Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Fracture, Fatigue and Wear: FFW 2020, August 26–27 2020

Organising Committee
	Chairman
	International Scientific Committee
Preface
Contents
Fracture
The Folded Wiener Process for Non-negative Non-monotone Degradation Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 The Folded Wiener Degradation Process
	3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
	4 Numerical Application
	5 Conclusions
	References
Crowd Management for Power Generation: A Critical Analysis on the Existing Materials and Methods. (Structural Modal Analysis)
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure of Transduction
	3 Energy Harvesting by Piezoelectric
	4 The Main Properties and Principles
	5 Mechanisms and Performance Effectiveness
		5.1 The Non-resonant Structures
	6 Energy Harvesting by Electromagnetic
	7 The Main Properties and Principles
	8 Mechanisms and Performance Effectiveness
		8.1 Implementations of the Wafer-Scale
		8.2 Micro-generator
		8.3 Macro-scale Implementations
	9 Energy Harvesting by Electrostatic—Magnetostrictive Material (MsM)
	10 The Main Properties and Principles
	11 Mechanisms and Performance Effectiveness
		11.1 Introduction to In-Plane Overlap Varying Type and Its Implications
		11.2 Introduction to In-Plane Gap Closing Type and Its Implications
		11.3 Introduction to Out-of-Plane Gap Closing Type and Its Implications
		11.4 Introduction to Coulomb Force Parametric Generator and Its Implications
	12 Comparison of Mechanisms
	13 Conclusion
	References
Damage Evaluation of Free-Free Beam Based on Vibration Testing
	1 Introduction
	2 Steel Beam Experiments
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Experimental Results
	3 Numerical Model
		3.1 Beam Model (1D Model)
		3.2 Shell Model (2D Model)
		3.3 Solid Model (3D Model)
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Comparative Study on Indentation and Flattening Contacts
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
	3 Finite Element Analysis
	4 Numerical Results and Discussion
		4.1 FEM Model Validation
		4.2 Contact Force
		4.3 Contact Radius
	5 Conclusions
	References
Impact of Abrasive Blasting Media on the Strength of Steel Sheets Adhesively Bonded Joints
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Method
		2.1 Surface Treatment of Adherends
		2.2 Adhesive Joints
		2.3 Tests and Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Adhesive Joints Shear Strength
		3.2 Surface Roughness
		3.3 Discussion of Test Results
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Determination of the Effective Stiffness of Half-Open Cross-Section Bars and Orthotropic Steel Deck of a Truss Bridge Using Model Updating
	1 Introduction
	2 Hybrid Particle Swarm optimization- Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA)
		2.1 Measurements Description
		2.2 System Identification
	3 Finite Element Model
		3.1 Initial Finite Element (FE) Model
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Study On Optimal Design of Longitudinal Shape For Improving Small-Overlap Performance
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Modeling for Sofi Analysis
		2.1 Finite Element Modeling of Longitudinal Column
		2.2 Longitudinal Column in SOFI Crash Test Simulation
		2.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions for Longitudinal Modeling in SOFI Performance
		2.4 Meshing
		2.5 Design Objective
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Longitudinal Crash Test Simulations
		3.2 Longitudinal Crash Test Experiments
	4 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of Flow Forming Process and Heat Treatment Effects on 2024 Aluminium Tubes
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experimental Work
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mechanical Characterization
		3.2 Microstructure Characterization
	4 Conclusions
	References
Application of Improved Artificial Neural Network to Stiffness Reduction Analysis of Truss Joints in a Railway Bridge
	1 Introduction
	2 Improved ANN (ANN-GA)
	3 Stiffness Reduction Analysis of Truss Joints in Nam O Bridge
		3.1 Description of the Bridge
		3.2 Measurements
		3.3 Baseline FEM
		3.4 Model Updating
		3.5 Damage Detection
	4 Conclusion
	References
Flow Forming Process for Annealed AISI 5140 Alloy Steel Tubes
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experimental Work
		2.1 Process Description
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mechanical Characterization
		3.2 Hardness Characterization
		3.3 Microstructure Characterization
	4 Conclusion
	References
Hydrogen Degradation Effects on Crack Propagation in High-Strength Steels: A Fully Coupled Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Transport of Hydrogen
	3 Elastoplastic Constitutive Law
	4 Cohesive Zone Modelling
	5 Computational Model
	6 Numerical Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Sensitivity of Damping for Diagnostics of Damage in Structure
	1 Introduction
	2 Analytical Model for the Determination of Damping for Cracked Structure
	3 Results of Calculations
	4 Discussion of Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Cross-Over Fraction on Objective Function Value in Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Machining Parameters in Diamond Turning of Aluminum Alloy (RSA-431) for Optical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Principles of Genetic Algorithm
	3 Experimental Setup and Procedure
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
A Heat Transfer Finite Element Model for Wire-Arc-Additive-Manufacturing Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Heat Source Input
		2.1 Heat Source Models
		2.2 Validation of Heat Source Model
	3 Validation of the Heat Transfer Model
		3.1 Experimental Test
		3.2 Thermal Simulation Modeling
		3.3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Failure Analysis of a Fuel Control Tube from an Aircraft Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Visual Observation and Macrofractographic Study
		3.2 Microstructural Characterization
		3.3 Microfractographic Study
		3.4 Fracture Profile
	4 Conclusions
	References
Detection of Damage in RC Beams Strengthened with NSM CFRP Rectangular Rod by Finite Element Modeling
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Tests and Results
		2.1 Experimental Response of Beams
	3 Analysis by FE Modeling
		3.1 FE Model
		3.2 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Particle Swarm Optimisation-Based Support Vector Regression Model to Estimate the Powder Factor of Explosives in Groundwater Tunnel Driving
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Characterization and Measurement of Lithological Data
		2.2 Support Vector Regression
		2.3 Particle Swarm Optimization for the SVR Model
		2.4 Statistical Analysis
		2.5 Simulation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Relationship Between Lithotypes and Powder Factor
		3.2 Forecasting of the Advance and the Powder Factor  with a PSO-SVR Model
		3.3 PSO-SVR Model Trained with a Small Average Data Set
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study of Pre-strain Effect on Bendability in Three-Point Bending Test
	1 Introduction
	2 Constitutive Model
	3 Problem Formulation and Method of Solution
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Fracture Mechanics Performance of Through-Thickness Crack of Polymeric 3D Printed Components
	1 Introduction
	2 Sample Preparation and Material Properties
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
D-Beam Theory for Functionally Graded Double Cantilever Beam Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 D-Beam Model
	3 Double Cantilever Beam
	4 Applications
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Treatment of Fractional Differential Models
	1 Introduction
	2 Spline Collocation Methods
		2.1 One-Step Spline Collocation Methods
		2.2 Two-Step Spline Collocation Methods
	3 Convergence Analysis
	4 Numerical Experiments
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Mode Shape Based Approach to Identify the Location of Crack and the Influence of Crack on Critical Speed of Gas Turbine Disc
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Formulation
	3 Finite Element Simulation and Analysis
		3.1 Validation of the Numerical Study
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Rotating Disc Subjected to Rotational and Thermal Loading
		4.2 Critical Speed
	5 Conclusions
	References
Time-Delay Fractional Optimal Control Problems: A Survey Based on Methodology
	1 Introduction
	2 Optimal Control Problem with Time-Delay Fractional Dynamical System
		2.1 Operational Matrices of CWFs (or CCWs)
		2.2 Operational Matrices of DSCPs (or CSCPs)
	3 Description of the Numerical Methods
		3.1 Selected Numerical Example
	4 Conclusion
	References
Failure Analysis of Strip Foundation on Layered Soil Under Static Loading
	1 Introduction
	2 Failure Analysis of Layered Soil
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Numerical Modelling
		3.2 Numerical Modelling Scheme
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of the Residual Stress Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in Electric Generator Blades Subjected to Different Hours of Service
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Metallography
		2.3 Hardness
		2.4 Residual Stress Determination by XRD
		2.5 Finite Elements Simulation for the Stress Determination in the Blades
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Microcracks on Strength of Diamond Wire Sawn Silicon Substrates
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Fracture Strength
		3.2 Microstructural Analysis of Single Scribes
		3.3 Microstructural Analysis of Multiple Scribes
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Influence of Different Crack Types on Strength
		4.2 Aspects Concerning the Median Crack Continuity
		4.3 Comparison of Median Crack Depths Obtained from Bevel Polished and Cross-Sectional Processed Specimens
	5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Residual Stress Behavior on Welding Joints in Different Steels Using X-Ray Diffraction
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Welding Process
		2.3 Residual Stress Measurements
	3 Discussion
		3.1 Results of ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Sample
		3.2 Results of ASTM A36 Carbon Steel
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Specimen Size on Localization using Digital Image Correlation
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Specimen Size Effect on Sample Scale Response
	4 Specimen Size Effect on Localization
		4.1 Pre-Peak Regime
		4.2 Post-Peak Regime
	5 Conclusions
	References
Fatigue
Prognosis of Damage Intensity on Reinforced Concrete Beam Under Cyclic Loading
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Specimen Preparation
		2.2 Cyclic Loading and Acoustic Emission Monitoring
		2.3 Intensity Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Experimental Investigation into the Fatigue Behavior of Spot Welded Tensile Shear (TS) Specimens
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Fatigue–Reliability Analysis of Spot Welded Modified Tensile Shear (MTS) Specimens
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Comparison of Probabilistic and Deterministic Design Methodologies
		2.2 A Probabilistic Study on Fatigue Strength of Spot Weld Joints
	3 Conclusions
	References
A Comparative Study on Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Coach Peel (CP) and Modified Coach Peel (MCP) Type Test Specimens
	1 Introduction
	2 Models for Fatigue Life Estimation
		2.1 Strain-Based Approaches
	3 Numerical Analysis
		3.1 Finite Element Model Description
		3.2 Boundary Conditions
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Comparisons of Experimental and Numerical Data
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Methodology to Predict Subsurface Crack Initiation from Non-metallic Inclusions Due to Rolling Contact Fatigue
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Premature Bearing Failures: Inclusions as Crack Initiators
	2 A Strategy to Predict RCF Crack Initiation from Inclusions
	3 Numerical RCF Crack Initiation Modeling Framework
		3.1 Global Model
		3.2 Sub Model
		3.3 Multi-axial Critical Plane Approach
	4 Case Studies
		4.1 Effect of Inclusion Shape on Damage Profile
		4.2 Effect of Surface Traction
	5 Conclusion
	References
Fatigue of Multiaxially Loaded Shaft-Hub Connection Under Different Load Parameters
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Specimen Characterization
		2.2 Test Performance
	3 Experimental Results
	4 Fatigue Calculation
		4.1 Finite Element Analysis
		4.2 Integral Approach at Critical Distance
		4.3 Calculation Results
	5 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of Fatigue Strength Characteristics of Al–Mg Oxide Dispersed Aluminum Composite
	1 Introduction
	2 Specimen and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessment of a Thermal Fatigue Test Conducted Under Cyclic Non-proportional Loading Using Open Source CAE and Finite Element Analysis Methods
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objective
	2 Thermal Transient Test Methods
		2.1 Previously Conducted Thermal Transient Test Overview
	3 Assessment of Thermal Fatigue Using Simplified Methods
		3.1 Finite Element Analysis
		3.2 Simplified and ASME-Based Methods for Stress Range Estimation
		3.3 Fatigue Life Consumption
	4 Assessment of Thermal Fatigue
		4.1 Thermal Transient and Elastic Stress Analyses
		4.2 Calculation of Fatigue Life Consumption
	5 Conclusion
	References
Depreciation Accounting in Longevity Evaluation of Complicated Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Fatigue Assessment of Aged Steel Specimens Under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading
	1 Introduction
	2 S–N Approach
	3 Corrosion Finite Element Modelling
	4 Stress Concentration Factor
	5 Numerical Fatigue Life Assessment
		5.1 Influence of Minimum Thickness Location on Fatigue Life
	6 Conclusion
	References
Estimation of Steam Turbine Shafts Fatigue Damage Caused by Torsional Vibrations
	1 Introduction
	2 The Computational Model of Turbine Rotors in Three-Dimensional Setting
	3 Calculation of shaft’s SSS at Stationary Mode of Operation
	4 Calculation of shaft’s SSS Under Reactive Torque Loading
	5 Effect of Reactive Torque on Fatigue Damage of Shaft
	6 Conclusions
	References
Crystal Orientation Effect on the Fretting Fatigue Behavior in Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloys
	1 Introduction
	2 Establishment of Finite Element Model
		2.1 Set-Up of Finite Element Model
		2.2 Crystal Plasticity Constitutive Law
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 CPFE Simulation Results
		3.2 Comparison of Different Crystal Orientations
	4 Conclusions
	References
Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Shrink-Fitted Shafts Under Rotating Bending Fretting Fatigue Condition
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Method
		2.1 ABAQUS Modeling
		2.2 FRANC3D Modeling
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Stress Analysis in the Fretting Zone
		3.2 Fretting Crack Nucleation Prediction
	4 Conclusions
	References
Wear
A Model for Prediction and Optimization of Flank Wear in End Milling of AISI 316 Stainless Steel
	1 Introduction
	2 Literatures
	3 Relationship Between Surface Roughness and Wear
	4 Experimental Set Up
	5 Work Piece
	6 Cutting Tool
	7 Analysis
	8 ANOVA and Regression Analysis
		8.1 Tool Wear Model
		8.2 Predicted Model
	9 Modelling and Optimization Plots
	10 Conclusions
	References
Study of Sliding Wear in Rail and Wheel Steels: Effect of Hardness Ratio and Normal Load in Pin on Disc Test
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experimental Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Chemical Composition
		3.2 Microstructure
		3.3 Hardness
		3.4 Wear Rate
		3.5 Friction
	4 Conclusion
	5 Future Works
	References
Friction Films and Their Influence on the Antifriction Properties of New High-Temperature Nickel Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Proposal for New Hardness Concept Using Herbert Hardness Tester
	1 Introduction
	2 Herbert Hardness Tester
	3 Experimental Results and Discussion
	4 Further Improvement to the Herbert Hardness Tester
	5 Conclusions
	References
Microstructure and Abrasive Wear of Particle-Filled Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation
		2.2 Microstructure
		2.3 Plan of Experiments
		2.4 Wear Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Microstructures
		3.2 Hardness
		3.3 Wear
		3.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
		3.5 Multiple Regression Model
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Characterization of Vibration on Gearing Mechanism Using Taguchi Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
		2.1 Materials/Equipments
		2.2 Experimental Design
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Variation of Frequency and Amplitude
		3.2 Main Effect Plots for Frequency
		3.3 Main Effect Plots for Acceleration
	4 Conclusions
	References
Fretting Wear Effect on Fretting Fatigue by Findley Parameter in Mixed Slip Regime
	1 Introduction and Background
	2 Experimental Setup and Finite Element Model
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Effects of Ti-6Al-4 V Surface Condition on the Performance of DFL Lifetimes
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Predicting Rebound of Ellipsoidal Granules Using SPH
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 DEM Modeling
	4 DEM Results
	5 SPH-Modeling
		5.1 SPH Formulation
		5.2 SPH Model
	6 Results
		6.1 SPH-NF Results
		6.2 SPH-CF Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Micro-Abrasive Wear Behavior Study of an Intermetallic Material—Fe–30Al–6Cr (at.%) Under Conditions of Room and Moderate Temperatures: A Comparison
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Tribometer
		2.2 Tested Intermetallic Material
		2.3 Counter-Body
		2.4 Abrasive Slurries
		2.5 Hardness of the Materials
		2.6 Experiments
		2.7 Results Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Intermetallic Material Characterization
		3.2 Micro-Abrasive Wear Modes Analysis
		3.3 Micro-Abrasive Wear Modes Analysis
		3.4 Friction Coefficient Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Acoustic Wear Monitoring During the Milling of Tool Steel for Machining 4.0
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Automation of the Shop Floor Manufacturing Process
		1.2 Tool Monitoring
	2 Experimental Setup and Result Discussion
		2.1 Experimental Plan
		2.2 Signal Processing
		2.3 Intelligent Decision Making
	3 Conclusion
	References
Study of Wear on AISI E52100 Steel Using a Lithium Complex Grease and a Calcium Sulfonate Grease
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Four Ball Test
		1.2 Normal Contact Force
		1.3 Contact Area
	2 Experimental Tests
		2.1 Friction and Wear Tests
		2.2 Extreme Pressure Tests
	3 Results
		3.1 Results of Wear Tests
		3.2 Results of Extreme Pressure Tests
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Surface Roughness and Normal Force Effects on the Sliding and Rolling Behavior of POM-H Rolls
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Material and Specimens
		2.2 Test Setup
		2.3 Sliding Test
		2.4 Rolling Test
		2.5 Test Plan and Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Sliding
		3.2 Rolling
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Analysis of the Wind Turbine Pitch Bearing Raceway Tribo-contact due to Cyclic Loading Under Constant Pitch Angle
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References