Proceedings of the Green Materials and Electronic Packaging Interconnect Technology Symposium: EPITS 2022, 14-15 September, Langkawi, Malaysia

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I Electronic Materials and Technology
1 Effect of Al Addition to the Solidification and Microstructure Formation on Sn–Ag–Cu Solder Alloy
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Experimental Procedure
		1.2.1 Materials
		1.2.2 Sample Preparation
		1.2.3 Characterization
	1.3 Results and Discussion
		1.3.1 Phase Transformation and Solidification
		1.3.2 Microstructure Analysis
		1.3.3 Wettability Analysis
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
2 Effect of Isothermal Aging on Mechanical Properties of Sn–0.7Cu–xZn Lead-Free Solder
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Experimental Procedure
	2.3 Results and Discussion
		2.3.1 Hardness
		2.3.2 Shear Strength
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
3 Effect of Sb Addition to the Solidification and Microstructure of Sn–Ag–Cu Alloys
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Experimental Procedure
		3.2.1 Materials
		3.2.2 Methodology
	3.3 Results and Discussion
		3.3.1 Solidification
		3.3.2 Microstructure Analysis
		3.3.3 Intermetallic Compound (IMC Layer)
		3.3.4 Wettability
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4 Investigating the Mechanical Performance of New Green Concrete Based on Unglazed Fired Roof Tile Waste
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Methodology
		4.2.1 Portland Composite Cement
		4.2.2 Fine Aggregate
		4.2.3 Coarse Aggregate
		4.2.4 Unglazed Fired Roof Tiles Waste (URTW)
		4.2.5 Water
		4.2.6 Mix Design
		4.2.7 Workability Test
		4.2.8 Water Absorption Test
		4.2.9 Compressive Strength
	4.3 Results and Discussion
		4.3.1 Slump Value
		4.3.2 Water Absorption
		4.3.3 Compressive Strength
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5 One-Pot Fusion-Impregnation Synthesis of Nickel Supported Magnesium Aluminate for Hydrogen Rich Syngas Production
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Methodology
		5.2.1 Chemicals and Methods
		5.2.2 Characterization
		5.2.3 Catalytic Activity
	5.3 Results and Discussion
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6 Optimization of Recycled Polypropylene Concrete Aggregates Processing Using Water-Assisted Melt Compounding via Response Surface Methodology
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methodology
		6.2.1 Raw Materials
		6.2.2 Designing the Processing Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
		6.2.3 Preparation, Testing and Analysis
	6.3 Result and Discussions
		6.3.1 Regression Models and R2 Values of Factor Interaction
		6.3.2 Interaction Between Variables for Tensile Strength
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
7 Recycling of Glazed Roof Tile Waste for Fine Aggregate in Green Concrete
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Methodology
		7.2.1 Portland Composite Cement
		7.2.2 Fine Aggregate
		7.2.3 Coarse Aggregate
		7.2.4 Glazed Roof Tiles Waste (GRTW)
		7.2.5 Water
		7.2.6 Mix Design
		7.2.7 Workability Test
		7.2.8 Water Absorption Test
		7.2.9 Compressive Strength
	7.3 Results and Discussion
		7.3.1 Slump Value
		7.3.2 Water Absorption
		7.3.3 Compressive Strength
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
8 A Short Review: Reliability Issues of Lead-Free Sn-Based Alloys for Superconducting Applications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Electromigration
	8.3 Thermo-migration
	8.4 Effects of Alloying on Reliability Issues
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
9 Influence of Epoxy Viscosity on Led Encapsulation Process
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methodology
		9.2.1 Numerical Methods
	9.3 Results and Discussion
		9.3.1 Grid Independence Test
		9.3.2 Effect of Viscosity on the Wire Bonding
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
10 Investigation of Thermal Reflow Profile for Copper Pillar Technology
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Methodology
		10.2.1 Numerical Methods
	10.3 Result and Discussions
		10.3.1 Grid Independence Test
		10.3.2 Experimental Validation
		10.3.3 Effect of Diameter on the Temperature Profile
		10.3.4 Temperature Contour for Cu Pillar Bump
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 The Effect of Solder Geometry and Intermetallic Compound on Lead-Free Solder Joint Reliability
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methodology
		11.2.1 Material Properties and Constitutive Model
		11.2.2 Boundary Condition and Loading
	11.3 Results and Discussion
		11.3.1 Location of Critical Solder Joint
		11.3.2 Effect of Solder Joint Geometries
		11.3.3 Integrated Effect of IMC and Solder Geometries
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
12 Thermal Management on the Solder Joints of Adjacent Ball Grid Array (BGA) Rework Components Using Laser Soldering
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Methodology
		12.2.1 Materials and Sample Description
		12.2.2 Profiling the Rework Temperature
		12.2.3 Rework Method
		12.2.4 Dye and Pull Test and Dye Penetration Coverage Inspection
		12.2.5 Quantitative Analysis
	12.3 Results and Discussion
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 Electrical Characterization of Ultrasonic Aluminum Bond on Molybdenum Back Contact of the Thin-Film Solar Module Using Micro-Ohmmeter
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Methodology
	13.3 Results and Discussions
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
14 Effect of Different Epoxy Materials During LED Wire Bonding Encapsulation Process Using CFD Approach
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Experiment Procedures
	14.3 Numerical Methods
	14.4 Result and Discussion
		14.4.1 Experimental Validation
		14.4.2 Effect of Epoxy on Filling
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
15 Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Microstructural and Localized Micromechanical Properties of Sn–0.7Cu Solder Alloy
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Methodology
	15.3 Result and Discussions
		15.3.1 Microstructure
		15.3.2 Nanoindentation Test
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
16 Effects of Heat Treatment on the Properties of SS440C for Blades Applications
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Methodology
		16.2.1 Materials
		16.2.2 Experimental Procedures
	16.3 Characterization Method
	16.4 Results and Discussion
		16.4.1 Hardness
		16.4.2 Tensile
		16.4.3 Microstructural Observation
	16.5 Conclusions
	References
17 The Effect of the Epoxy Curing Method on the Encapsulation of Led
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Experiment Procedures
	17.3 Result and Discussion
		17.3.1 Contact Angle
		17.3.2 The Surface Area of Contact
	17.4 Conclusion
	References
19 Materials Modification of Lead-Free Solder Alloys with Different Reinforcing Components
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Reinforcing Components
		19.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		19.2.2 Interlayer Components
		19.2.3 Agricultural Wastes
	19.3 Conclusion
	References
20 The Effect of Nickel Addition on Lead-Free Solder for High Power Module Devices—Short Review
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 The Effect of Nickel Addition on Microstructure
	20.3 The Effect of Nickel Addition on Mechanical and Physical Properties
	20.4 Conclusion
	References
21 Thermal Analysis Simulation Between Hand Soldering and Laser Soldering Process
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Methodology
	21.3 Result and Discussions
	21.4 Conclusion
	References
22 Characterization of Al–Mg Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Technique
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Experimental Procedure
	22.3 Results and Discussions
		22.3.1 Microstructural Observation
		22.3.2 Corrosion Analysis
	22.4 Conclusion
	References
23 Investigation on Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polycaprolactone (PCL) Blend Ratio: Effect on Their Mechanical and Physical Properties
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Experimental Procedure
		23.2.1 Tensile and Flexural Test
		23.2.2 Hardness Test
		23.2.3 Water Absorption Test
		23.2.4 Density Test
		23.2.5 Surface Morphology
	23.3 Results and Discussion
		23.3.1 Mechanical Properties
		23.3.2 Physical Properties
		23.3.3 Surface Morphology
	23.4 Conclusion
	References
24 Room Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of HKUST-1, Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Experimental Section
		24.2.1 Chemicals
		24.2.2 Synthesis of HKSUT-1 with Difference Solvent Ratio
		24.2.3 Material Characterization
	24.3 Result and Discussion
		24.3.1 Morphologies of HKUST-1
	24.4 Conclusion
	References
25 Structural Analysis of Silver-Based Conductive Ink Under Cyclic Loading
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Methodology
		25.2.1 Materials and Fabrication of Ink
		25.2.2 Cyclic Tensile Loading
		25.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
	25.3 Result and Discussions
		25.3.1 Cyclic Loading Test Results
		25.3.2 Morphological Analysis
	25.4 Conclusion
	References
26 Tensile and Dielectric Properties of Tin Dioxide Reinforced Deproteinized Natural Rubber Nanocomposites for Electrical Insulator
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Methodology
		26.2.1 Raw Materials
		26.2.2 Testing and Analyses
	26.3 Result and Discussions
		26.3.1 Tensile Properties
		26.3.2 Dielectric Properties
		26.3.3 Morphological Characteristics
	26.4 Conclusions
	References
Part II Green Materials and Technology
27 FEM on Short-Term Chloride Penetration on Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Strengthened to RC Beam
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Methodology
	27.3 Result and Discussions
		27.3.1 Load Deflection Behaviour
		27.3.2 Maximum Principal Stress Behaviour
		27.3.3 Failure Modes and Cracking Pattern
	27.4 Conclusion
	References
28 The Application of Microbes to the Fly Ash-Based Alkali-Activated Material Performance Containing Slag
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Methodology
		28.2.1 Materials
	28.3 Result and Discussions
		28.3.1 Workability Test Results
		28.3.2 Setting Time Test Results
		28.3.3 Porosity Test Results
		28.3.4 Compressive Strength Test Results
		28.3.5 XRD Analysis
		28.3.6 Morphological Analysis
		28.3.7 EDS Analysis
	28.4 Conclusion
	References
29 Waste to Product: Potential of Mg-Rich Gypsum Additive for Improvement of Peat Soil
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Methodology
		29.2.1 Materials
		29.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
		29.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		29.2.4 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
	29.3 Result and Discussions
		29.3.1 Classification of Peat Soil
		29.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
		29.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		29.3.4 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
	29.4 Conclusion
	References
30 Smart Solar Safety Worker Helmet Using Accelerometer and GPS Sensor
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Methodology
		30.2.1 Hardware Part
		30.2.2 Software Part
	30.3 Result and Discussions
		30.3.1 Accelerometer Test on Detecting Fall
		30.3.2 Comparison of Wireless Technology
		30.3.3 GPS Sensor
		30.3.4 Performance of Battery and Photovoltaic Voltage Output
	30.4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
31 Influence of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Waste as Substitute Feldspar on the Physicomechanical Porcelain Properties
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Methodology
		31.2.1 Sample Preparation and Characterization Process
	31.3 Result and Discussions
		31.3.1 Chemical Composition
		31.3.2 Crystal Structures
		31.3.3 Morphology Analysis
		31.3.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties
		31.3.5 Thermal Properties
	31.4 Conclusion
	References
32 The Mechanochemical Process and H2SO4 Treatment on the Rehydration of Anhydrite from FGD Sludge into Gypsum and Hemihydrate
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Methodology
		32.2.1 Materials and Rehydration Process
		32.2.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		32.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
	32.3 Result and Discussions
		32.3.1 Phase Analysis
		32.3.2 Morphology Analysis
	32.4 Conclusion
	References
33 The Thermal Behavior of Cordierite-Based Ceramic with the Substitution of Treated Flue Gas Desulfurization Sludge in the Non-stoichiometric Cordierite Composition
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Methodology
		33.2.1 Materials and Methodology
		33.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		33.2.3 Dilatometer Test
	33.3 Result and Discussions
		33.3.1 The Properties of Cordierite-Based Ceramic
		33.3.2 The Microstructure of Cordierite-Based Ceramic
		33.3.3 The Thermal Behavior of Cordierite-Based Ceramic
	33.4 Conclusion
	References
34 Production of Porous Glass-Foam Materials from Photovoltaic Panel Waste Glass
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Materials and Methods
		34.2.1 Raw Materials
		34.2.2 Experimental Methods
	34.3 Result and Discussions
		34.3.1 Characteristics of Raw Materials
		34.3.2 Investigation of Foaming Process
		34.3.3 Characteristic Appearance of the Foam Samples
		34.3.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sintered Samples
	34.4 Conclusion
	References
35 Porous Geopolymeric Materials from Diatomite
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Experimental Method
	35.3 Result and Discussions
		35.3.1 Density and Bending Strength of the Samples
		35.3.2 FTIR Spectra
		35.3.3 SEM Images
	35.4 Conclusion
	References
36 Effect of Reaction Temperature on Zeolite Synthesised from Oil Palm Ash
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 Materials and Methods
		36.2.1 Oil Palm Ash (OPA)
		36.2.2 Pre-Treatment Process
		36.2.3 Hydrothermal Treatment
	36.3 Result and Discussions
		36.3.1 Hydrothermal Treatment
		36.3.2 Effect of Reaction Temperature
	36.4 Conclusion
	References
37 Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Compounds (NBR) by Using High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Methodology
		37.2.1 Materials
		37.2.2 Preparation and Curing of NBR/HDPE/Silica Composites
		37.2.3 Mechanical Properties
		37.2.4 Morphology and Thermal Properties
	37.3 Result and Discussions
		37.3.1 Mechanical Properties
		37.3.2 Morphology of the Composites
		37.3.3 Thermal Analysis
	37.4 Conclusion
	References
38 Evaluation of Petrographical Characteristics of Deteriorated Cement Concrete Containing Potential ASR
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Characteristics of Deteriorated Cement Concrete
	38.3 Characteristics of Alkali–Silica Reaction (ASR) in Concrete
	38.4 Sample Investigation
	38.5 Result and Discussion
	38.6 Conclusion
	References
39 Mechanical Analysis of Golf Ball Retriever Prototype
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Methodology
		39.2.1 Modifications and Finalized Design Selection
	39.3 Result and Discussions
		39.3.1 von Mises Stress Analysis
		39.3.2 Displacement (Strain) Analysis
		39.3.3 Factor of Safety
	39.4 Conclusion
	References
40 Customer Survey Analysis for Design and Development of Golf Ball Retriever Prototype
	40.1 Introduction
	40.2 Methodology
		40.2.1 Product Definition and Market Analysis
		40.2.2 Customer and Benefits
		40.2.3 Surveying Phase
		40.2.4 Customers’ Requirements
		40.2.5 Engineering Requirements
	40.3 Result and Discussions
		40.3.1 Summary of the Survey
		40.3.2 Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
	40.4 Conclusion
	References
41 The Effect of GGBFS and Additional Cement, Water, and Superplasticizer on the Mechanical Properties of Workable Geopolymer Concrete
	41.1 Introduction
	41.2 Methodology
		41.2.1 Materials
		41.2.2 Method
	41.3 Result and Discussions
		41.3.1 Physical Properties of Fresh Geopolymer Mixture
		41.3.2 Effect of GGBFS and Alkaline Activator on Geopolymer Concrete Mechanical Properties
		41.3.3 Effect of Additional Cement, Superplasticizer, and Water on Geopolymer Concrete Mechanical Properties Containing GGBFS
	41.4 Conclusion
	References
42 Status and Challenges of Determining Sustainable Technology of Landfill Leachate Treatment on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): An Update
	42.1 Introduction
	42.2 Methodology
	42.3 Results and Discussion
		42.3.1 Innovative Technology of Physicochemical Treatment
		42.3.2 Innovative Technology in Biological Treatment
	42.4 Conclusion
	References
43 Feasibility of Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Network to Correlate Air Quality Index (AQI) and COVID-19 Daily Cases
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Methodology
		43.2.1 Materials
		43.2.2 Study Area
		43.2.3 Data
		43.2.4 MLP Configuration
		43.2.5 Training Methodology
	43.3 Result and Discussions
	43.4 Conclusion
	References
44 Petrographical Analysis on Microcracks and Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) of Saltwater Intruded Concrete
	44.1 Introduction
	44.2 Mechanisms of Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF)
	44.3 Concrete Microcracks
	44.4 Concrete Sample Analysis
	44.5 Result and Discussion
	44.6 Conclusion
	References
45 Development of Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Powder Transfer System for Food Industry
	45.1 Introduction
	45.2 Methodology
		45.2.1 System Selection and Design
		45.2.2 Stability Analysis of Design Structure
		45.2.3 Transfer Rate Analysis
	45.3 Result and Discussions
		45.3.1 System and Product Design
		45.3.2 Product Stability Analysis
		45.3.3 Transfer Rate Analysis
		45.3.4 Vacuum Capacity
	45.4 Conclusion
	References
46 Morphological Characterization of Silver Nanowires (AgNWs)-Embedded Polymeric Film for Flexible Wearable Antenna
	46.1 Introduction
	46.2 Methodology
		46.2.1 Synthesis of AgNWs
		46.2.2 Synthesis of PDMS Layer
		46.2.3 Fabrication of AgNWs-Polymeric Film
		46.2.4 Structural Characterization
	46.3 Result and Discussions
		46.3.1 The FTIR Spectra of Polymeric Film and AgNWs-Polymeric Film
		46.3.2 Morphologies of the AgNWs-Polymeric Film
		46.3.3 Porosity of AgNWs-Polymeric Film
		46.3.4 Feasibility of the AgNWs-Polymeric Film Antenna
	46.4 Conclusion
	References
47 Prediction of Selected Water Quality and Macronutrients Parameters in an Aquaponic System Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
	47.1 Introduction
	47.2 Methodology
		47.2.1 Input and Target Data for pH, DO, and TAN
		47.2.2 Input and Target Data for Total Sludge (Nitrogen and Phosphorus)
		47.2.3 Artificial Neural Network Modelling
	47.3 Result and Discussions
		47.3.1 Cyclic Loading Test Results
	47.4 Conclusion
	References
48 A Comparative Experimental Investigation Between the Mineral Oil and Vegetable Oil-Based Mono Nanofluids for Transformer Application
	48.1 Introduction
	48.2 Methodology
		48.2.1 Materials Selection
		48.2.2 Nanofluid Preparation
		48.2.3 Nanofluid Sedimentation Test
		48.2.4 Breakdown Voltage Test
		48.2.5 Thermal Conductivity Measurement
		48.2.6 Viscosity Measurement
	48.3 Result and Discussions
		48.3.1 Sedimentation Analysis
		48.3.2 Breakdown Voltage Analysis
		48.3.3 Thermal Conductivity Analysis
		48.3.4 Dynamic Viscosity Analysis
	48.4 Conclusion
	References
49 Experimental Analysis of Geological Structure to the Water Intrusion into Tunnel
	49.1 Introduction
	49.2 Ground Water Inrush
	49.3 Geology of Study Area
	49.4 Sample Analysis
	49.5 Discussion
	49.6 Conclusion
	References
50 Effect of Aging Between Untreated Bamboo, Treated Bamboo, and Salvaged Bamboo from Bamboocrete Panel
	50.1 Introduction
	50.2 Methodology
		50.2.1 Compression Test of Samples
		50.2.2 Tensile Test of Samples
	50.3 Result and Discussions
		50.3.1 Compressive Strength
		50.3.2 Tensile Strength
	50.4 Conclusion
	References
51 Resistance Spot Welding and Laser Welding Effect on Nickel Tab for Electric Vehicle Battery Development
	51.1 Introduction
	51.2 Methodology
	51.3 Result and Discussions
		51.3.1 Joining Samples and Optical Microscopy of Welded Surface
		51.3.2 Joint Strength
		51.3.3 Fracture Surface Morphology
	51.4 Conclusion
	References
52 A Comparative Study on the Use of Fine and Ultra-Fine-Crushed Lime Foliar Fertilizer for Rice Growth
	52.1 Introduction
	52.2 Methodology
		52.2.1 Materials
		52.2.2 Design of Experiment Setup
	52.3 Result and Discussions
		52.3.1 Characteristic of Ultra-Fine-Crushed Lime
		52.3.2 The Use of Ultra-Fine-Crushed Lime Foliar Fertilizer for Rice Growth
	52.4 Conclusion
	References
53 Effect of Adding Waste Shredded Rubber Tyre on the Shear Strength Properties of Clay Soil
	53.1 Introduction
	53.2 Materials and Methods
		53.2.1 Soil and Additive
	53.3 Methodology
	53.4 Result and Discussions
	53.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
54 A Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Josephine and Yankee Pineapple Leaf Fibres for Potential Yarn Production
	54.1 Introduction
	54.2 Methodology
		54.2.1 Materials and Method
	54.3 Result and Discussions
		54.3.1 Results
		54.3.2 Yarn Preparation from Fibre (Fibre Selection)
		54.3.3 Combing
		54.3.4 Spinning of Fibre
		54.3.5 Yarn Preparation
		54.3.6 Linear Density, Count, Tex and Danier
		54.3.7 Single Yarn Strength
		54.3.8 Colour Comparison Using Lighting Cabinet
		54.3.9 Colour Analysis Using Hunter Lab
	54.4 Conclusion
	References
55 Performance of Energy Encryption for Medium Field Wireless Power Transfer System by Optimization Switching Frequency
	55.1 Introduction
	55.2 Methodology
		55.2.1 Energy Encryption for WPT System
		55.2.2 Optimization Procedure of Energy Encryption for WPT System
	55.3 Result and Discussions
	References
56 Setting Time of Treated Sludge Containing Blended Binder
	56.1 Introduction
	56.2 Methodology
		56.2.1 Materials and Testing
		56.2.2 Chemical Properties
		56.2.3 Mix Proportion
	56.3 Result and Discussions
		56.3.1 Standard Consistency Test Results
		56.3.2 Setting Time Test Results
	56.4 Conclusion
	References
57 Characterization of Cassava/Sugar Bagasse-Derived Biochar: The Effect of Batch Mixing
	57.1 Introduction
	57.2 Methodology
		57.2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation
		57.2.2 Materials Characterization Method
	57.3 Result and Discussions
	57.4 Conclusion
	References
58 Research on the Content of KOH on Microstructure Property of Rice Hull-Based Biochar Using Pyrolyzed Process
	58.1 Introduction
	58.2 Methodology
		58.2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation
		58.2.2 Materials Characterization Method
	58.3 Result and Discussions
	58.4 Conclusion
	References
59 Research on Mechanical Properties and Anti-vibration Performances of NR/EPDM/Carbon Black Rubber Compounds
	59.1 Introduction
	59.2 Methodology
		59.2.1 Materials
		59.2.2 Methods
	59.3 Result and Discussions
		59.3.1 Effect of EPDM/NR Ratios on Mechanical and Anti-vibration Performances
		59.3.2 Effect of Carbon Black Contents on Mechanical and Anti-vibration Performances
	59.4 Conclusion
	References
60 A Review: Preliminary Study on Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) Reinforced with Strontium (Sr)
	60.1 Introduction
	60.2 Result and Discussions
		60.2.1 Aluminum–Magnesium (Al–Mg)
		60.2.2 Aluminum–Copper (Al–Cu)
		60.2.3 Effect of Strontium (Sr)
		60.2.4 Corrosion Behavior of Al-MMCs
		60.2.5 Long-Term Exposure Studies
		60.2.6 Potentiodynamic: Linear Polarization Resistance
	60.3 Conclusions
	References
61 Characterization of Hybrid Composite Materials from Natural Fibres from Kenaf and Pineapple for Automotive Application
	61.1 Introduction
	61.2 Methodology
		61.2.1 Alkali Treatment of Natural Fibre
		61.2.2 Preparation of Fibre
		61.2.3 Manual Fabrication
	61.3 Result and Discussions
		61.3.1 Tensile Test
		61.3.2 Hardness Test
		61.3.3 Impact Test
	61.4 Conclusions
	References
62 Buffalo Reef Mesothermal Gold Mineralization Mineralogy and Geochemistry in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia
	62.1 Introduction
	62.2 Regional Geology
	62.3 Lithology Recording and Analysis
	62.4 Result and Discussion
	62.5 Conclusion
	References
63 A Recent Progress on Sustainable Construction Waste Management Using 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) Approach in Malaysia
	63.1 Introduction
	63.2 Methodology
	63.3 Results and Discussion
		63.3.1 Concrete
		63.3.2 Heavy Metal
		63.3.3 Plastic
		63.3.4 Glass
		63.3.5 Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT) Analysis
	63.4 Conclusion
	References
64 Structural Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Concrete Subjected to High Temperature
	64.1 Introduction
	64.2 Methodology
		64.2.1 Materials and Fabrication of Ink
		64.2.2 Design of Concrete Mix Design
	64.3 Result and Discussions
		64.3.1 Compressive Strength
		64.3.2 Split Tensile Strength
		64.3.3 Flexural Strength
	64.4 Conclusion
	References
65 Structural Effect of Well-Graded Coal Bottom Ash in Improving Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Normal Concrete
	65.1 Introduction
	65.2 Methodology
		65.2.1 Materials
	65.3 Result and Discussions
		65.3.1 Compressive Strength
		65.3.2 Thermal Conductivity
	65.4 Conclusion
	References
66 The Effects of Well-Graded Bottom Ash in Improving Mechanical and Thermal Properties of High-Strength Concrete
	66.1 Introduction
	66.2 Methodology
		66.2.1 Materials
	66.3 Result and Discussions
		66.3.1 Particle Size Distribution
		66.3.2 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption
		66.3.3 Slump Test
		66.3.4 Compressive Strength
		66.3.5 Thermal Conductivity
	66.4 Conclusion
	References
67 The Effects of Well-Graded Bottom Ash in Improving Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Lightweight Concrete
	67.1 Introduction
	67.2 Methodology
		67.2.1 Materials
	67.3 Result and Discussions
		67.3.1 Slump Test
		67.3.2 Compressive Test
		67.3.3 Modulus Elasticity
		67.3.4 Thermal Conductivity
		67.3.5 Slump Test
	67.4 Conclusion
	References
68 Smart Attendance System Using Face Recognition
	68.1 Introduction
	68.2 Methodology
		68.2.1 Temperature Measurement
		68.2.2 Displaying Data on LCD
		68.2.3 Face Recognition Using ESP32-CAM
		68.2.4 Web User Interface with Database Development
		68.2.5 Forwarding Live Camera Stream
		68.2.6 Handling Face Recognition Data
		68.2.7 Serial Communication Between ESP32 and ESP32-CAM
		68.2.8 Python Script on Raspberry Pi
	68.3 Result and Discussion
		68.3.1 Hardware Development
		68.3.2 Face Recognition System
		68.3.3 Student Management Page and Attendance Management Page
		68.3.4 Data Records Page
		68.3.5 Test Development Page
	68.4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
69 Modulus Resilient Analysis of Flexible Pavement AC–WC and AC–BC Using Asphalt Modification PG.70 from Marshall Testing Results
	69.1 Introduction
	69.2 Methodology
		69.2.1 Aggregates
		69.2.2 Bitumen
	69.3 Design of Experiment Setup
		69.3.1 Mixture Design
		69.3.2 Marshall Test
		69.3.3 Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS)
		69.3.4 Modulus Resilient (Mr)
	69.4 Result and Discussions
	69.5 Conclusion
	References
70 Liquid Phase Synthesis of Na3SbS4 Solid Electrolyte
	70.1 Introduction
	70.2 Methodology
	70.3 Result and Discussions
	70.4 Conclusion
	References
71 Using Geopolymer Technology to Fabricate Spray Fire Resistance Material (SFRM)
	71.1 Introduction
	71.2 Experimental
	71.3 Results and Discussions
		71.3.1 Effect of Binder Ratio
		71.3.2 Effect of KOH Concentration
		71.3.3 Effect of Coating Thickness
		71.3.4 Micro-structure Analysis
	71.4 Conclusion
	References
72 Determination of Municipal Solid Waste Composition, Generation Rate and Its Recyclable Potential in Penang, Malaysia—A Statistical Approach
	72.1 Introduction
	72.2 Methodology
	72.3 Results and Discussion
	72.4 Conclusion
	References
73 The Effect of Heating Temperature on Coercivity Force of Superparamagnetic Zinc Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles
	73.1 Introduction
	73.2 Materials and Experimental
		73.2.1 Materials
		73.2.2 Experimental Processing
		73.2.3 Methods Analysis
	73.3 Result and Discussions
		73.3.1 Chemical Composition, Microstructure, Morphology Results
		73.3.2 Morphological Analysis
		73.3.3 The Effect of Heating Temperature on Coercivity Force of Zn0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 Ferrite
	73.4 Conclusion
	References
74 Investigation on the Effect of Electrospinning Parameters: Voltage and Flow Rate on PVDF Fiber
	74.1 Introduction
	74.2 Methodology
		74.2.1 Materials
		74.2.2 Methods
		74.2.3 Characterization
	74.3 Results and Discussion
		74.3.1 Morphological Study
		74.3.2 Phase Determination
		74.3.3 Electrical Properties
	74.4 Conclusion
	References
75 Synthesis of Zeolite from Rice Husk Ash
	75.1 Introduction
	75.2 Methodology
		75.2.1 Materials
		75.2.2 Hydrothermal Treatment Method
	75.3 Results and Discussion
		75.3.1 Alkaline Hydrothermal Treatment
		75.3.2 Synthesis of Zeolite
		75.3.3 Effect of Reaction Temperature
		75.3.4 Effect of NaOH Concentration
	75.4 Conclusion
	References
76 Tribological Investigation of 2D Ti3C2 MXene Via Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis as Additives for Different Lubrications
	76.1 Introduction
	76.2 Experimental
		76.2.1 Preparation of MXENE Using Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis
		76.2.2 Characterisation
		76.2.3 Preparation of MXENE Nanolubricants
		76.2.4 Tribological Testing
	76.3 Results and Discussion
		76.3.1 XRD Analysis
		76.3.2 Friction and Wear Analysis
	76.4 Conclusion
	References
77 Influence of the Part Orientation and Type of Used Photopolymer Resin on Surface Roughness in the Process of Digital Light Processing Technology
	77.1 Introduction
	77.2 Methodology and Geometrical Model of Roughness of DLP Process
	77.3 Results
	77.4 Conclusion
	References
78 Investigation on the Mixing Ratio of Dimethylformamide (DMF) and Acetone Binary Solvent on the Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Fiber
	78.1 Introduction
	78.2 Methodology
		78.2.1 Materials
		78.2.2 Sample Preparation
		78.2.3 Characterization
	78.3 Result and Discussion
		78.3.1 Morphological Analysis
		78.3.2 Crystallinity Analysis
		78.3.3 Electrical Conductivity Analysis
	78.4 Summary
	References
79 Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Ni-Based Fe–Ni–Cr Superalloys: Role and Effect of Nb Alloying Element
	79.1 Introduction
	79.2 Materials and Methods
		79.2.1 Materials
		79.2.2 Methods
	79.3 Results and Discussion
		79.3.1 Oxidation Kinetics
		79.3.2 Oxide Scale Analysis
	79.4 Conclusion
	References
80 Short Review: Corrosion Mitigation of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy by Superhydrophobic Coatings
	80.1 Introduction
	80.2 Superhydrophobic Coating Limits the Interaction Between AZ31 Mg Alloy and Corrosive Species
		80.2.1 Potentiodynamic Polarization Curve of Superhydrophobic Coating on AZ31 Mg Alloy
		80.2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) of Superhydrophobic Coating on AZ31 Mg Alloy
	80.3 Conclusion
	References
81 Effect of Titanium Dioxide in Superhydrophobic Coating Using Expanded Polystyrene Foam and Palm Slag
	81.1 Introduction
	81.2 Experimental
		81.2.1 Materials and Methods
		81.2.2 Measurement and Characterization
	81.3 Results and Discussion
	81.4 Conclusion
	References
82 Effect of Surface-Modified Copper Substrate by Photolithography On the Solderability of Lead-Free Solder Alloy 
	82.1 Introduction
	82.2 Methodology
	82.3 Results and Discussions
		82.3.1 Raw Material Phase Identifications
		82.3.2 Fabrication of Dimple Micro-texture
		82.3.3 Spreading Characteristic of Sn–0.7Cu Solder
	82.4 Conclusion
	References
83 Effect of Wetting Characteristics of Dimpled Micro-textured Substrate on the Spreading Area of Sn–0.7Cu Solder Alloy
	83.1 Introduction
	83.2 Methodology
		83.2.1 Raw Materials
		83.2.2 Fabrication of Dimple Micro-texture on Copper Substrate
		83.2.3 Fabrication of Sn–0.7Cu Solder Joint
	83.3 Results and Discussion
	83.4 Conclusion
	References
84 Investigating the Effect of Calcium Alloying and Electrolyte Medium on the Corrosion Behavior of AZ31 Mg Alloy
	84.1 Introduction
	84.2 Materials and Methods
	84.3 Results and Discussion
	84.4 Conclusion
	References
85 Effect of Pulse Current Amplitude on Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel in the Atmospheric Environment
	85.1 Introduction
	85.2 Methodology
	85.3 Results and Discussion
	85.4 Conclusion
	References
86 Effect of Surface-Treated Filler on the Wettability of Composite Solder: Short Review
	86.1 Introduction
	86.2 Wettability Measurement
	86.3 Wettability of Ultrasonicated Filler in Composite Solder
	86.4 Wettability of Electroless Plated Filler in Composite Solder
	86.5 Wettability of Pyrolysis Filler in Composite Solder
	86.6 Conclusion
	References