Proceedings of UASG 2021: Wings 4 Sustainability: Unmanned Aerial System in Geomatics

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
Comparison of DEM Generated from UAV Images and ICESat-1 Elevation Datasets with an Assessment of the Cartographic Potential of UAV-Based Sensor Datasets
	1 Introduction
		1.1 UAV
		1.2 ICESat Missions
	2 Study Area
	3 Material and Method
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
UAV to Cadastral Parcel Boundary Translation and Synthetic UAV Image Generation Using Conditional-Generative Adversarial Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Set
	3 Network Architecture
	4 Translating Cadastral Parcel Maps to Synthetic UAV Images
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
UAV-Based Terrain-Following Mapping Using LiDAR in High Undulating Catastrophic Areas
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed Solution
	4 Study Area
	5 Experimental Setup
	6 Dataset Used
	7 Methodology
	8 Surface Model Construction
	9 Results and Discussions
	10 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Forest Fire Detection from UAV Images Using Fusion of Pre-trained Mobile CNN Features
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Recent Works
	3 Mobile CNN Architectures
	4 Proposed Algorithm
	5 Experimental Simulations
	6 Conclusions
	References
Deep Learning-Based Improved Automatic Building Extraction from Open-Source High Resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Previous Works
		1.3 Objective and Summary
	2 Dataset Details
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Preparation Methodology
		3.2 Network Architecture
		3.3 Training the Network
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design and Development of Human Temperature Measuring System Using Drone Based Multispectral and Thermal Images
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Environmental Impacts
		1.2 Impacts of Drone Spraying
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Research Analysis of Drone Spraying
	4 Design of a Drone with Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) Camera
	5 Methodology
		5.1 Biomass Prediction Algorithm
		5.2 Admin
		5.3 Mission GUI and Waypoint Planner
		5.4 Drone Commands
		5.5 Process 2
		5.6 Drivers and Controllers
		5.7 GPS Receiver
		5.8 Process 1
		5.9 Human Temperature Detection
		5.10 Image Sensing Algorithm Using NIR Camera
	6 Temperature Scanning Using Thermal Images
	7 Mask Detection and Thermal Detection Using Thermal Mapping
		7.1 Thermal Mapping Using Pix4D Mapper
	8 Classification
	9 Outcome Results of Thermal Mapping
	10 Conclusion
	References
Feature Extraction in Urban Areas Using UAV Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Area and Dataset
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Photogrammetric Processing
		3.2 Image Segmentation
		3.3 Image Classification and Impervious Surface Estimation
		3.4 Quantitative Assessment
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Role of ‘Unmanned Aerial Vehicles’ in Smart City Planning and Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Background
		3.1 Smart City
		3.2 Smart City Planning Process
		3.3 ICT Technologies
		3.4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
		3.5 Internet of Things (IoTs)
	4 UAV Application in Smart City Planning Process, Maintenance, and Operation
		4.1 Challenges
	5 Discussion and Way Forward
	References
Elevation Data Acquisition Accuracy Assessment for ESRI Drone2Map, Agisoft Metashape, and Pix4Dmapper UAV Photogrammetry Software
	1 Inroduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Devices Used, Data Acquisition and Software Used
		3.1 Commercial Photogrammetry Software Used
	4 Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Relative Elevation Profile Assessment
		5.2 Relative DSM Comparison
	6 Conclusion
	References
Characterization of Urban Vegetation from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Image
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area Description
		2.2 Vegetation Crown Delineation
		2.3 nDSM or Canopy Height Model (CHM) Creation
	3 Texture Parameters
	4 Geometrical Parameters
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Environmental Gaseous Sensing Using Sniffer Drone for Urban Development Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Material and Methods
		3.1 Drone Data and Ancillary Information
		3.2 Methods
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Industrial on Carbon Dioxide
		4.2 Industrial on Hydrocarbon
	5 Conclusion
	References
Drone Technology in Waste Management: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Status of Landfills and Solid Waste in India
	3 UAVs or Drones
		3.1 Types of Drones
		3.2 Working of Drones
	4 Use of Drones in Waste Management
		4.1 Waste Collection
		4.2 Landfill Site Selection
		4.3 Landfill Monitoring
		4.4 Calculating the Airspace of Landfill
		4.5 Collecting Waste from Coastlines
		4.6 Decision Making for Waste Management Organizations
	5 Requirements for Using Drone Technology
		5.1 Understand the Aviation Laws or Regulations of the Country
		5.2 Check for Permissions of Allowed Sensors
		5.3 Availability of the Software to Process Collected Data by Drones
		5.4 Availability of the Network
		5.5 Ethical Issues of Using Drones
		5.6 Requirement of Selecting Optimal Hardware
		5.7 Availability and Ease of Maintenance
	6 Challenges of Drone Technology
		6.1 Privacy and Security
		6.2 Requirement of Specific Software to Gather Data
		6.3 Legislature Uncertainty
		6.4 Safety
		6.5 Weather Conditions
		6.6 Requirement of Specific Skills
	7 Conclusion
	References
Solar Roof Panel Extraction from UAV Photogrammetric Point Cloud
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Normal Vector
	2 Study Area and Dataset Used
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Dataset Used
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Evaluation of the Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Spacio-Statistical Model to Predict Crime Locations Based on Past Crime Events and UAV Based Monitoring of the Predicted Surveillance Route
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Study Area
	4 Crime Data Collection and Analysis
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Crime Occurrence Statistics
		5.2 Intelligence in Crime Handling
		5.3 Time Based Crime Prediction
		5.4 Crime Category Prediction
		5.5 UAV Utilization in Fighting Crime
	6 Conclusion
	References
Automatic Ship Detection Using CFAR Algorithm for Quad-Pol UAV-SAR Imagery
	1 Introduction
	2 Dataset and Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Land Masking
		3.2 Standard CFAR
		3.3 Polarimetric Coherency Matrix Generation
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Land Masking Results
		4.2 CFAR Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Deep Learning Approach for Detection and Segmentation of Airplanes in Ultrahigh-Spatial-Resolution UAV Dataset
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Digital Images and Spatial Resolution
		2.2 Neural Networks
		2.3 Convolutional Neural Networks
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Object Detection
		3.2 Semantic Segmentation
	4 Model Training and Results
		4.1 Object Detection
		4.2 Semantic Segmentation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Influence of European UAS Regulations on Image Acquisition for 3D Building Modeling
	1 Introduction
	2 3D Building Modeling
	3 Rules and Procedures for UAS Operations
		3.1 Old UAS Operation Rules
		3.2 New UAS Operation Rules
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effects of Flight Plan Parameters on the Quality and Usability of Low-Cost UAS Photogrammetry Data Products for Tree Crown Delineation
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 UAS Flight Planning and Image Acquisitions
		2.3 Processing of UAS Images
		2.4 Quantitative Analysis of Data Completeness
		2.5 Tree Crown Delineation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Characteristics of Acquired and Processed Images
		3.2 GSD and Completeness of the DSMs and Orthomosaics
		3.3 Delineated Tree Crowns
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
The Segmentation of Drone Image derived 3D Point Cloud Using a Combination of RANSAC, DBSCAN and Clustering Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Segmentation Using RANSAC
		3.2 Segmentation Using DBSCAN
		3.3 Euclidean Cluster Extraction
		3.4 Clustering Measure Assessment
	4 Conclusions
	References
An Automated Process to Filter UAS-Based Point Clouds
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Test Site and Data Used
		2.2 Proposed Point Cloud Filtering Approach
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Some Enhancement of Aerial and Terrestrial Photo for 3D Modeling of Texture-Less Object Surface
	1 Background
		1.1 Conceptual Background
	2 Data and Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 The Visual Comparison
		3.2 The 3D Reconstruction Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Role of Drone Technology in Sustainable Rural Development: Opportunities and Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Applications for Forest Land Observation
	3 Cost Effective
	4 Applications for Agriculture Productivity
	5 Application for Disease/Pest Identification and Monitoring
		5.1 Pesticide Spraying
		5.2 Plant Stressors
	6 Land Conservation Development
	7 Fisheries
	8 Livestock Monitoring
	9 Challenges Posed by Regulations for the Use of Drones in Agriculture
	10 Employment and Job Opportunities
		10.1 Innovative Approaches in Agriculture Sector
	11 Conclusions
	References
Disaster Risk Mapping from Aerial Imagery Using Deep Learning Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Study Area and Data Resources
		3.1 Maps
		3.2 Other Data Resources
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Data Preprocessing
		4.2 Deep Learning Methodology
		4.3 Ensemble Modelling
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
High-Resolution Mapping of Forest Canopy Cover Using UAV and Sentinel-2
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Datasets and Tools Used
		2.3 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 LULC Comparison of Sentinel-2 (S2) and UAV (0.04 m Spatial Resolution Data)
		3.2 Forest Canopy Density (FCD) Mapping Using UAV (0.04 m Spatial Resolution) Data
		3.3 Tree Count Mapping using UAV Data
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Method of an Agricultural Drone System Using Biomass Vegetation Indices and Multispectral Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Design of an Agricultural Drone
		3.1 Drone Mapping
		3.2 Ray Cloud
		3.3 Processing
		3.4 Feature Extraction
		3.5 Classifications of Vegetation Indices
	4 Graph for Vegetation, Plant Disease, Locust Damage, Soil Quality, and Water Detection
	5 Final Result
	6 Future Work
	7 Conclusion
	References
UAV-LiDAR and Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Automatic Extraction of Forest Inventory Parameters
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Forest Inventory Parameters
		1.3 Objectives
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 UAV-LiDAR Data
		2.3 TLS Data
		2.4 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Validation
	5 Discussions
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A UAS-Based Approach for Orchard Geo-Information Management System
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Material Used
		3.1 Study Area
		3.2 Dataset and Tools Used
	4 Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
High-Speed Wi-Fi Systems for Long Range FANETS: Real Problems, Experiments, and Lessons Learnt
	1 Introduction
	2 Limiting the Scope
	3 Setting Up the Apparatus
	4 System Design Proposal
		4.1 Common Situations and Practices
	5 Experiments and Solutions
	6 Lessons Learnt
	7 Conclusions
	References
Algal Bloom Detection Using UAV Imagery: A Case Study on Waddepally Lake, Warangal
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 Data Preprocessing
		3.3 Data Processing
		3.4 Data Analysis
		3.5 Validation
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Ballistics Algorithm for Airborne Remote Sensor Position in Catastrophe Zones
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Close Range Photogrammetry in Field Assessment
		1.2 UAV Role in Closed Range Photogrammetry for Field Assessment
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Identification of WSN Cluster for Battle Field Prone Area (Fig. 7)
		3.2 Battle Field Wireless Sensor Network Cluster Zone
		3.3 DEM Aspect
		3.4 Identify Risk Zones
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Practical Applications for UAS Designed to Assist Climatologists in Studying Toxic Gas Emissions Relative to Climate Change
	1 Introduction to UAS
	2 Equipment Used
	3 Imaging
	4 Payloads
	5 Topography
	6 UAS Software
	7 Costa Rican Institute of Electricity ICE LiDAR Application
	8 Volcanic Applications
	9 Industrial Applications
	10 TECO Tampa Electric Company
	11 UAS Solar Farm Application
	12 UAS for Sustaining Populations of Endangered Species
	13 Results
	14 Conclusion and Forecasts
	References
Review of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle Swarm System Coordination and Communication
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Development Direction in the UAV Swarm Industry
	3 UAV Swarm Communication Implementation
	4 UAV Swarm Architectures
		4.1 Centralized Ground Control Communication Architecture
		4.2 Decentralized UAV Swarm Communication Architecture
	5 Conclusions and Discussions
	References
Simulation of Clustering Protocol and Mobility Model for UAV Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Clustering Protocol for UAV Networks
	4 Implementation
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Obstacle Avoidance for Quadcopters in Formation Flying Based on A* Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modeling
	3 Flight Controller Design
		3.1 Path Planning
		3.2 A-Star Algorithm
		3.3 Formation Flying
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Coverage Estimation Using Probabilistic Line-of-Sight Model for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communication
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 System Model
		3.1 Statistical Propagation Model
		3.2 Modeling Line of Sight Probability
	4 Coverage Estimation
		4.1 Steps to Estimate Coverage and Building Blockage Probability
	5 Simulation and Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Blockchain Technology Based Security for UAV IoT Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Security Issues and Goals in Internet of Drones (IoD) Environment
	3 Challenges and Opportunities Through Blockchain in IoDs
	4 Overview of the Previous Blockchain-Based Solutions on UAV IoT Environment
	5 Ecosystem of Blockchain Based Secured UAV
	6 Future Research Directions
	7 Conclusion
	References
Power Management of Drones
	1 Introduction
	2 Importance of Power Management
	3 Applications
		3.1 Civil Applications
		3.2 Military Applications
	4 General Classification of Drone/UAVs
	5 Management of Power in Drone
	6 Choosing a Battery Pack for Drones
		6.1 Voltage Level
		6.2 Capacity
		6.3 Discharge Rate
		6.4 Activation Time
		6.5 Charging Time
		6.6 Lifespan
		6.7 Cost
	7 Principle of Working of LiPo Battery
		7.1 Intercalation
		7.2 Deintercalation
	8 Various Forms/Configurations of LiPo Batteries and Cell Sizes
		8.1 Battery Voltage
	9 Maintenance of Lipo Battery
		9.1 Charging
		9.2 Discharging
	10 Alternatives to Lipo Batteries
		10.1 Charging Stations
		10.2 Charging While on Flight
		10.3 Solar Batteries
	11 Conclusion
	References
Technology for Power Supply to UAVs through Medium of Air
	1 Introduction
	2 System Overview
	3 Series Resonance
	4 Working Process
	5 Future Trends and Challenges
	6 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
An Efficient Application of Machine Learning for Assessment of Terrain 3D Information Using Drone Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Data Description
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Description
	3 Algorithm Development and Implementation
		3.1 Preprocessing of Drone Data
		3.2 Extraction of Topographic Parameters
		3.3 Extraction of Topographic Values for Training
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Height and Error Estimation
		4.2 Time Series Plot of Plant Height
		4.3 Evaluation for Whole Region
		4.4 Improvement in Plant Height Accuracy
	5 Conclusion
	References