Programming for TV, radio, and the Internet: strategy, development, and evaluation

0240806824......Page 1
About the Authors......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
The Need for Programming......Page 22
The Early Days of Programming......Page 23
Radio’s Golden Age:The Advertising Agency Years......Page 24
The Introduction of Television and Its Effect on Radio......Page 26
Television’s Golden Age of Drama......Page 27
Quiz Shows Take Center Stage......Page 30
The Television Networks Take Over Programming......Page 32
The Development of Public Broadcasting......Page 33
The Financial Interest and Domestic Syndication Rule......Page 34
The Explosion of Cable......Page 35
New Networks with Targeted and Niche Programming......Page 37
Viewing Patterns and Changing Audience Attention Spans......Page 38
The Decline of Longform Programming......Page 40
Supercharged Programming Choices:The Internet......Page 41
New Media Recording Technologies......Page 42
The Rise of Consumer-supported Media......Page 43
Regulations......Page 44
Globalization......Page 46
Exercises......Page 47
References/Notes......Page 48
Beyond the Idea—into the “Deep Pockets”......Page 50
Major Production Companies......Page 51
Independent Production Companies......Page 54
Foreign Production Sources......Page 59
Networks......Page 60
Stations......Page 61
Buyers......Page 62
Syndicators......Page 63
Advertisers......Page 64
In-House Production......Page 65
Newspapers, Magazines, and Books......Page 67
Managers, Agents, and Stars......Page 69
References/Notes......Page 71
Sources of Programming for Radio......Page 72
Syndicator/Network Programming......Page 73
The Purpose of Today’s Radio Networks/Syndicators......Page 74
From Town to City to Metropolis and Syndication......Page 75
Sources of Music Programming......Page 77
Sources of Talk Radio Programming......Page 80
Sources of Satellite Radio Programming......Page 83
Sources of Internet Programming......Page 84
Traditional Media Sources......Page 85
Private vs. Public Sources of Programming......Page 87
References/Notes......Page 88
4. Development......Page 90
Securing the Rights......Page 91
The Role of Agents......Page 92
Getting Ready for the Pitch: Creating a Log Line......Page 93
Writing an Effective Log Line......Page 94
Getting a Meeting......Page 95
The Pitch Meeting......Page 96
Fundamentals of the Deal......Page 98
Syndication Development......Page 99
Station Development......Page 101
The Pilot......Page 102
Development Ratios......Page 103
The Decision......Page 104
Globalization......Page 105
Developing a Format......Page 106
Management and Consultants......Page 107
Developing Programming......Page 109
Satellite Radio Development......Page 110
Public Radio Development......Page 112
History of Internet Development......Page 113
Traditional Developers Adapt to the Internet......Page 114
A New Venue for Independent Developers......Page 116
Exercises......Page 118
References/Notes......Page 119
Television Testing......Page 120
Sampling......Page 121
Focus Groups......Page 123
Minitheater Research......Page 125
Telephone Research......Page 127
Public Broadcasting......Page 130
Sampling......Page 131
Testing Methodology......Page 132
Research Areas......Page 133
Internet Testing......Page 135
Testing Archived and Independently Produced Content......Page 136
Testing User Friendliness......Page 137
Does the Research Work?......Page 138
Exercises......Page 141
References/Notes......Page 142
Television Programming......Page 144
Programming Objectives......Page 145
The Search for a Successful Formula......Page 151
Industry Professionals Weigh In......Page 153
Key Elements for Success......Page 155
Programming Objectives......Page 171
Fundamental Appeals to an Audience......Page 172
Qualities Tied to Success......Page 174
Freshness......Page 176
Targeting Content......Page 177
Consistency......Page 178
Branding......Page 179
Exercises......Page 180
References/Notes......Page 181
External Influences on Television......Page 182
Station Influence......Page 183
Advertisers......Page 184
The Family Friendly Programming Forum......Page 185
Pressure Groups......Page 186
The Religious Right......Page 188
Timing......Page 189
The Media......Page 190
The Government......Page 192
The Sales Department......Page 199
The Finance Department......Page 200
The Broadcast Standards and Practices Department......Page 201
The Top Management......Page 205
The Promotion, Marketing and Research Divisions......Page 206
Exercises......Page 207
References/Notes......Page 208
Internal Influences on Radio......Page 210
External Influences on Radio......Page 214
Internal Influences on Internet Content......Page 223
External Influences on Internet Content......Page 226
Exercises......Page 233
References/Notes......Page 234
Television Scheduling......Page 236
Dayparting......Page 237
Launching the Show:The First Strategy......Page 239
Hammocking......Page 242
Counterprogramming......Page 243
Bridging and Supersizing......Page 246
Blunting......Page 247
Stacking......Page 249
Stunting......Page 250
Crossprogramming......Page 251
Theming......Page 252
Changing a Show’s Time Slot......Page 253
Overexposure......Page 254
Rerunning and Repurposing......Page 255
Boosting the Audience in Sweep Periods......Page 256
Patience......Page 257
Exercises......Page 258
References/Notes......Page 259
The Clock......Page 260
Dayparting......Page 264
Satellite Radio Scheduling......Page 265
Public Radio Scheduling......Page 266
Internet Scheduling......Page 268
References/Notes......Page 270
Television......Page 272
Nielsen......Page 273
Commercial Radio......Page 282
Arbitron......Page 283
RADAR......Page 284
The Internet......Page 285
Variables That Affect Rating Accuracy......Page 288
Studies and Investigations......Page 290
How Programmers Should Use Ratings......Page 291
References/Notes......Page 293
Unsatisfactory Ratings......Page 294
Exhaustion......Page 295
A Lack of Focus......Page 296
Aging Demographics......Page 297
Excessive Relocation......Page 298
The Desire for Something New......Page 299
Programming Options......Page 300
Giving a Cancellation Notice......Page 304
Adjusting Program Elements......Page 305
Network Changes......Page 307
Dealing with Unwanted Changes......Page 308
Is It Worth the Trouble?......Page 309
Facelifts and Add-ons......Page 310
References/Notes......Page 311
The Meaning of Ethics......Page 312
Ethics and Illegality......Page 313
Ethics in Programming Decisions and Business Practices......Page 315
Ethics and Lying......Page 316
Ethical Guidelines......Page 318
Case Histories: Actual Incidents......Page 319
Checkbook Journalism......Page 320
An On-Air Murder Confession......Page 321
Anonymous Complaints at E!......Page 322
Images of the Iraqi War......Page 323
The First Amendment vs. the Sixth Amendment......Page 324
Entertainment Programming Ethics......Page 325
A Series of Ethical Dilemmas......Page 326
References/Notes......Page 328
Glossary......Page 330
Index......Page 338