Programming PHP: Creating Dynamic Web Pages

Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
	Audience
	Assumptions This Book Makes
	Contents of This Book
	Conventions Used in This Book
	O’Reilly Online Learning
	How to Contact Us
	Acknowledgments
		Kevin Tatroe
		Peter MacIntyre
Chapter 1. Introduction to PHP
	What Does PHP Do?
	A Brief History of PHP
		The Evolution of PHP
		The Widespread Use of PHP
	Installing PHP
	A Walk Through PHP
		Configuration Page
		Forms
		Databases
		Graphics
	What’s Next
Chapter 2. Language Basics
	Lexical Structure
		Case Sensitivity
		Statements and Semicolons
		Whitespace and Line Breaks
		Comments
		Literals
		Identifiers
		Keywords
	Data Types
		Integers
		Floating-Point Numbers
		Strings
		Booleans
		Arrays
		Objects
		Resources
		Callbacks
		NULL
	Variables
		Variable Variables
		Variable References
		Variable Scope
		Garbage Collection
	Expressions and Operators
		Number of Operands
		Operator Precedence
		Operator Associativity
		Implicit Casting
		Arithmetic Operators
		String Concatenation Operator
		Auto-Increment and Auto-Decrement Operators
		Comparison Operators
		Bitwise Operators
		Logical Operators
		Casting Operators
		Assignment Operators
		Miscellaneous Operators
	Flow-Control Statements
		if 
		switch
		while
		for
		foreach
		try...catch
		declare
		exit and return
		goto
	Including Code
	Embedding PHP in Web Pages
		Standard (XML) Style
		SGML Style
		Echoing Content Directly
	What’s Next
Chapter 3. Functions
	Calling a Function
	Defining a Function
	Variable Scope
		Global Variables
		Static Variables
	Function Parameters
		Passing Parameters by Value
		Passing Parameters by Reference
		Default Parameters
		Variable Parameters
		Missing Parameters
		Type Hinting
	Return Values
	Variable Functions
	Anonymous Functions
	What’s Next
Chapter 4. Strings
	Quoting String Constants
		Variable Interpolation
		Single-Quoted Strings
		Double-Quoted Strings
		Here Documents
	Printing Strings
		echo
		print()
		printf()
		print_r() and var_dump()
	Accessing Individual Characters
	Cleaning Strings
		Removing Whitespace
		Changing Case
	Encoding and Escaping
		HTML
		URLs
		SQL
		C-String Encoding
	Comparing Strings
		Exact Comparisons
		Approximate Equality
	Manipulating and Searching Strings
		Substrings
		Miscellaneous String Functions
		Decomposing a String
		String-Searching Functions
	Regular Expressions
		The Basics
		Character Classes
		Alternatives
		Repeating Sequences
		Subpatterns
		Delimiters
		Match Behavior
		Character Classes
		Anchors
		Quantifiers and Greed
		Noncapturing Groups
		Backreferences
		Trailing Options
		Inline Options
		Lookahead and Lookbehind
		Cut
		Conditional Expressions
		Functions
		Differences from Perl Regular Expressions
	What’s Next
Chapter 5. Arrays
	Indexed Versus Associative Arrays
	Identifying Elements of an Array
	Storing Data in Arrays
		Appending Values to an Array
		Assigning a Range of Values
		Getting the Size of an Array
		Padding an Array
	Multidimensional Arrays
	Extracting Multiple Values
		Slicing an Array
		Splitting an Array into Chunks
		Keys and Values
		Checking Whether an Element Exists
		Removing and Inserting Elements in an Array
	Converting Between Arrays and Variables
		Creating Variables from an Array
		Creating an Array from Variables
	Traversing Arrays
		The foreach Construct
		The Iterator Functions
		Using a for Loop
		Calling a Function for Each Array Element
		Reducing an Array
		Searching for Values
	Sorting
		Sorting One Array at a Time
		Natural-Order Sorting
		Sorting Multiple Arrays at Once
		Reversing Arrays
		Randomizing Order
	Acting on Entire Arrays
		Calculating the Sum of an Array
		Merging Two Arrays
		Calculating the Difference Between Two Arrays
		Filtering Elements from an Array
	Using Arrays to Implement Data Types
		Sets
		Stacks
	Implementing the Iterator Interface
	What’s Next
Chapter 6. Objects
	Objects
	Terminology
	Creating an Object
	Accessing Properties and Methods
	Declaring a Class
		Declaring Methods
		Declaring Properties
		Declaring Constants
		Inheritance
		Interfaces
		Traits
		Abstract Methods
		Constructors
		Destructors
	Anonymous Classes
	Introspection
		Examining Classes
		Examining an Object
		Sample Introspection Program
	Serialization
	What’s Next
Chapter 7. Dates and Times
	What’s Next
Chapter 8. Web Techniques
	HTTP Basics
	Variables
	Server Information
	Processing Forms
		Methods
		Parameters
		Self-Processing Pages
		Sticky Forms
		Multivalued Parameters
		Sticky Multivalued Parameters
		File Uploads
		Form Validation
	Setting Response Headers
		Different Content Types
		Redirections
		Expiration
		Authentication
	Maintaining State
		Cookies
		Sessions
		Combining Cookies and Sessions
	SSL
	What’s Next
Chapter 9. Databases
	Using PHP to Access a Database
	Relational Databases and SQL
		PHP Data Objects
	MySQLi Object Interface
		Retrieving Data for Display
	SQLite
	Direct File-Level Manipulation
	MongoDB
		Retrieving Data
		Inserting More Complex Data
	What’s Next
Chapter 10. Graphics
	Embedding an Image in a Page
	Basic Graphics Concepts
	Creating and Drawing Images
		The Structure of a Graphics Program
		Changing the Output Format
		Testing for Supported Image Formats
		Reading an Existing File
		Basic Drawing Functions
	Images with Text
		Fonts
		TrueType Fonts
	Dynamically Generated Buttons
		Caching the Dynamically Generated Buttons
		A Faster Cache
	Scaling Images
	Color Handling
		Using the Alpha Channel
		Identifying Colors
		True Color Indexes
		Text Representation of an Image
	What’s Next
Chapter 11. PDF
	PDF Extensions
	Documents and Pages
		A Simple Example
		Initializing the Document
		Outputting Basic Text Cells
	Text
		Coordinates
		Text Attributes
		Page Headers, Footers, and Class Extension
		Images and Links
		Tables and Data
	What’s Next
Chapter 12. XML
	Lightning Guide to XML
	Generating XML
	Parsing XML
		Element Handlers
		Character Data Handler
		Processing Instructions
		Entity Handlers
		Default Handler
		Options
		Using the Parser
		Errors
		Methods as Handlers
		Sample Parsing Application
	Parsing XML with the DOM
	Parsing XML with SimpleXML
	Transforming XML with XSLT
	What’s Next
Chapter 13. JSON
	Using JSON
	Serializing PHP Objects
		Options
	What’s Next
Chapter 14. Security
	Safeguards
		Filtering Input
		Escaping Output Data
	Security Vulnerabilities
		Cross-Site Scripting
		SQL Injection
		Filename Vulnerabilities
		Session Fixation
		File Upload Traps
		Unauthorized File Access
		PHP Code Issues
		Shell Command Weaknesses
		Data Encryption Concerns
	Further Resources
	Security Recap
	What’s Next
Chapter 15. Application Techniques
	Code Libraries
	Templating Systems
	Handling Output
		Output Buffering
		Output Compression
	Performance Tuning
		Benchmarking
		Profiling
		Optimizing Execution Time
		Optimizing Memory Requirements
		Reverse Proxies and Replication
	What’s Next
Chapter 16. Web Services
	REST Clients
		Responses
		Retrieving Resources
		Updating Resources
		Creating Resources
		Deleting Resources
	XML-RPC
		Servers
		Clients
	What’s Next
Chapter 17. Debugging PHP
	The Development Environment
	The Staging Environment
	The Production Environment
	php.ini Settings
	Error Handling
		Error Reporting
		Exceptions
		Error Suppression
		Triggering Errors
		Defining Error Handlers
	Manual Debugging
	Error Logs
	IDE Debugging
	Additional Debugging Techniques
	What’s Next
Chapter 18. PHP on Disparate Platforms
	Writing Portable Code for Windows and Unix
		Determining the Platform
		Handling Paths Across Platforms
		Navigating the Server Environment
		Sending Mail
		End-of-Line Handling
		End-of-File Handling
		Using External Commands
		Accessing Platform-Specific Extensions
	Interfacing with COM
		Background
		PHP Functions
		API Specifications
Function Reference
	PHP Functions by Category
		Arrays
		Classes and Objects
		Data Filtering
		Date and Time
		Directories
		Errors and Logging
		Filesystem
		Functions
		Mail
		Math
		Miscellaneous Functions
		Network
		Output Buffering
		PHP Language Tokenizer
		PHP Options/Info
		Program Execution
		Session Handling
		Streams
		Strings
		URLs
		Variables
		Zlib
	Alphabetical Listing of PHP Functions
Index
About the Authors
Colophon