Productivity and Jobs in a Globalised World - (How) Can All Regions Benefit?

Intro
 Foreword
 Acknowledgements
 Abbreviations and acronyms
 Executive summary
 Chapter 1. The elusive quest for regional convergence?
 Chapter synopsis
 The quest for regional convergence
 Gaps between OECD countries are narrowing, but they persist across regions
 Overall economic inequality declined, but within-country inequality did not follow
 "Low-income" regions leverage their growth potential
 Some European regions seem to fall into a "middle income trap"
 Not all gaps will close, but persistent and growing differences raise concerns Catching up is possible, but is often a long-term effortLocal assets differ and contribute to regional economic gaps
 While some local assets are determined by nature, others depend on human actions
 Regions with large metropolitan areas or resource-intensive economies are among the most productive in the OECD
 Outmigration and ageing create challenges for all types of regions
 Population ageing limits future growth in OECD countries and regions
 Outmigration amplifies the challenges for rural regions and smaller cities
 The global 2007-08 crisis uncovered some unsustainable growth models Many regions struggle to return to growth since the 2007-08 crisis, most of them in EuropeSome "low-growth regions" have actually gone through a phase of rapid growth followed by rapid decline
 Growth returned quickly in parts of Europe and the OECD
 No single factor is likely to explain success or failure in returning to growth
 The global 2007-08 crisis and the euro area crisis left their mark on Europe's regions
 Investment remains low in many parts of Europe
 Productivity growth is necessary for sustained improvements in living conditions Employment and productivity growth are often difficult to reconcileSome regions manage to create a win-win of productivity and employment growth
 The employment benefits of productivity growth are rarely immediate
 Structural adjustment following the 2007-08 crisis was followed by job growth
 Regional productivity growth in OECD countries mainly follows two models: catching up or concentration
 Inaction comes at the price of growing inequality and a "geography of discontent"
 Notes
 References
 Annex 1.A. Low-growth and low-income regions in Europe Chapter 2. Thinking global, developing local: Tradable sectors, cities and their role for catching upChapter synopsis
 Two key factors in narrow the regional productivity gap within countries
 Tradable sectors are associated with successful catching up
 Well-functioning cities support productivity within their limits and beyond
 Tradable sectors are associated with successful catching up
 Tradables are not just manufactured goods and natural resources
 What makes tradable sectors different?
 The drivers of productivity growth differ in tradable and non-tradable sectors