Programming in C

Introduction 1 1 Some Fundamentals 5 Programming 5 Higher-Level Languages 5 Operating Systems 6 Compiling Programs 7 Integrated Development Environments 10 Language Interpreters 10 2 Compiling and Running Your First Program 11 Compiling Your Program 12 Running Your Program 12 Understanding Your First Program 13 Displaying the Values of Variables 15 Comments 17 Exercises 19 3 Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic Expressions 21 Understanding Data Types and Constants 21  The Integer Type int 22  The Floating Number Type float 23  The Extended Precision Type double 23  The Single Character Type char 24  The Boolean Data Type _Bool 24      Type Specifiers: long, long long, short, unsigned, and signed 26 Working with Variables 29 Working with Arithmetic Expressions 30  Integer Arithmetic and the Unary Minus Operator 33 Combining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment Operators 39 Types _Complex and _Imaginary 40 Exercises 40 4 Program Looping 43 Triangular Numbers 43 The for Statement 44  Relational Operators 46  Aligning Output 50 Program Input 51  Nested for Loops 53  for Loop Variants 55 The while Statement 56 The do Statement 60  The break Statement 62  The continue Statement 62 Exercises 63 5 Making Decisions 65 The if Statement 65  The if-else Construct 69  Compound Relational Tests 72  Nested if Statements 74  The else if Construct 76 The switch Statement 83 Boolean Variables 86 The Conditional Operator 90 Exercises 92 6 Working with Arrays 95 Defining an Array 96  Using Array Elements as Counters 100  Generating Fibonacci Numbers 103  Using an Array to Generate Prime Numbers 104 Initializing Arrays 106 Character Arrays 108  Base Conversion Using Arrays 109  The const Qualifier 111 Multidimensional Arrays 113 Variable Length Arrays 115 Exercises 117 7 Working with Functions 119 Defining a Function 119 Arguments and Local Variables 123  Function Prototype Declaration 124  Automatic Local Variables 124 Returning Function Results 126 Functions Calling Functions Calling... 130  Declaring Return Types and Argument Types 133  Checking Function Arguments 135 Top-Down Programming 137 Functions and Arrays 137  Assignment Operators 141  Sorting Arrays 143  Multidimensional Arrays 146 Global Variables 151 Automatic and Static Variables 155 Recursive Functions 158 Exercises 161 8 Working with Structures 163 The Basics of Structures 163 A Structure for Storing the Date 164  Using Structures in Expressions 166 Functions and Structures 169  A Structure for Storing the Time 175 Initializing Structures 178  Compound Literals 178 Arrays of Structures 180 Structures Containing Structures 183 Structures Containing Arrays 185 Structure Variants 189 Exercises 190 9 Character Strings 193 Revisiting the Basics of Strings 193 Arrays of Characters 194 Variable-Length Character Strings 197  Initializing and Displaying Character Strings 199  Testing Two Character Strings for Equality 202  Inputting Character Strings 204  Single-Character Input 206  The Null String 211 Escape Characters 215 More on Constant Strings 217 Character Strings, Structures, and Arrays 218      A Better Search Method 221 Character Operations 226 Exercises 229 10 Pointers 233 Pointers and Indirection 233 Defining a Pointer Variable 234 Using Pointers in Expressions 237 Working with Pointers and Structures 239  Structures Containing Pointers 241  Linked Lists 243 The Keyword const and Pointers 251 Pointers and Functions 252 Pointers and Arrays 258  A Slight Digression About Program Optimization 262      Is It an Array or Is It a Pointer? 262  Pointers to Character Strings 264  Constant Character Strings and Pointers 266  The Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 267 Operations on Pointers 271 Pointers to Functions 272 Pointers and Memory Addresses 273 Exercises 275 11 Operations on Bits 277 The Basics of Bits 277 Bit Operators 278  The Bitwise AND Operator 279  The Bitwise Inclusive-OR Operator 281  The Bitwise Exclusive-OR Operator 282  The Ones Complement Operator 283  The Left Shift Operator 285  The Right Shift Operator 286  A Shift Function 286  Rotating Bits 288 Bit Fields 291 Exercises 295 12 The Preprocessor 297 The #define Statement 297  Program Extendability 301  Program Portability 302  More Advanced Types of Definitions 304  The # Operator 309  The ## Operator 310 The #include Statement 311  System Include Files 313 Conditional Compilation 314  The #ifdef, #endif, #else, and #ifndef Statements 314  The #if and #elif Preprocessor Statements 316  The #undef Statement 317 Exercises 318 13 Extending Data Types with the Enumerated Data Type, Type Definitions, and Data Type Conversions 319 Enumerated Data Types 319 The typedef Statement 323 Data Type Conversions 325  Sign Extension 327  Argument Conversion 328 Exercises 329 14 Working with Larger Programs 331 Dividing Your Program into Multiple Files 331  Compiling Multiple Source Files from the Command Line 332 Communication Between Modules 334  External Variables 334  Static Versus Extern Variables and Functions 337  Using Header Files Effectively 339 Other Utilities for Working with Larger Programs 341  The make Utility 341  The cvs Utility 343  Unix Utilities: ar, grep, sed, and so on 343 15 Input and Output Operations in C 345 Character I/O: getchar() and putchar() 346 Formatted I/O: printf() and scanf() 346  The printf() Function 346  The scanf() Function 353 Input and Output Operations with Files 358  Redirecting I/O to a File 358  End of File 361 Special Functions for Working with Files 362  The fopen Function 362 The getc() and putc() Functions 364  The fclose() Function 365  The feof Function 367  The fprintf() and fscanf() Functions 367  The fgets() and fputs() Functions 367  stdin, stdout, and stderr 368  The exit() Function 369  Renaming and Removing Files 370 Exercises 371 16 Miscellaneous and Advanced Features 373 Miscellaneous Language Statements 373  The goto Statement 373  The null Statement 374 Working with Unions 375 The Comma Operator 378 Type Qualifiers 379  The register Qualifier 379  The volatile Qualifier 379  The restrict Qualifier 379 Command-line Arguments 380 Dynamic Memory Allocation 384  The calloc() and malloc() Functions 385  The sizeof Operator 385  The free Function 387 Exercises 389 17 Debugging Programs 391 Debugging with the Preprocessor 391 Debugging Programs with gdb 397  Working with Variables 400  Source File Display 401  Controlling Program Execution 402  Getting a Stack Trace 406  Calling Functions and Setting Arrays and Structures 407  Getting Help with gdb Commands 408  Odds and Ends 410 18 Object-Oriented Programming 413 What Is an Object Anyway? 413 Instances and Methods 414 Writing a C Program to Work with Fractions 416 Defining an Objective-C Class to Work with Fractions 417 Defining a C++ Class to Work with Fractions 421 Defining a C# Class to Work with Fractions 424 A C Language Summary 427 B The Standard C Library 471 C Compiling Programs with gcc 495 D Common Programming Mistakes 499 E Resources 505 TOC, 9780321776419, 7/28/2014