Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Inventive Material Science Applications: ICIMA 2021

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
1 Method of Heap Leaching of Copper from Off-Balance Ore Dumps
	1 Introduction
	2 Objects and Method of Research
	3 Results of the Proposed Research
	4 Conclusion
	References
2 A Comparative Analysis of Step Channel TFET with the Impact of Work Function Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Device Structure
	3 Result and Parameter Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
3 A Review on Biomaterials Based Biosensors for Bilirubin Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Gold Nanoparticles
		2.1 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (COOH/Graphene/Gold Nanoparticles)
		2.2 Human Serum Albumin Gold Nanoclusters (HSA-AuNCs)
		2.3 Polydopamine for Fluorescent Sensing (BSA-AuNCs)
	3 Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles
		3.1 GONP@Ppy
		3.2 Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocomposites
		3.3 BOx/GrONPs/NiNPs
	4 Other Nanostructures
		4.1 IAO Nanorods
		4.2 MoS2 Nanostructures (Nano Flowers)
		4.3 Zirconia Coated Silica Nanoparticles/Chitosan Films
	5 Quantum Dots
		5.1 CdSe-BSA Quantum Dots
		5.2 Mn: ZnS QDs
	6 Molecular Imprinted Polymers
		6.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance or QCM
		6.2 Diamond-Like Film Modified Electrodes
	7 Others
		7.1 Pyrene
	8 Conclusion
	References
4 Dimensional Optimization of Low-Frequency Piezoelectric Nanoenergy Harvesters
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
		2.3 Geometry of the Nanogenerator
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Analysis of Piezoelectric Materials by Varying Length
		3.2 Analysis of Piezoelectric Materials by Varying Height
		3.3 Analysis by Inserting Electric Circuit
		3.4 Efficiency of the Optimized Piezoelectric Material
		3.5 Analysis by Varying Resistance
		3.6 Analysis by Incorporating Perturbations in PVDF Material
	4 Conclusion
	References
5 A Review on Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3)
		1.2 III–V Semiconductors
		1.3 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
		1.4 Indium Phosphide (InP)
		1.5 Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)
		1.6 Silicon-on-Silicon (SOS)
		1.7 Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) in Silicon
		1.8 III-Nitride Semiconductors
		1.9 Indium Nitride (InN)
	2 Conclusions
	References
6 Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of Supercapacitor Based on Manganese Loaded Biochar/Polyaniline Nanocomposite
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Synthesis of the Composite
		2.2 Characterization of Electrode Materials
		2.3 Electrical Conductivity and Electrochemical Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 FTIR
		3.2 Surface Morphology Observations
		3.3 Electrical Conductivity
		3.4 Electrochemical Performance
		3.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
	4 Future Perspectives
	5 Conclusion
	References
7 Assessment of Antibacterial Properties of Natural Extracts for Wound Healing Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Materials Used
		3.2 Collection of Plant Leaves
		3.3 Packing of Leaves
		3.4 Extraction Process
		3.5 Synthesis of Hydrogels Using Natural Extracts
		3.6 Preparation of Bacterial Medium
		3.7 Check for Antimicrobial Activity
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
8 Current and Emerging Technologies for Resonance Frequency Analysis-Based Devices for Measuring Dental Implant Stability: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Resonance Frequency Analysis
		2.1 Electronic RFA
		2.2 Electromagnetic RFA
		2.3 Impulse Force Triggered RFA
		2.4 Electromechanical Impedance RFA
		2.5 Vibro-Acoustic RFA
	3 Summary
	4 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
9 Influence on Seismic Response Owing to the Variation in Size and Spacing of Building in a Building Cluster
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology and Modelling of Cluster Effect
	3 Numerical Analysis and Results
		3.1 Case 1: Variation in Sizes of Buildings
		3.2 Case 2: Variation in Spacing Between Buildings
	4 Conclusion
	References
10 Effect of Aluminium in Magnesium Alloy Fabricated Through the Squeeze Casting Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Work
		2.1 Material and Methods
		2.2 Density and Porosity Evaluation
		2.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Phase Composition Analysis
		3.2 Density and Porosity in Magnesium Alloy
	4 Conclusion
	References
11 Methods of Protection Against Destruction of Refractory Materials Used for Lining of Autogenous Smelting Furnaces
	1 Introduction
	2 Objects and Method of Research
	3 Results of the Research
	4 Conclusion
	References
12 Nano Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications—Short Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Nano Biomaterials
	3 Types of Nano Biomaterials
	4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		4.1 Silica Nanoparticles
		4.2 Graphene Nanomaterials
		4.3 Silver Nanoparticles
		4.4 Zinc Nanoparticles
		4.5 Applications of Nano Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
		4.6 Nano Biomaterials for Hard Tissue Engineering
	5 Conclusion
	References
13 Static Deformation of an Orthotropic Multilayered Elastic Half Space by Two-Dimensional Surface Loads
	1 Introduction
	2 Formulation of the Problem
		2.1 Solution of the Problem
		2.2 Plane Strain Problem
	3 Uniform Half Space Deformation
		3.1 Isotropic Half Space
	4 Conclusion
	References
14 Comparative Study and Analysis of HVAC Systems Using Solid and Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification Technology
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Need for Dehumidification
		1.2 Methodology
	2 Use of Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioners
		2.1 Performance Metrics of Dehumidifiers
	3 Desiccant Wheel
		3.1 Operating Principle of a Desiccant Wheel
		3.2 Desiccants Materials
		3.3 Methodology
		3.4 Working
		3.5 Analytical Method/Performance Assessment of Desiccant Wheel and the Estimated Drying Process
	4 Nomenclature
	5 Dehumidification Process
	6 Regeneration Process
	7 Drying Analysis
	8 Conclusion
	References
15 Optimization of Process Variables in Abrasive Water Jet Machining of Nimonic C-263 Super Alloy Using Taguchi Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimentation
		2.1 Material and Equipment
		2.2 Selection of Machining Parameters
	3 Performance Evaluation
		3.1 Material Removal Rate
		3.2 Surface Roughness
		3.3 Kerf Parameters
		3.4 SEM Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
16 Material Composition and Development of Technology for Processing the Tailings of the Copper-Concentrating Plant of JSC “Almalyk MMC”
	1 Introduction
	2 Objects and Method of Research
	3 Results of the Research
	4 Conclusion
	References
17 Optimization of Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring of Motor Drive End Using Taguchi Technique: A Case Study on Milling Machine
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Date Collection from Vibrometer Instrument
	4 Graphical Analysis of Motor Driver Spectrums
	5 Taguchi Technique
	6 Results and Discussions
	7 Conclusion
	References
18 Phase Change Materials and Techniques to Enhance Performance of Latent Heat Storage Based on Geometrical Considerations: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 PCM as Energy Storage Media
	3 Performance Enhancement by Geometric Considerations for LHS Systems
		3.1 Extending Surfaces by Fins
		3.2 PCM with Encapsulation
	4 Conclusion
	References
19 Performance Analysis of Different Types of Solar Photovoltaic Cell Techniques Using MATLAB/Simulink
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Design of PV Cells
	3 Analysis of Different Types of Solar PV Cell-Based Modules
	4 Conclusion
	References
20 Investigation on Microstructural Characteristics of Zn Alloy MMC for Bearing Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Methods and Materıals
	4 Results and Dıscussıon
		4.1 Future Work and Limitations of Proposed Work
	5 Conclusion
	References
21 Studies on Polymer Composites for Producing Hybrid Material Sheets Processed by Friction Stir Welding
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymers
	3 Thermoplastic Polymers
		3.1 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Appearance and Its Properties
	4 Hybrid Materials
	5 Thermoplastics Joining
		5.1 Friction Stir Welding Machine
		5.2 Friction Stir Welding Machine Specification
	6 Conclusion
	References
22 Optical and Electrical Properties of ZnO Dispersed Polymer Nanocomposites Films
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites Films
		2.3 Characterization Techniques
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Structural Characterization
		3.2 Optical Characterization
		3.3 Electrical Characterization
	4 Conclusion
	References
23 Experimental Study of Heap Leaching of Secondary Sulphides Using H2SO4 and NaCl: A Chilean Mining Company Case
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Design of Experiments
		2.2 Analytical Model Fit
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
24 A Posteriori Analysis of Analytical Models for Flotation Circuits Using Sensitivity Analyses
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Flotation Circuit
		2.2 Sensitivity Analysis
	3 Results and Dıscussıons
		3.1 Preliminary Quantification of Uncertainty in a Simple RCS Circuit
		3.2 Results of Sensitivity Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	5 Conflicts of Interest
	References
25 Modeling the Dynamic of a SAG Milling System Through Regression Models and Neural Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Materıals and Methods
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Regression Models
		2.3 Neural Networks
		2.4 Fit Assessment
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Graphical Analysis and Data Distributions
		3.2 Fitting Statistical Models
		3.3 Fitting Neural Networks
		3.4 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
26 Investigation of Structural and Optical Properties of PMMA/PVdF-HFP Polymer Blend System
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Process of Films Preparation
		2.3 Characterization Techniques
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 XRD Analysis
		3.2 Morphology and Structure
		3.3 FT-IR Spectra Analysis
		3.4 Optical Property Analysis Using UV–Visible Spectroscopy
	4 Conclusions
	References
27 Theoretical Analysis of Functional Materials and Finishes for Anti-Ballistic Fabrics
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology Followed in This Research
	3 Protective Textiles and Its Functionality
	4 Theory and Design of Soft Body Armor
		4.1 Designing a Soft Armor
		4.2 Hard Armor Bullet-Proof Vest
		4.3 Shear Thickening Fluid for Soft Body Armor
	5 Functional Materials and Its Importance
		5.1 Functional Finishes for Protective Textiles
		5.2 Repellency Finishes
		5.3 Resin Finishes
		5.4 Softener Finishes
		5.5 Antimicrobial Finishes
		5.6 Soil-Release Finish
		5.7 Flame-Proofing Finish
		5.8 Antistatic Finish
		5.9 UV Protection Finish
	6 Conclusion
	References
28 Rayleigh-Bénard Convection  in the Presence of Synchronous  and Asynchronous Thermal Rigid Boundary Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model of the Problem
	3 Basic State
	4 Ginzburg-Landau Equation
		4.1 Lowest Order
		4.2 2nd Order
		4.3 3rd Order
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
29 Prediction of Aluminum Alloys Composition for Industrial Requirement Using Data Analysis Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Description
		2.1 Material Selection
		2.2 Material Properties
		2.3 Algorithm Selection
	3 Objectives
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Processıng of Data
		4.2 Modeling
		4.3 Model Validation
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
30 Design of an Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller for Solar PV Application with High Step-Up DC–DC Converter
	1 Introduction
	2 Double-Diode Model-Based PV Cell
	3 Design and Analysis of High-Voltage Gain Boost Converter
	4 Operation of a Two-Leg Three-Phase Inverter
	5 Simulation Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
31 Nonlinear Thermal Instability of Couple-Stress Fluids in Porous Media Under Thermal Modulation
	1 Introduction
	2 Governing Equations
	3 Heat Transfer
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
32 Effect of Ceramic Particles on AMMC Through Stir Casting Method—A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental or Computational Details
		2.1 SiC
		2.2 Al2O3
		2.3 ZrO2
		2.4 B4C
		2.5 TiB2
		2.6 Graphite
		2.7 TiC
	3 Pros and Cons
	4 Conclusion
	References
33 Preparation of Si-Graphite Composites as Anode Material in Li Ion Batteries
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Material Preparation
		2.2 Characterization
		2.3 Electrical Conductivity Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
34 Morphological, Spectroscopic, Structural and Electrical Properties of Mg + 2 Ion Conducting PMMA: PVDF-HFP Blend Polymer Electrolytes
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Preparation of Solid Polymer Electrolytes
		2.2 Sample Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 SEM
		3.2 FTIR
		3.3 XRD
		3.4 Electrical Impedance Spectroscopic Studies (EIS)
	4 Conclusion
	References
35 Modelling of Acetaminophen Removal from Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Removal of ACT
		3.2 Removal of ACT for Variation in Concentration of ACT and Catalysts TiO2 and H2O2
		3.3 Removal of ACT for Variation in Concentration of ACT and Reaction Time
		3.4 Removal of ACT for Variation in Reaction Time and Concentration of Catalyst, i.e. TiO2 and H2O2
	4 Conclusion
	References
36 Speculative Testament of Corrosive Behaviour of Aluminium Composite Welded by FSW
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Steps Involved
	3 Conclusion
	References
37 Electrifying the Future with Green Vehicle: A Review on Prospects and Issues of Electric Vehicle in India
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Electric Vehicle as Green Vehicle
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Survey Statistics
	4 Energy Requirements of EV’s in India
	5 Prospects of Electric Vehicle in India
		5.1 Zero Emissions and Pollution
		5.2 Low Operating Cost
		5.3 Low Registration Charges & Cost
		5.4 The Simplest Driving Operation
	6 Difficulties in India EV Adoption
		6.1 The Expensiveness of Electric Vehicles
		6.2 Charging Infrastructure
		6.3 Lack of Quality Maintenance and Repair Options
		6.4 Battery Scrapping
		6.5 Lack of Assured Government Policy
	7 Architectural Overviews of Electric Vehicle
	8 Conclusion
	References
38 Multi-layered Epoxy Composites of Micro and Nano Bi2O3 and Ta2O5 for γ-ray Shielding
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Preparation of Epoxy Composites
		2.3 γ-Ray Attenuation Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
39 Carbon-Related Materials for Tribological Application
	1 Introduction
	2 CRMs as Additives in Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
		2.1 Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs)
		2.2 Magnesium Matrix Composites
		2.3 Copper Matrix Composites
	3 As Additives in Liquid Lubricants
		3.1 Vegetable Oils
		3.2 Synthetic Oils and Mineral Oils
	4 As Coating Materials
	5 Conclusions
	References
40 Cobalt Extraction Mechanisms
	1 General Aspects
	2 Applications
	3 Productive Process
	4 Conclusion
	References
41 Magnesium Extraction Mechanisms
	1 General Aspects
	2 Alloys
	3 Applications
	4 Productive Process
	5 Conclusions
	References
42 Machinability Study of IS2062 Steel During Milling Using Different Coated Tools: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Milling Performance
	3 Tool Coating
	4 Conclusion
	References
43 Post-combustion Effect on Nickel and Cobalt Extractions from the Caron Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experimental Design
		2.1 Physical Chemistry Characteristics of the Fed Lateritic Ore
		2.2 Mineralogical Characteristics of the Fed Lateritic Ore
		2.3 Temperature Profile of the Reduction Process
		2.4 Nickel and Cobalt Extractions
		2.5 Reducing Atmosphere
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Post-Combustion Air on Ni Extractions
		3.2 Effect of Post-combustion Air on Co Extraction
	4 Conclusion
	References
44 Design and Analysis of Neural Network-Based MPPT Technique for Solar Power-Based Electric Vehicle Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Three-Diode Model-Based Solar PV Cell
	3 Design and Investigative Analysis of MPPT Techniques
	4 Design of DC–DC Boost Converter System
	5 Discussion of MATLAB/ Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
45 Mechanical and Durability Properties of High Strength Concrete Incorporating Different Combinations of Supplementary Cementitious Materials: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Supplementary Cementitious Materials
	3 Ternary Blending of Cementitious Materials
		3.1 Effects on Mechanical Properties
		3.2 Effects on Durability Properties
	4 Summary
	References
46 Fabrication of Rechargeable Lithium Ion Coin Cell Using a Biopolymer Electrolyte (Cellulose Acetate)
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Method
		2.1 Fabrication
		2.2 Characterization
		2.3 Operational Aspects
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
47 Building Knowledge Graph End to End: Data Integration with Semantic Web
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Logistic Data Ecosystem
	4 Methodology: Tabular Data Integration
		4.1 Use Case: Knowledge Inference for Logistic Asset Positioning System
	5 Conclusion
	References
48 Ordered Pt3M (M = Early d-Block Metals) Intermetallic Nanocrystals: Synthesis and Electrocatalysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Pt3Ti Nanocrystals
	3 Pt3Nb Nanocrystals
	4 Pt3Ta Nanocrystals
	5 Pt3Zr Nanocrystals
	6 Pt3Cr Nanocrystals
	7 Conclusions and Future Perspective
	References
49 Modern Progression in Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Insertion-Type Materials
		2.1 Graphene
		2.2 Spinel Li4Ti5O12
		2.3 Titanium Oxides (TiO2)
		2.4 Conclusions
	References
50 Experimental Investigation of Sliding Wear Characteristics on Aluminium-Based Metal Reinforced with SiC, Al2O3 and Cadmium Sulphide
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Objective of the Proposed Work
	4 Study Area and Methodology
	5 Experimentation
		5.1 Synthesis and Composition of Material
		5.2 Specimen Dimension
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
51 Investigation of the Influence of Impeller Type, Speed and Vertical Height on the Mixing Efficiency of a Biogas Plant Stirrer
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Conservation Laws Applicable to the System
		2.2 Design of Stirrer
		2.3 CFD Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Determination of Suitable Impeller Design
		3.2 Determination of Suitable Number of Blades for the Pitched Impeller
		3.3 Determination of Suitable Number of Impellers
		3.4 Determination of Height of Stirrer from the Base of the Digester
		3.5 Determination of Appropriate Speed
	4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
52 Studies on Chemical Resistance, Swelling Behaviour and Biodegradability of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposite
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Chemical Resistance
		3.2 Swelling Behaviour
		3.3 Biodegradability Test
	4 Conclusion
	References
53 Construction and Characterization of Graphene-Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite as Thermoelement With High ZT Factor
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Preparation of PVA Samples
		2.3 Preparation of Graphene-PVA Nanocomposite Samples
		2.4 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
		2.5 Measurement of Electrical Conductivity
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 COP of Peltier Cooler Based on Obtained ZT Factor
	4 Conclusions
	References
54 Design of Nanoscale TIEO-Based Arithmetic Circuits Using QCA Implementation Paradigm
	1 Introduction
	2 Terminology
		2.1 QCA Cell
		2.2 QCA Elements
	3 Previous Full Adder Design in QCA
	4 Proposed Design of TIEO Based Full Adder and Full Subtractor
		4.1 Methodology
		4.2 Result and Discussion
		4.3 Power Analysis of the Proposed Adder
	5 Comparison and Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
55 Experimental and Numerical Determination of Natural Frequency of Woven Basalt Fibre–Vinyl Ester-Reinforced Composite Plates
	1 Introduction
	2 Preparation of BFRP Composite Plates
		2.1 Experimentation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
56 Mechanical Characteristic of Al 6063 Pipe Joined by Underwater Friction Stir Welding
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Work
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Material and Design of the Tool
		2.3 FSW Process
	3 Characterization
		3.1 Visual Test
		3.2 Tensile Testing
		3.3 Vickers Hardness Test
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Visual Test
		4.2 Tensile Strength
		4.3 Hardness Test
	5 Conclusion
	References
57 Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy with Hybrid Filler Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Analysis
		2.1 Materials and Methodology
	3 Experimental Details
		3.1 Tension Test
		3.2 Flexural Strength
		3.3 Hardness
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Tensile Strength
		4.2 Flexural Strength
		4.3 Hardness
	5 Conclusion
	References
58 Morphological and Thermal Behaviour of Monomer Dispersed Liquid Crystal
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Cholesteryl Nonanoate
		2.2 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Study
		3.2 Thermal Characteristics
	4 Conclusion
	References
59 Design and Analysis of Penta-Magnetic Tunnel Junction Circuit with Transmission Gate Logic
	1 Introduction
		1.1 A Novel Design in Penta-MTJ Circuits
	2 Review of Existing Work
	3 Design Methodology of Penta-MTJ with Transmission Gates
		3.1 Structure of Penta-MTJ
		3.2 Proposed Penta-MTJ with Transmission Gates
		3.3 Design of Combinational Circuits Using Penta-MTJ with Transmission Gate
		3.4 Design of Sequential Circuits Using Penta-MTJ with Transmission Gate
	4 Experimental Analysis
		4.1 Comparison
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
60 Recent Progress in Energy Management System for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle
		2.1 Primary Power Source (Fuel Cell)
		2.2 Energy Storage System
	3 Energy Management System
		3.1 Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS)
		3.2 Model Predictive Control (MPC)
		3.3 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC)
		3.4 State Machine Controller
		3.5 Global Optimization Strategies
	4 Issues and Challenges
	5 Conclusion
	References
61 Comparative Study of Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Predicting Engineering Properties of Soil: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Compaction Parameters
		2.2 Permeability
		2.3 Shear Strength Parameters
		2.4 Unconfined Compressive Strength
	3 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
62 Structural and Photocatalytic Studies of Ce and Dy Co-doped ZnO Nanoflowers
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Photocatalytic Activity Measurement
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Structural Analysis
		3.2 Morphological Studies
		3.3 Photocatalytic Studies
	4 Conclusion
	References
63 Investigate the Flexural Property of Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based 3D Printed Part
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Experimentation
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
64 Mathematical Modeling Influence Electromagnetic Wave Plane on Functional Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Material and Method
	4 Experimental Research
	5 Conclusion
	References
65 Design and Analysis of Combinational Circuits Using Reversible and Irreversible Gates
	1 Introduction
	2 ALU Using Reversible Gates
		2.1 COG Reversible Gate
		2.2 HNG Reversible Gate
	3 ALU Using Irreversible Gates
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
66 Strengthening a Pavement Layer by Using Fly Ash
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Materials
		3.1 Materials Used
	4 Tests and Results
		4.1 Data Sheet of California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR)
		4.2 The Following Tests and Analysis Were Carried Out in the Laboratory After Adding Fly Ash
	5 Conclusion
	References
Author Index