointer......Page 220
9.5 Pointers and Arrays......Page 222
9.6 Array of Pointers to Arrays
......Page 225
9.7 Pointers to Multi-dimensional Arrays
......Page 227
9.8 Pointers to Functions......Page 229
9.9 Array of Pointers to Functions......Page 231
9.10 Pointer to Functions as Parameter of Another Function......Page 232
9.11 The new AND delete
......Page 233
9.12 References......Page 235
9.13 Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference
......Page 238
9.14 Passing Arguments Through Pointers......Page 241
9.15 Pointer Arithmetic......Page 243
9.16 Void Pointers......Page 244
9.17 Summary of Pointer Declarations......Page 245
10.1 Declaration of a C-String......Page 248
10.2 Input/Output of C-Strings......Page 251
10.3 Standard Functions for Manipulating String Elements
......Page 256
10.4 Conversion of C-String Characters into Other Types......Page 258
10.5 Arrays of C-Strings......Page 261
10.6 Standard Functions for Handling C-String Characters......Page 262
10.7 Standard Functions for Manipulation of C-Strings
......Page 264
10.8 Memory Functions for C-Strings......Page 272
11.1 Introduction......Page 278
11.2 Declaration of Class and Class Objects......Page 279
11.3 Access Specifiers-Private, Protected and Public......Page 281
11.4 Defining a Member Function Outside the Class
......Page 283
11.5 Initializing Private Data Members......Page 284
11.6 Class with an Array as Data Member......Page 287
11.7 Class with an Array of Strings as Data Member......Page 288
11.8 Class Constructor and Destructor Functions......Page 294
11.9 Type of Constructors......Page 295
11.10 Accessing Private Function Members of a Class......Page 298
11.11 Local Classes......Page 300
11.12 Structures......Page 301
12.1 Friend Function to a Class......Page 308
12.2 Friend Classes......Page 311
12.3 Pointer to a Class......Page 313
12.4 Pointers to Objects of a Class......Page 316
12.5 Pointers to Function Members of a Class......Page 317
12.6 Pointer to Data Member of a Class......Page 318
12.7 Accessing Private Data of an Object Through Pointers......Page 319
12.8 The this Pointer......Page 322
12.9 Static Data Members of a Class......Page 324
12.10 Static Function Member of a Class......Page 325
12.11 Dynamic Memory Management for Class Objects......Page 327
12.12 A Matrix Class......Page 329
12.13 Linked Lists......Page 331
12.14 Nested Classes......Page 337
13.1 Introduction......Page 339
13.3 Operator Overloading Functions......Page 341
13.4 Addition of Complex Numbers......Page 345
13.5 Overloading of +=and -= Operators
......Page 346
13.6 Overloading of Insertion (<<), Extraction (>>) and /= Operators......Page 347
13.7 Overloading of Increment and Decrement Operators (++ AND – –)
......Page 348
13.8 Dot Product of Vectors......Page 350
13.9 Overloading of Equality Operator (==)......Page 351
13.10 Overloading of Index Operator []
......Page 352
14.1 Introduction......Page 356
14.2 Forms of Inheritances......Page 357
14.3 Single Public Inheritance......Page 359
14.4 Single Protected Inheritance......Page 363
14.5 Single Private Inheritance......Page 365
14.6 Multiple Inheritance......Page 368
14.7 Multilevel Inheritance......Page 369
14.8 Constructors and Destructors in Inheritance......Page 372
14.9 Containment and Inheritance
......Page 378
14.10 Overloaded Operator Functions and Inheritance
......Page 383
15.2 Virtual Functions......Page 386
15.3 Arrays of Base Class Pointers......Page 393
15.4 Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Class......Page 394
15.5 Virtual Destructors......Page 396
15.6 Virtual Base Class......Page 400
15.7 Run-Time Type Information (RTTI)......Page 402
15.8 New Casting Operators in C++......Page 405
16.2 Function Templates......Page 413
16.3 Function Template with Array as a Parameter......Page 417
16.4 Function Templates with Multiple Type Arguments......Page 421
16.5 Overloading of Template Functions......Page 423
16.6 Class Templates......Page 424
16.7 Friend Function Template to Class Template......Page 427
16.8 Friend Class Template to a Class Template......Page 430
16.9 Template Class for Complex Variables......Page 432
17.2 Construction of C++ Strings......Page 434
17.3 C++ String Class Functions......Page 436
17.4 Applications of Some C++ String Class Functions......Page 438
17.5 String Class Operators......Page 441
17.6 Array of C++ Strings......Page 445
18.1 Introduction......Page 448
18.2 The try, throw and catch......Page 449
18.3 Catch All Types of Exceptions......Page 455
18.4 Exception Handling Function......Page 457
18.5 Exception Specification......Page 458
18.6 Rethrow an Exception......Page 461
18.7 C++ Standard Library Exception Classes......Page 463
18.8 Function terminate() and set_terminate()......Page 465
18.9 Function  unexpected() and set_unexpected()......Page 466
18.10 The auto_ptr Class......Page 467
19.1 Introduction......Page 470
19.2 I/O Streams for Console Operations......Page 471
19.3 Predefined Standard I/O Streams......Page 472
19.4 Functions of   and ......Page 475
19.5 Formatted I/O Operations with Manipulators......Page 481
19.6 Formatting by Setting Flags and Bit Fields
......Page 483
19.7 Introduction to Files......Page 487
19.8 File Stream Classes......Page 489
19.9 File Input/Output Streams......Page 490
19.10 Functions is_open(), get() and put() for Files......Page 495
19.11 The Function open() and File Open Modes......Page 496
19.12 File Pointers......Page 498
19.13 Binary Files and ASCII Character Codes......Page 501
19.14 Functions write() and read() for File Operations......Page 502
19.15 File Operations for Class Objects......Page 503
19.17 Error Handling Functions......Page 505
20.1 Introduction to Namespaces
......Page 510
20.2 Application of Namespaces......Page 511
20.3 Directives using AND using namespace......Page 512
20.4 Namespace Aliases......Page 513
20.5 Extension of Namespaces......Page 515
20.6 Nesting of Namespaces......Page 516
20.7 The namespace std......Page 517
20.8 Preprocessor Directives......Page 518
20.9 Conditional Preprocessor Directives......Page 521
20.10 Predefined Macros......Page 524
21.1 Introduction......Page 526
21.2 The Containers......Page 527
21.3 Iterators......Page 528
21.4 Sequence Containers......Page 530
21.5 Associative Containers......Page 535
21.6 Container Adapters: Stack, Queue and Priority Queue
......Page 536
21.7 Function Objects/Predicates......Page 543
21.8 Predefined Predicates in C++......Page 545
21.9 Binder Functions......Page 547
22.2 Vector Class......Page 549
22.3 Functions of Vector Class......Page 551
22.4 Definition and Application of Iterators......Page 552
22.5 Operators Supported by Vector Class......Page 554
22.7 Functions and Operators Supported by List Class......Page 563
22.8 Application of Some Functions of List Class......Page 565
22.9 Functions and Operators Supported by Deque......Page 570
22.10 Application of Some Functions Supported by Deque......Page 571
23.1 Introduction......Page 576
23.2 Functions Supported by Associative Containers......Page 577
23.3 The Sets......Page 578
23.4 The Multisets......Page 583
23.5 The Maps......Page 584
23.6 The Multimaps......Page 591
24.1 Introduction......Page 595
24.2 Construction of Bit Sets......Page 596
24.3 Bitset Class Operators......Page 598
24.4 Bit Set Class Functions......Page 601
25.1 Introduction......Page 606
25.2 Categories of Algorithms and Brief Descriptions
......Page 607
25.3 Illustrative Applications of Some Algorithms......Page 611
References......Page 642
Appendix-A ASCII Character Code Set......Page 644
Appendix-B C++ Keywords......Page 648
Appendix-C C++ Operators......Page 651
Appendix-D Commonly Used Header Files in C++......Page 653
Appendix-E Getting Started......Page 655
Subject Index......Page 664