Process Operational Safety and Cybersecurity. A Feedback Control Approach

Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	1.1 Motivation
	1.2 Background
	1.3 Operational Safety and Cybersecurity of Chemical Processes
		1.3.1 Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor
		1.3.2 Case Study: Process Operational Safety in EMPC
		1.3.3 Case Study: Cybersecurity in Tracking MPC
	1.4 Objectives and Organization of the Book
2 Background
	2.1 Notation
	2.2 Stability of Nonlinear Systems
		2.2.1 Lyapunov's Direct Method
		2.2.2 LaSalle's Invariance Principle
	2.3 Control of Nonlinear Systems
		2.3.1 Control Lyapunov Functions and Stabilization
		2.3.2 Model Predictive Control
		2.3.3 Lyapunov-Based MPC
		2.3.4 Lyapunov-Based Economic MPC
3 Safeness Index-Based MPC and EMPC
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Class of Nonlinear Systems
	3.2 Process Operational Safety
		3.2.1 Safeness Index
		3.2.2 Choosing Thresholds for Safeness Index
	3.3 Safeness Index-Based MPC and EMPC
		3.3.1 Stability, Safety, and Feasibility Analyses
	3.4 Application to a Chemical Process Example
		3.4.1 Process Description
		3.4.2 Simulation Results
	3.5 Conclusions
4 Operational Safety Via Control Lyapunov-Barrier Function-Based MPC
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Class of Nonlinear Systems
		4.1.2 Characterization of Unsafe Regions
	4.2 Control Barrier Function
	4.3 Control Lyapunov-Barrier Function
		4.3.1 Stabilization and Safety via Control Lyapunov-Barrier Function
		4.3.2 Design of Constrained CLBF
	4.4 CLBF-Based Model Predictive Control
		4.4.1 Sample-and-Hold Implementation of CLBF-Based Controller
		4.4.2 Formulation of CLBF-MPC
		4.4.3 Application to a Chemical Process Example
	4.5 CLBF-Based Economic Model Predictive Control
		4.5.1 CLBF-Based EMPC Formulation
		4.5.2 Application to a Chemical Process Example
	4.6 Conclusions
5 Integration of Safety Systems  with Control Systems
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Integration of Safety and Control Systems
		5.2.1 Case Study: Thermal Runaway in a CSTR System
		5.2.2 Case Study: High Pressure in a Flash Drum
	5.3 Safeness Index-Based MPC
		5.3.1 Case Study: Flash Drum
		5.3.2 Case Study: Ammonia Process
		5.3.3 Case Study: Ammonia Process Network
	5.4 Conclusions
6 Machine Learning in Process Operational Safety
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Class of Nonlinear Systems
		6.1.2 Stabilizability Assumption
	6.2 Recurrent Neural Network Modeling
		6.2.1 RNN Learning Algorithm
		6.2.2 Development of RNN Model
		6.2.3 Ensemble Regression Modeling
	6.3 CLBF-MPC Using RNN Models
		6.3.1 Stabilization and Safety via CLBF-Based Control
		6.3.2 CLBF-based MPC Using an Ensemble of RNN Models
		6.3.3 Parallel Computing and Ensemble of RNN Models
		6.3.4 Online Learning of RNN Models
		6.3.5 Computational Implementation Issues of RNN Models
		6.3.6 Application to a Chemical Process Example
	6.4 CLBF-EMPC Using RNN Models
		6.4.1 Stability and Safety Under CLBF-EMPC
		6.4.2 Application to a Chemical Process Example
	6.5 Conclusions
7 Process Cybersecurity Via Machine Learning Detection
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Class of Nonlinear Systems
		7.1.2 Lyapunov-Based MPC and EMPC
	7.2 Intelligent Cyber-Attacks
		7.2.1 Types of Intelligent Cyber-Attacks
	7.3 Detection of Cyber-Attacks Targeting MPC Systems
		7.3.1 Choice of Detection Input Variable
		7.3.2 Sliding Detection Window
	7.4 Cyber-Attack Resilient Control Systems
		7.4.1 Redundant Sensors
		7.4.2 Attack-Resilient Operation Combining Open-Loop  and Closed-Loop Control
		7.4.3 Post Cyber-Attack State Reconstruction
	7.5 Application to a Chemical Process Example
	7.6 Conclusions
8 A Two-Tier Control Architecture  For Cybersecurity and Operational Safety
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Class of Nonlinear Systems
	8.2 Cyber-Secure Two-Tier Control Architecture
		8.2.1 Lower-Tier Control System
		8.2.2 Upper-Tier Model Predictive Control System
	8.3 Cyber-Attack Design and Detection
		8.3.1 Attack Scenarios
		8.3.2 Mitigation Measures via Reconfiguration of Control System
		8.3.3 Integration of Safety Systems with Two-Tier Control Systems
	8.4 Application to a Chemical Process Example
		8.4.1 Cyber-Attacks and Detector Training
		8.4.2 Cyber-Attack Detection Results
	8.5 Conclusions
Appendix  References