Product, Process and Plant Design Using Subcritical and Supercritical Fluids for Industrial Application

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 High Pressure and Nature
	1.2 High Pressure Through Time
	1.3 Why High Pressure for Products Design
	1.4 Summary
	References
2 What Are Supercritical Fluids?
	2.1 Definition of Supercritical Fluids
	2.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Supercritical Fluids
		2.2.1 Phase Equilibria
	2.3 Mass and Heat Transport Properties of Supercritical Fluids
		2.3.1 Mass Transfer
		2.3.2 Heat Transfer
	2.4 Examples: Experimental Techniques for Determination of Thermodynamic Properties
		2.4.1 Phase Equilibria—Static Method
		2.4.2 Modified Capillary Method for Determination of Melting Points
		2.4.3 External Balance Method for Determination of Diffusion Coefficients
		2.4.4 Gravimetric Methods for Diffusion Coefficients, Density and Solubility of Gas by Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB)
		2.4.5 Viscosity Measurements in High-Pressure View Cell
		2.4.6 Density of Measurements by High-Pressure Vibration Tube Densitometer
		2.4.7 Capillary Rise Method for Determination of Interfacial Tension
		2.4.8 Transport Properties from Drop Geometry in Dense Fluid
	References
3 Industrial Scale Applications: Physical-Based Processes
	3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Fractionation from Solid and Liquid Materials
		3.1.1 Thermodynamic Fundamentals of Extraction Processes
		3.1.2 Solid-Supercritical Fluid Equilibrium
		3.1.3 Liquid-Supercritical Fluid Equilibrium
		3.1.4 Cycle Processes for Extraction Using Supercritical Fluids
		3.1.5 Separation of Solute in Extraction Processes Using SCF
		3.1.6 Basic Design Considerations of Extraction Plants for Solids
		3.1.7 Supercritical Fluids Extraction at Ultra-High Pressure
		3.1.8 Extraction of Solids Using SCF—Industrial Scale Units
		3.1.9 Design of Extraction Plant for Liquids
		3.1.10 Extraction of Liquids Using SCF-Industrial Scale Units
		3.1.11 Conclusion
	3.2 High Pressure Polymer Processing
		3.2.1 Polymer Particles
		3.2.2 Polymer Foaming with Subcritical or Supercritical Fluids
	References
4 Industrial Scale Applications: Reaction-Based Processes
	4.1 Chemical and Biochemical Reactions in SCFs
	4.2 Chemical Reactions in SCFs
		4.2.1 Polymerization and Depolymerization
		4.2.2 Carbonylation
		4.2.3 Oxidation
		4.2.4 Hydrogenation
		4.2.5 Hydroformylation
		4.2.6 Hydrothermal Synthesis
		4.2.7 Advantages on Using SCFs as Media for Chemical Reactions
	4.3 Biochemical Reactions in SCFs
		4.3.1 Influence of SCFs on Enzyme Activity and Stability
		4.3.2 Enzyme-Catalysed Polymerization in SCFs
		4.3.3 Reactors for Enzyme-Catalysed Processes Under High Pressure
		4.3.4 Investigations to Perform Biochemical Reaction in High Pressure Batch Stirred Tank Rector—HP BSTR
	4.4 Conclusions
		4.4.1 Enzyme-Catalysed Synthesis of Biodiesel and Lignocellulosic Biomass Bioconversion in SCFs
		4.4.2 Enzymatic Reactions in IL/SCFs Media
		4.4.3 Future Trends
	References
5 Design of High Pressure Plants for Research, Pilot and Production Scale
	5.1 Basic Considerations for Effective Process Synthesis
	5.2 Equipment for Bench-Scale Tests
	5.3 Equipment for Pilot-Scale Tests
	5.4 Equipment for Commercial Scale Plants
		5.4.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Plants
		5.4.2 Additional Features of High Pressure Plant Equipment
	5.5 Turning Process Development into a Commercial Plant
		5.5.1 Considerations for a Commercial Plant Project
		5.5.2 Execution of a Commercial Plant Project
	References
6 Safety and Control in High Pressure Plant Design and Operation
	6.1 Safety Considerations for High Pressure Equipment and Plants
		6.1.1 Diligence in Design and Fabrication
		6.1.2 Diligence in Operation and Care for Longevity
		6.1.3 Externally Induced Error or Defects
	6.2 Control of High Pressure Plants
		6.2.1 Functional Safety
		6.2.2 Considerations for Engineering of Instrumentation and Control System
	6.3 Engineering Ethics
	References
7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	7.1 Future Directions/Perspectives
		7.1.1 Extraction
		7.1.2 Micronisation
		7.1.3 Impregnation with SC Fluids
		7.1.4 Chemical and Biochemical Reactions
	References