Programming And Problem Solving With Phython

About the Authors
Preface
	Use of Python in Engineering Domains
	Organization of the Book
	Online Learning Centre
	Publisher’s Note
Visual Wakthrough
Acknowledgements
Contents
1. Introduction to Computer and Python Programming
	Learning Outcomes
	Chapter Outline
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 What is a Computer?
		1.2.1 Input/Output (I/O) Unit
		1.2.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
		1.2.3 Memory Unit
	1.3 Overview of Programming Languages
		1.3.1 Machine Language
		1.3.2 Assembly Language
		1.3.3 High-level Language
	1.4 History of Python
		1.4.1 Why Python?
		1.4.2 Installing Python in Windows
		1.4.3 Starting Python in Different Execution Modes
	1.5 Installing Python in Ubuntu
	1.6 Executing Python Programs
		1.6.1 Writing the First Python Program in Script Mode
	1.7 Commenting in Python
	1.8 Internal Working of Python
	1.9 Python Implementations
		1.9.1 Jython
		1.9.2 IronPython
		1.9.3 Stackless Python
		1.9.4 PyPy
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
2. Basics of Python Programming
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Python Character Set
	2.3 Token
		2.3.1 Literal
		2.3.2 Value and Type on Literals
		2.3.3 Keywords
		2.3.4 Operator
		2.3.5 Delimiter
		2.3.6 Identifier/variable
	2.4 Python Core Data Type
		2.4.1 Integer
		2.4.2 Floating Point Number
		2.4.3 Complex Number
		2.4.4 Boolean Type
		2.4.5 String Type
	2.5 The print() Function
		2.5.1 The Print() function with end Argument
	2.6 Assigning Value to a Variable
		2.6.1 More on Assigning Values to Variables
		2.6.2 Scope of a Variable
	2.7 Multiple Assignments
	2.8 Writing Simple Programs in Python
	2.9 The input() Function
		2.9.1 Reading String from the Console
	2.10 The eval() Function
		2.10.1 Apply eval() to input() Function
	2.11 Formatting Number and Strings
		2.11.1 Formatting Floating Point Numbers
		2.11.2 Justifying Format
		2.11.3 Integer Formatting
		2.11.4 Formatting String
		2.11.5 Formatting as a Percentage
		2.11.6 Formatting Scientific Notation
	2.12 Python Inbuilt Functions
		2.12.1 the ord and chr Functions
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
3. Operators and Expressions
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Operators and Expressions
	3.3 Arithmetic Operators
		3.3.1 Unary Operators
		3.3.2 Binary Operators
	3.4 Operator Precedence and Associativity
		3.4.1 Example of Operator Precedence
		3.4.2 Associativity
	3.5 Changing Precedence and Associativity of Arithmetic Operators
	3.6 Translating Mathematical Formulae into Equivalent Python Expressions
	3.7 Bitwise Operator
		3.7.1 The Bitwise AND (&) Operator
		3.7.2 The Bitwise OR (|) Operator
		3.7.3 The Bitwise XOR (^) Operator
		3.7.4 The Right Shift (>>) Operator
		3.7.5 The Left Shift (<<) Operator
	3.8 The Compound Assignment Operator
	Mini Project Goods Service Tax (GST) Calculator
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
4. Decision Statements
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Boolean Type
	4.3 Boolean Operators
		4.3.1 The not Operator
		4.3.2 The and Operator
		4.3.3 The or Operator
	4.4 Using Numbers with Boolean Operators
	4.5 Using String with Boolean Operators
	4.6 Boolean Expressions and Relational Operators
	4.7 Decision Making Statements
		4.7.1 the if Statements
		4.7.2 the if-else Statement
		4.7.3 Nested if Statements
		4.7.4 Multi-way if-elif-else Statements
	4.8 Conditional Expressions
	Mini Project Finding the Number of Days in a Month
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
5. Loop Control Statements
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The while Loop
		5.2.1 Details of while Loop
		5.2.2 Flowchart for while Loop
		5.2.3 Some More Programs on while Loop
	5.3 The range() Function
		5.3.1 Examples of range() Function
	5.4 The for Loop
		5.4.1 Details of for Loop
		5.4.2 Some More Programs on for Loop
	5.5 Nested Loops
		5.5.1 Some More Programs on Nested Loops
	5.6 The break Statement
	5.7 The continue Statement
	Mini Project Generate Prime Numbers Using Charles Babbage Function
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
6. Functions
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Syntax and Basics of a Function
	6.3 Use of a Function
	6.4 Parameters and Arguments in a Function
		6.4.1 Positional Arguments
		6.4.2 Keyword Arguments
		6.4.3 Parameter with Default Values
	6.5 the Local and Global Scope of a Variable
		6.5.1 Reading Global Variables from a Local Scope
		6.5.2 Local and Global Variables with the Same Name
		6.5.3 The Global Statement
	6.6 The return Statement
		6.6.1 Returning Multiple Values
		6.6.2 Assign Returned Multiple Values to Variable(s)
	6.7 Recursive Functions
	6.8 The Lambda Function
	Mini Project Calculation of Compound Interest and Yearly Analysis of Interest and Principal Amount
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
7. Strings
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 The str Class
	7.3 Basic Inbuilt Python Functions for String
	7.4 The index[] Operator
		7.4.1 Accessing Characters via Negative Index
	7.5 Traversing String with for and while Loop
		7.5.1 Traversing with a while Loop
	7.6 Immutable Strings
	7.7 The String Operators
		7.7.1 The String Slicing Operator [start: end]
		7.7.2 String Slicing with Step Size
		7.7.3 The String +, * and in Operators
	7.8 String Operations
		7.8.1 String Comparison
		7.8.2 The String .format() Method()
		7.8.3 The split() Method
		7.8.4 Testing String
		7.8.5 Searching Substring in a String
		7.8.6 Methods to Convert a String into Another String
		7.8.7 Stripping Unwanted Characters from a String
		7.8.8 Formatting String
		7.8.9 Some Programs on String
	Mini Project Conversion of Hexdecimal Number into Its Equivalent Binary Number
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
8. Lists
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Creating Lists
	8.3 Accessing the Elements of a List
	8.4 Negative List Indices
	8.5 List Slicing [start: end]
	8.6 List Slicing with Step Size
		8.6.1 Some More Complex Examples of List Slicing
	8.7 Python Inbuilt Functions for Lists
	8.8 The List Operator
	8.9 List Comprehensions
		8.9.1 Some More Examples of List Comprehension
	8.10 List Methods
	8.11 List and Strings
	8.12 Splitting a String in List
	8.13 Passing List to a Function
	8.14 Returning List from a Function
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
9. List Processing: Searching and Sorting
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Searching Techniques
		9.2.1 Linear/Sequential Search
		9.2.2 The Binary Search
	9.3 Introduction to Sorting
		9.3.1 Types of Sorting
		9.3.2 Bubble Sort
		9.3.3 Selection Sort
		9.3.4 Insertion Sort
		9.3.5 Quick Sort
		9.3.6 Merge Sort
	Mini Project Sorting Based on the Length of Each Element
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
10. Object-Oriented Programming: Class, Objects and Inheritance
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Defining Classes
		10.2.1 Adding Attributes to a Class
		10.2.2 Accessing Attributes of a Class
		10.2.3 Assigning Value to an Attribute
	10.3 the Self-parameter and Adding Methods to a Class
		10.3.1 Adding Methods to a Class
		10.3.2 the Self-parameter
		10.3.3 Defi Ning Self-parameter and Other Parameters in a Class Method
		10.3.4 the Self-parameter with Instance Variable
		10.3.5 the Self-parameter with Method
	10.4 Display Class Attributes and Methods
	10.5 Special Class Attributes
	10.6 Accessibility
	10.7 The __init__ Method (Constructor)
		10.7.1 Attributes and __init__ Method
		10.7.2 More Programs on __init__ Method
	10.8 Passing an Object as Parameter to a Method
	10.9 __del__() (Destructor Method)
	10.10 Class Membership Tests
	10.11 Method Overloading in Python
	10.12 Operator Overloading
		10.12.1 Special Methods
		10.12.2 Special Methods for Arithmetic Operations
		10.12.3 Special Methods for Comparing Types
		10.12.4 Reference Equality and Object Equality
		10.12.5 Special Methods for Overloading Inbuilt Functions
	10.13 Inheritance
	10.14 Types of Inheritance
	10.15 The Object Class
	10.16 Inheritance in Detail
	10.17 Subclass Accessing Attributes of Parent Class
	10.18 Multilevel Inheritance in Detail
	10.19 Multiple Inheritance in Detail
		10.19.1 More Practical Examples on Inheritance
	10.20 Using super()
		10.20.1 Super to Call Super Class Constructor
	10.21 Method Overriding
	10.22 Precaution: Overriding Methods in Multiple Inheritance
	Mini Project Arithmetic Operations on Complex Numbers
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
11. Tuples, Sets and Dictionaries
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Creating Tuples
		11.1.2 The tuple()function
		11.1.3 Inbuilt Functions for Tuples
		11.1.4 Indexing and Slicing
		11.1.5 Operations on Tuples
		11.1.6 Passing Variable Length Arguments to Tuples
		11.1.7 Lists and Tuples
		11.1.8 Sort Tuples
		11.1.9 Traverse Tuples from a List
		11.1.10 The zip() Function
		11.1.11 The Inverse zip(*) Function
		11.1.12 More Examples on zip(*) Function
		11.1.13 More Programs on Tuples
	11.2 Sets
		11.2.1 Creating Sets
		11.2.2 The Set in and not in Operator
		11.2.3 The Python Set Class
		11.2.4 Set Operations
	11.3 Dictionaries
		11.3.1 Need of Dictionaries
		11.3.2 Basics of Dictionaries
		11.3.3 Creating a Dictionary
		11.3.4 Adding and Replacing Values
		11.3.5 Retrieving Values
		11.3.6 Formatting Dictionaries
		11.3.7 Deleting Items
		11.3.8 Comparing Two Dictionaries
		11.3.9 The Methods of Dictionary Class
		11.3.10 Traversing Dictionaries
		11.3.11 Nested Dictionaries
		11.3.12 Traversing Nested Dictionaries
		11.3.13 Simple Programs on Dictionary
		11.3.14 Polynomials as Dictionaries
	Mini Project Orange Cap Calculator
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
12. Graphics Programming: Drawing with Turtle Graphics
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Getting Started with the Turtle Module
	12.3 Moving the Turtle in any Direction
		12.3.1 Programs to Draw Different Shapes
	12.4 Moving Turtle to Any Location
	12.5 The color, bgcolor, circle and Speed Method of Turtle
	12.6 Drawing with Colors
	12.7 Drawing Basic Shapes Using Iterations
	12.8 Changing Color Dynamically Using List
	12.9 Turtles to Create Bar Charts
	Mini Project Turtle Racing Game
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
13. File Handling
	Chapter Outline
	Learning Outcomes
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Need of File Handling
	13.3 Text Input and Output
		13.3.1 Opening a File
		13.3.2 Writing Text to a File
		13.3.3 Closing a File
		13.3.4 Writing Numbers to a File
		13.3.5 Reading Text from a File
		13.3.6 Reading Numbers from a File
		13.3.7 Reading Multiple Items on one Line
		13.3.8 Appending Data
	13.4 The seek() Function
	13.5 Binary Files
		13.5.1 Reading Binary Files
	13.6 Accessing and Manipulating Files and Directories on a Disk
	Mini Project Extracting Data from a File and Performing Some Basic Mathematical Operations on It
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
Appendix I: Project for Creating a Phone Book Directory
Appendix Ii: Importing Modules in Python
Appendix Iii: Python Keywords
Appendix Iv: Ascii Table
Index