Proceedings of China SAE Congress 2022: Selected Papers

Contents
A Partial Network Management Design Method for Hybrid Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of the Electrical and Electronic Architecture
	3 Principle of Partial Network Management Design
	4 Format of Network Management Messages
		4.1 Format of OSEK Network Management Messages
		4.2 Format of AUTOSAR Network Management Messages
	5 Design of Subnet Network Management
		5.1 Design of OSEK Subnet Network Management
		5.2 Design of AUTOSAR Subnet Network Management
	6 Synergistically Design of OSEK and AUTOSAR of Domain Controller
		6.1 Sub Network Segments All AUTOSAR Networks
		6.2 Sub Networks Contain AUOSAR and OSEK Networks
	7 Implementation of Network Management
		7.1 Requirement of Hardware
		7.2 Requirement of Software
	8 Verification
	9 Conclusion
	References
The Study on Re Test Judgement Based on Bayes Rule
	1 Introduction
	2 Influence of Uncertainty on Decision
	3 Model Establishment Based on Bayes Rule
		3.1 Understanding of the Nature of Test Results
		3.2 Bayes Rule is Used to Analyze the Determination Credibility
		3.3 Methods to Improve the Credibility of Measurement Results
		3.4 Selection of Repeated Test Times
	4 Improvement of Re Test Judgment Method
	5 Test Verification
	6 Conclution
	References
Shift Strategy Development for Electric Bus
	1 Introduction
	2 Powertrain Matching
	3 Shift Strategy Formulation
		3.1 Development a Dynamic Shifting Strategy
		3.2 Economical Shift Strategy Formulation
		3.3 Optimal Shift Strategy Formulation
	4 Shift Strategy Simulation Analysis
	5 Test Verfication
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Study of Implementation of Precise Location of Automotive Digital Key Based on UWB
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Situation and Study Goal
		2.1 The Location Method of RF Key System
		2.2 The Location Method of BT Key System
		2.3 Study Goal
	3 Solution Design(Schema)
		3.1 Ranging Principle of UWB
		3.2 Three Points Location Model
		3.3 Location Equation
	4 Solution Implementation
		4.1 Deployment Model
		4.2 Work Flow
		4.3 Algorithm Improvement
	5 Error Analysis
		5.1 Error Condition
		5.2 Error Illustration
		5.3 Error Evaluation
	6 Advantage
	7 Conclusion
	References
Platform-Based Design of the Hybrid Electirc Drive Load Spectrum
	1 Introduction
	2 Influence of the Hybrid Strategy on Load Specturm
		2.1 Introduction of Hybrid Working Mode
		2.2 Drive Mode
		2.3 Generation Mode
		2.4 Energy Recovery Mode
	3 Mesured Distribution Characteristics of the Load Spectrum
		3.1 Analysis Method
		3.2 Distribution of Drive Conditions
		3.3 Distribution of Power Generation Conditions
		3.4 Distribution of Energy Recovery Conditions
	4 Load Spectrum Design of Platform-Based Coverage
		4.1 Design Method of Driving Load Spectrum
		4.2 Influence of Power Generation
		4.3 Design Method of Energy Recovery
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analytical Impacts of Li2CO3 Developments on New Energy Vehicle Sales Based on Grey Theory and Game Theory
	1 Introduction
	2 Li2CO3 Supply Predictive Model
		2.1 Analytical Calculation of Li2CO3 Demands
		2.2 Gray Prediction Model Based Li2CO3 Supply Predictive Model
	3 Supply and Demand Analysis of Li2CO3
		3.1 Li2CO3 Supply and Demand Difference
		3.2 Market Feedback on Li2CO3 Price Increase
	4 Game Theory Based Analysis of the Li2CO3 Price
		4.1 Gray Correlation Analysis of the Game Theory Model
		4.2 The Game of Li2CO3 and New Energy Vehicles
		4.3 Li2CO3 Feedback Model on New Energy Vehicle Sales
		4.4 Suggestions to Promote the Sustainable Development of New Energy Vehicles
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research on the Management of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles at Home and Abroad
	1 Introduction
	2 Development Status of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles Industry
		2.1 Development Status Abroad
		2.2 Domestic Development Status
	3 Analysis of the Management System of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles
		3.1 Classification and Naming of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles
		3.2 Traffic Management System of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles
		3.3 Safety Management System of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles
	4 Management Policy Development Status of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles at Home and Abroad
		4.1 Foreign Autonomous Delivery Management Policy
		4.2 Domestic Management Policy of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Role and Implementation Path of the Automotive Industry in Carbon Neutrality
	1 Introduction
	2 The Role of the Automotive Industry under Carbon Neutrality
	3 The Key to the Coordinated Transformation of Automotive-Related Industries
		3.1 The Energy Industry
		3.2 The Manufacturing Industry
		3.3 The Circular Economy
	4 Decarbonization Pathways for Automotive Firm
		4.1 The Framework of Industry’s Emission accounting
		4.2 Automotive Firm’s Life Cycle Emission Accounting Mechanism
		4.3 A New Emission mitigation driver of the Automotive Industry: Internet of things
	5 Recommendations
	6 Conclusion
	References
Development Strategies of Intelligent Automotive Industry Under the Background of Increasing Demand for Computational Capacity
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Framework
	3 Impact of Increasing Demand for Computational Capacity
		3.1 Impact on the Vehicle Level
		3.2 Impact on the Driving Environment Level
		3.3 Impact on the Industrial Chain Level
	4 Development Trend of Intelligent Automotive Industry
		4.1 On-Board Computational Capacity Competition between OEMs
		4.2 New Business Relationship Around Computing Platform
		4.3 Computational Capacity Growth Path Based on Cloud-Edge-End Collaboration
	5 Conclusion
	References
Development Strategy of Shared Mobility Enterprise for Smart Cities
	1 Introduction
	2 Development Trend of Shared Mobility in China
		2.1 Gradual Stabilization of Market Structure
		2.2 Continuous Expansion of Market Capacity
		2.3 Market Ecological Wisdom Expansion
	3 Development Status of Shared Mobility in China
		3.1 DIDI – Comprehensive Penetration of Big Data Cloud Technology
		3.2 CAOCAO——New Sensing Technology Accelerates Innovation
		3.3 UBER——Visual Tool Technology Improves Safety
	4 Shared Mobility Enterprise Development Hierarchy
		4.1 Resource Integration
		4.2 Model Lead
		4.3 Technology-Driven Stage
	5 Development Strategies and Suggestions for Future Shared Mobility Enterprise
		5.1 New Models Promoting Sustainable Development of Enterprises
		5.2 Efficient Field Technology Innovation Derivative Enterprise Development
		5.3 Multidimensional Industrial Integration Shaping the Diversified Development of Enterprises
	6 Conclusion
	References
Adaptive Accident Sampling Investigation Method Based on Regional Traffic Characteristics
	1 Introduction
	2 Regional Traffic Characteristics Analysis
		2.1 Data Source Explanation
		2.2 The Regional Transportation Indicators
		2.3 The Regional Accident Indicators
	3 Proposed Regional Sampling Framework
		3.1 Framework of Sampling Methods with Regional Indicators
		3.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process
		3.3 Second-Order Sampling Method Considering Survey Cost
	4 Application of Sampling Framework
		4.1 RSU Division with Result Map
		4.2 Weights Determination with AHP
		4.3 Validation and Comparison
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Influencing Factors of Front Windshield Collision Simulation Accuracy
	1 Introduction
	2 Test and Initial Simulation Results
		2.1 Test Overview
		2.2 Initial Simulation Results
	3 Research on Factors Affecting Accuracy
		3.1 Impact Position
		3.2 Material Parameters
		3.3 Modeling Method
		3.4 Comprehensive Calibration
	4 Conclusion
	References
Multi-objective Optimization Design of Occupant Restraint System Based on Dynamic Weighted Injury Criteria
	1 Introduction
	2 Establishment and Verification of the Simulation Model
		2.1 Model Establishment
		2.2 Model Verification
	3 Dynamic Weight Adjustment
	4 Optimization of Occupant Injury Scoring
		4.1 Sensitivity Analysis
		4.2 Establishment of Surrogate Model
		4.3 Optimization Results
		4.4 Dynamic Weight Optimization Effect
	5 Conclusion
	References
Flexible Man-Machine Verification Model Control Method Based on Internet of Things
	1 Introduction
	2 Overall Design Scheme
		2.1 Distributed Modular Design
		2.2 Selection of Communication Protocol
	3 Hardware Design
		3.1 Control Circuit Planning
		3.2 Control Circuit Design
	4 Software Design
		4.1 Main Control Flow Design
		4.2 Driver Design
		4.3 IOT Implementation
	5 IOT Information Flow Test
	6 Conclusion
	References
Retrospect and Prospect of Twist Beam Axles
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics and History
		2.1 Structural and Kinematic Characteristics
		2.2 Development History
		2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
	3 New Technologies
		3.1 New Rubber Bushings
		3.2 New Crossmembers
		3.3 New Trailing Arms
		3.4 New Wheel Carriers
		3.5 TBAs with Watt Links
		3.6 TBAs with Active Steering
		3.7 Twist Beam Driven Axles
		3.8 New CAE-Software for TBAs
	4 Perspectives
		4.1 Platformization, Especially Sharing the Same Underbody with BASs
		4.2 Electronic Control, Especially in Conjunction with Semi-active Damper and Air Spring
		4.3 Lightweight, Especially Material Lightweight
		4.4 Electrification, Especially the Equipment of Wheel-Side and In-Wheel Motors
	5 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Study on the Resistance Characteristics of a High-Speed Amphibious Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Equipment
	3 Test Conditions
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Definition of Dimensionless Parameter
		4.2 Test Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Motion Control Strategy of Wheel-Legged Compound Unmanned Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 System Modeling
		2.1 Structure Description
		2.2 Coordinate System Establishment
		2.3 Dynamic Modeling
	3 Controller Designer
		3.1 Driving System Controller
		3.2 Wheel-Legged System Controller
		3.3 Motor Controller
	4 Simulation Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Instability Characteristics of Ducted Fans in Ground Effect
	1 Introduction
	2 Ground Effect Moore-Greitzer Model
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Model Building
		3.2 Parameter Settings
		3.3 Simulation Results of Hovering
		3.4 Simulation Results of Landing
	4 Conclusions
	References
Application of Synchronous Combustion Analysis Method to Analysis and Control of Low Frequency Chattering Vibration of Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Synchronous Combustion Analysis
		2.1 Synchronous Combustion Acquisition
		2.2 Cylinder Pressure External Envelope Analysis
	3 Problem Introduction and NVH Analysis
		3.1 Problem Description and NVH Test
		3.2 NVH Data Analysis
	4 Synchronous Combustion Analysis
		4.1 Synchronous Combustion Test
		4.2 External Envelope Processing Method of Combustion Signal
	5 Synchronous Combustion Analysis
		5.1 Time Domain Analysis of Cylinder Pressure
		5.2 Combustion Optimization Comparison
	6 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of Objective Sound Quality Feature Extraction with Kernel Principal Component Method in Electric Drive System
	1 Introduction
	2 Electric Drive System Test and Acoustic Samples
		2.1 Experimental Test Platform of Electric Drive Systems
		2.2 Acoustic Sample Results
	3 Objective Sound Quality Evaluation Feature Extraction
		3.1 Principal Component Analysis Based on Kernel Functions
		3.2 Extraction of Objective Evaluation Features for Sound Quality
	4 Experimental Results on the Principal Components
	5 Conclusion
	References
Launching Rattle Noise Test Analysis and Improvement for a SUV with 6AT Automatic Transmission
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Description
	3 Abnormal Noise Test Scheme Based on Vehicle
	4 Abnormal Noise Analysis of the Vehicle Test Results
	5 Transmission Power Flow Analysis in Launch Process
	6 Mechanism Analysis Between Transmission Clearance and Rattle Noise
	7 Potential Causes Investigation
	8 Improvement and Verification
	9 Summary
	References
Virtual Analysis of Vehicle Interior Gear Whining Based on Time-Domain Hybrid Modeling Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Model and Principle of Gear Order Dynamics in Time Domain
		2.1 The Dynamic Theory of Gear Order Vibration
		2.2 The Theory of Gear Order Noise
		2.3 Gear Order Rigid-Flexible Coupled Dynamic Model
	3 Model Builing of Vehicle Interior Gear Noise
		3.1 Analysis Principle of Vehicle Transfer Path in Time Domain
		3.2 Hybrid Building Model Method of Vehicle Interior Gear Whining
	4 Test Verification
		4.1 Multi-body Simulation Analysis and Verification of Powertrain Gear Order Excitation Source
		4.2 Analysis and Verification of Transfer Path Fitting
		4.3 Hybrid Modeling Analysis and Verification of Vehicle Interior Whining Noise
	5 Virtual Optimization and Verification
		5.1 Analysis of Virtual Optimization About Vehicle Interior Whining
		5.2 Verification of Virtual Optimization About Vehicle Interior Gear Whining Noise
	6 Conclusion
	References
Research on the Influence of Drive Shafts Angles on Vehicle Lateral Swing
	1 Introduction
	2 The Mechanism of the Axial Force of the Universal Joint
	3 Basic Information
	4 Temporary CM Verification
	5 Valid CM Verification
	6 Conclusion
	References
Fine Simulation and Bench Test Development of Single Composite Leaf Spring
	1 Introduction
	2 Maufacturing Technology and Design of the Composite Leaf Spring
		2.1 Manufacturing Technology of the Composite Leaf Spring
		2.2 Design of the Composite Leaf Spring
	3 Modeling and Simulationd of the Composite Leaf Spring
		3.1 Refinement Modeling of the Composite Leaf Spring
		3.2 Simulations of the Composite Leaf Spring
	4 Experimental Validations
		4.1  Stiffness Bench Tests of the Composite Leaf Spring
		4.2 Development of the Durability Test Regulations for the Composite Leaf Spring
		4.3 Durability Test of the Vehicle Load-Bearing System
	5 Conclusion
	References
Correlation Analysis of Subjective and Objective Test on Automobile Seat Pressure Distribution
	1 Introduction
	2 Subjective and Objective Correlation Evaluation of Automobile Seat Pressure Distribution
		2.1 Study of Seat Pressure Distribution Positions
		2.2 Measurement of Pressure Distribution of Seat Comfort
		2.3 Correlation Analysis of Subjective and Objective Evaluation of Seat Pressure Distribution
	3 Conclusion
	References
Research on Spark Splash Control of Resistance Welding Based on Big Data Analysis Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Scene Establishment and Data Acquisition
	3 Data Analysis and Preprocess
		3.1 Data Analysis
		3.2 Data Pre-processing
	4 Research on Prediction Algorithm of Process Parameters
		4.1 Fully Connected Neural Network
		4.2 Bayesian Regression
		4.3 Gaussian Mixture Model
	5 Experiments and Result Analysis
		5.1 Test Environment
		5.2 Result Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
Research on the Technology of Accurate Measurement for the Thread Cone Angle of Synchronizer Used in Gearbox
	1 Introduction
	2 Brief Introduction of Cone Lock-Pin Type Synchronizers
	3 Study of Measurement Schemes of the SYNChronizer’s Cone Angle at an Earlier Stage
		3.1 Study of the Working Mode of Measuring Equipment
		3.2 Reliability Analysis of Dynamic Measuring Equipment
	4 Measurement Improvement Scheme of the Thread Cone Angle of Synchronizer
		4.1 Selection of Mathematical Calculation Model
		4.2 Introduction of Secondary Improvement of Measuring Equipment Detection Mechanism
		4.3 Analysis of the Characteristics of Newly Improved Measuring Scheme
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Wear Analysis and Sharpening Method of Involute Spline Broach
	1 Introduction
	2 Broach Wearing Analysis and Control
		2.1 Broach Wearing Analysis
		2.2 Broach Wearing Control
	3 Broach Resharpening
		3.1 Selection of Grinding Wheel Size and Mounting Angle
		3.2 Broach Resharpening
		3.3 Cleaning and Finishing
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on the Quality of Body Assembly Based on Tolerance Analysis by Linearized Method
	1 Introductions
	2 Establishment of Quality Control Model of Body Assembly
		2.1 Tolerance Analysis by Linearized Method
		2.2 Component Size Distribution and Control
		2.3 Quality Control Model for Body Assembly
	3 The Example Analysis and Verification
	4 Conclusions
	References
Research and Application of High Vacuum Die-Casting Shock Tower Using Heat-Free Aluminum Alloy
	1 Introduction
	2 Research on Heat-Free Aluminum Alloy Materials
	3 Design and Manufacture of Aluminum Alloy Shock Tower
	4 Conclusion
	References
Comparison of Mechanical and Corrosion Performances of AlSi-Coated PHS Plates with Different Coating Thickness
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Test Materials
		2.2 Test Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Coating
		3.2 Microstructure
		3.3 Mechanical Properties
		3.4 Corrosion Performances
	4 Conclusions
	References
Optimization Design of Airless Tire Based on Re-entrant Hexagonal Cellular Structure with Negative Poisson’s Ratio Characteristics
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi - Objective Optimization on RHCS with NPR
		2.1 Establishment of Finite Element Model
		2.2 Verification of Quasi-Static Compression Test
		2.3 Multi-objective Optimization Model of RHCS
		2.4 Multi-objective Optimization
	3 Optimization Design of Airless Tire
		3.1 Finite Element Model of Airless Tire
		3.2 Simulation Analysis of Tire Performance
		3.3 Comparison of Re-entrant Hexagonal Airless Tire with NPR and Hexagonal Honeycomb Tire
	4 Test Comparisons of Two Tire
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research on Performance of LP-EGR System Fitted for Hybrid-Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Introduction to LP-EGR System
	3 Effect of Low Pressure EGR System on Fuel Consumption
		3.1 Fuel Consumption at Characteristic Operating Conditions
		3.2 Combustion Characteristic
		3.3 EGR Air Intake System
	4 Relationship Between EGR Rate and Load
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Knock Test Analysis Method and Sensor Signal Recognizability
	1 Introduction
	2 Knock Generation Mechanism and Detection and Evaluation Method
		2.1 The Mechanism and Harm of Knock
		2.2 Knock Detection and Evaluation Method Based on Cylinder Pressure Signal
	3 Knock Test Scheme and Data Preprocessing
		3.1 Engine Knock Test Scheme
		3.2 Data Preprocessing
	4 Extraction and Recognition of Knock Characteristic
		4.1 Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Methods for Knock Characteristic Analysis
		4.2 Power Spectral Density Method for Knock Characteristic Analysis
	5 Knock Intensity Analysis and Verification
		5.1 Determination of Knock Intensity Evaluation Indicator
		5.2 Indicator Verification and Result Analysis
		5.3 Determination of Knock Intensity Threshold
	6 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Simulation Study on Flow Characteristics of the By-Pass Valve of a Supercharged Engine Based on the Finite Volume Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Introduction of Exhaust Gas By-Pass Valve
		2.1 Structure of Exhaust Gas By-Pass Valve
		2.2 Influencing Factors of By-Pass Valve Control
	3 Study by Simulation Model
		3.1 Establishment of Simulation Model
		3.2 Calculation Condition and Boundary Conditions
	4 Result Analysis
		4.1 Speed Distribution Result
		4.2 Analysis on the Influencing Trend of By-Pass Valve Diameter and Actuator Voltage Range on Bypass Ratio
		4.3 Nalysis on the Influence Trend of By-Pass Valve Diameter and Actuator Voltage Range on By-Pass Gradient
		4.4 Comparison Between CFD Analysis Result and Test Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Adaptive Route Planning on Simulation-to-Real Environments in the Autonomous Driving Platform of the DeepRacer
	1 Introduction
	2 Main Structure
	3 Simulation Environment
		3.1 Simulation Environment Construction
		3.2 Traffic Scene
		3.3 Roadside Detection Equipment
		3.4 Vehicle Configuration Information
		3.5 Vehicle Sensor Function
	4 Digital Twin Construction
		4.1 Spatial Coordinate Mapping
		4.2 Vehicle Kinematic Modeling
	5 Multi-sensor Fusion for Path Planning
		5.1 Image and Traffic Light Detection
		5.2 Lane Line Recognition
		5.3 LIDAR Recognition Detection
		5.4 MPC Path Planning
	6 Experimental Realization
		6.1 Algorithm Logic
		6.2 Node Graph
		6.3 Experiment
	7 Simulation to Real Test
	8 Summary
	References
An Efficient Real-Time Object Detection and Tracking Framework Based on Lidar and Ins
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Multi-object Detection Algorithm
		2.2 Multi-object Tracking Algorithm
	3 Ground Segmentation
		3.1 Ground Segmentation Based on Plane Fitting
		3.2 Ground Segmentation Based on Scan Lines Geometric Features
	4 Obstacle Detection
		4.1 Object Clustering
		4.2 3D Bounding Box Fitting
	5 Multi-object Tracking
		5.1 Data Association
		5.2 Motion Model Creation
		5.3 Interacting Multiple Model
		5.4 IMM-UKF Tracker Design
	6 Experimental Results
		6.1 KITTI Tracking Public Dataset
		6.2 Real Vehicle Test
	7 Conclusions
	References
Vehicle Model Constraint Based Visual-Inertial Localization Algorithm for Autonomous Driving in Closed Park
	1 Introduction
	2 Overall Design
		2.1 Architecture Design of Positioning System
		2.2 Location Algorithm Architecture Design
	3 Sensor Model and Data Processing
		3.1 Vision Sensor Model and Processing
		3.2 IMU Model and Processing
	4 Design of Positioning Method Based on Vehicle Model Constraints
		4.1 Construction of Vehicle Kinematics Model
		4.2 Tight Coupling Optimization of Visual Inertia
	5 Test Verification
		5.1 KITTI Dataset Validation
		5.2 Real Vehicle Verification
	6 Summary
	References
Effective Objective Detection and Hybrid Predictive Control for Intelligent Vehicle Automatic Emergency Braking Under Curving Road Scenario
	1 Introduction
	2 Vehicle Safe Distance Model
		2.1 Braking Process Analysis
		2.2 Derivation of Braking Distance Formula
	3 AEB Speed Decision of Upper Layer
		3.1 Target Detection Under Curving Conditions
		3.2 Risk Effective Factor and Inversed TTC
		3.3 Speed Decision Process
	4 AEB Speed Tracking of Lower Layer
		4.1 Vehicle Hybrid Prediction Model
		4.2 Construction of Speed Tracking Controller
	5 Simulation Test
		5.1 AEB Test Under Curving Multi-lane Scenario
		5.2 AEB Test Under Turning into Straight Multi-lane Scenario
	6 Car-Like Robot Test
	7 Conclusion
	References
Automatic Parking System for Multi-vehicle in the Autonomous Driving Platform of the DeepRacer
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Review
		1.2 Main Structure
	2 Vehicle Structure
		2.1 The Structure of DeepRacer
		2.2 Kinematics Model of Vehicle
		2.3 Kinematics Model of Vehicle Parking
	3 Simulation Environment
		3.1 Double-Deck Parking Lot
	4 Vehicle Planning
		4.1 Parking Judgment
		4.2 Line Patrol Navigation
	5 Algorithmic Logics
		5.1 Parking Management Algorithm
		5.2 ROS Structure
	6 Experiment Results
	7 Summary
	References
ITGAN: An Interactive Trajectories Generative Adversarial Network Model for Automated Driving Scenario Generation
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Method
		3.1 Conventional GAN
		3.2 Interactive Trajectories GAN
	4 Experiments
		4.1 Scenario Generation Framework
		4.2 Qualitative Analysis
		4.3 Quantitative Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Online Perception Performance Estimation for Autonomous Driving Vehicles
	1 Introductions
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Perception Confidence
		2.2 Camera-Lidar Fusion
		2.3 Object Tracking
		2.4 Performance Estimation
	3 Methodology
	4 Implementation
		4.1 Camera-Lidar Fusion
		4.2 MHT
		4.3 Perception Performance Estimation
	5 Evaluation and Results
		5.1 Evaluation
		5.2 Results and Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Trade-off Design Approach for Integrating Cybersecurity, Safety, and Other Aspects of Intelligent Connected Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Overall Workflow
		3.2 Affecting-Map-Based Method
		3.3 Affecting-Score-based Method
		3.4 An Adaption of the Affecting-Score-Based Method
	4 Case Study
		4.1 System Definition and Countermeasure Enumeration
		4.2 Using the Affecting-Map-Based Method
		4.3 Using the Affecting-Score-Based Method
		4.4 System and Countermeasure Redefinition
		4.5 Using the Adapted Affecting-Score-Based Method
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Correlation Analysis of Driver Fatigue State and Dangerous Driving Behavior
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Scheme
	3 Fatigue Characteristic Analysis
	4 Analysis of Dangerous Driving Behavior
	5 Correlation Analysis Between Fatigue and Dangerous Driving Behavior
	6 Conclusion
	References
Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment Based on Electric Power Steering According to ISO26262
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of ISO26262 Concepct Phase
	3 Item Definition
		3.1 Vehicle Environment
		3.2 Working Principle
		3.3 Actuator Characteristics
		3.4 Functionality and Behavior Design
		3.5 Operating Mode
		3.6 Functionalities
		3.7 Interface
	4 HARA
		4.1 Hazard Analysis
		4.2 Risk Assessment
	5 Summary
	Appendix
	References
Design and Performance Prediction of a Supercharging System for Racing Cars with Electric Assist
	1 Introduction
	2 Technical Route
		2.1 Design Goals
		2.2 Speed Regulation Goals
	3 Boost System Design
		3.1 Parameter Matching
		3.2 Gear Ratio Matching
		3.3 Variable Speed Mechanism
	4 Performance Prediction
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Design and Optimization of FSAE Upright Under Real Load Spectrum
	1 Introduction
	2 Load Spectrum Acquisition Method & Data Processing
		2.1 Load Spectrum Acquisition Method
		2.2 Acquisition of Tire Vertical Load
		2.3 Tire Longitudinal Load and Lateral Load Acquisition Distribution
	3 Upright Structure Design (Fig. 8)
		3.1 Determination of the Kinematic Structure of the Suspension
		3.2 Determine the Overall Structure of the Upright
		3.3 Finite Element Static Analysis Calibration
		3.4 Fatigue Failure Form of Upright
	4 Fatigue Analysis of Upright on Load Spectrum
		4.1 Fatigue Algorithm Selection
		4.2 Fatigue Damage Theory
		4.3 Fatigue Analysis Environment Construction and Data Import
	5 Structure Optimization Design Based on Fatigue Analysis
		5.1 Fatigue Analysis Results
		5.2 Improvement and Optimization Solutions
		5.3 Analysis of Comparative Results
	6 Summary
	References
Crash Analysis and Optimization of Front-End Structure of Formul SAE
	1 Introduction
	2 Establishment of Frame Model
	3 Crash Simulation Analysis
		3.1 Crash Energy Analysis
		3.2 Crash Acceleration Analysis
		3.3 Intrusion Analysis
	4 Optimization Design of Front End Structure
		4.1 Equivalent Static Load Method (ESLM)
		4.2 Calculation of Dynamic Load Factor Based on EP
		4.3 Structural Crash Optimization Model
	5 Evatuation of Optinization Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Power Improvement and Vehicle Matching of Racing Engine Based on FSC
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Concept
		2.1 Purpose of Design
	3 Design Process
	4 ECU Parameter Settings
		4.1 Calibration of the Sensor
	5 Calibration of Engine Bench Experiments
		5.1 Construction of the Wiring Harness
		5.2 Selection of Target Lambdas
		5.3 Calibration of the Basic Value of the Engine
		5.4 Environmental Auxiliary Correction
		5.5 Analyze the Data for Verification
	6 Vehicle Power Optimization
		6.1 Launch Control of Electronic Throttle (LC)
	7 Traction Control (TC) is Performed Using the Lateral Acceleration G Value
	8 Conclusions
	References
Optimization and Control of the Variable Intake System Based on an Engine for FSC
	1 Introduction
	2 Exordium
		2.1 Structure of FSAE Air Intake System
		2.2 Research Content of this Paper
		2.3 Design Process
		2.4 Purpose and Significance
	3 Test and Simulation Platform
		3.1 Engine Bench Test
		3.2 One-Dimensional Engine Model Building
	4 Design of Geometric Parameters of Variable Intake System
		4.1 The Length of the Main Pipe
		4.2 The Volume of the Pressure Stabilizing Plenum
		4.3 The Diameter of Intake Manifold
		4.4 The Length of Intake Manifold
		4.5 Summary of Geometric Parameter Design
	5 Structural Design of Variable Manifold
		5.1 Project Design
		5.2 Structural Design
		5.3 Control System Design
	6 Variable Intake System External Structure Design
		6.1 Component Design
	7 Design Summary and Verification
	8 Conclusion
	References
Design of Dry Lubrication System for FSCC Racing Engines
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Lubrication Systems
	3 Composition and Principle of Dry Lubrication System
	4 Scheme Determination and Design of the Dry Lubrication System
		4.1 Determination of the System Design Solution
		4.2 Selection of Dry Oil Pumps
		4.3 Design of the Dry Lubrication System
		4.4 Design of System Components
		4.5 Oil Cooler
		4.6 General Assembly
	5 Dry Lubrication System Test
		5.1 Test Principle for Dry Lubrication Systems
		5.2 Analysis of Test Data and Conclusions on Dry Lubrication Systems
	6 Conclusions
	References
Research on Low-Temperature Energy Consumption Test Procedures of Bev Based on Road Travel Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Road Data and Energy Consumption Results
		2.1 Road Test and Data
		2.2 Road Energy Consumption Results
		2.3 Increasing Energy Consumption Caused by the Air-Conditioner
		2.4 Increasing Energy Consumption Caused by the Driving Conditions
	3 Travel Characteristics Based on Road Data
	4 Discussion and Suggestion on Test Procedure Based on Travel Characteristics
		4.1 Travel and Charging Ambient Temperature Boundary
		4.2 Test Cycle
		4.3 Test Procedure
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Multi-objective Optimized Self-heating Strategy for All-Climate Batteries at Low Temperatures
	1 Introduction
	2 Self-heating Principle and Thermal Model of ACB
		2.1 Self-heating Principle of ACB
		2.2 Thermal Model of ACB
	3 Variable Duty Cycle Heating Strategy Based on Multi-objective Optimization
	4 Experimental
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Parameterization
		5.2 Heating Control Strategy with Constant Duty Cycle Without Optimization
		5.3 Heating Control Strategy with Constant Duty Cycle with Multi Objective Optimization
		5.4 Heating Control Strategy with Variable Duty Cycle with Multi Objective Optimization
	6 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Thermal Runaway Characteristics of NCM Lithium-Ion Battery and Research on Early Warning Control Strategy
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Thermal Runaway Characteristics Under Thermal Abuse and Electrical Abuse
		2.1 Establishment of Thermal Abuse Model for Li-Ion Batteries
		2.2 Thermal Abuse Physical Model of Lithium-Ion Battery
		2.3 Thermal Abuse Model Boundary Conditions for Li-Ion Batteries
	3 Establishment of a Lithium-Ion Battery Abuse Model
	4 TR Characteristics of Battery Under Thermal-Electrical Abuse
		4.1 TR Model of Lithium-Ion Battery Under Thermal-Electrical Coupling Abuse
		4.2 Validation of NCM Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal-Electrical Coupling Abuse Model
		4.3 Analysis of Thermal Characteristic Parameters at Different Charging Rates
	5 Influence of Overcharge on Thermal Characteristic Parameters
		5.1 Thermal Characteristic Parameters Analysis Under Different Heat Source Locations
	6 Research and Experimental Verification of Thermal Runaway Warning and Suppression Strategies for Lithium-Ion Batteries
		6.1 Thermal Runaway Characteristic Parameter Monitoring of Lithium-Ion Battery
		6.2 Analysis of Characteristic Parameters of Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Battery
		6.3 Multi-level Early Warning and Suppression Strategy for Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Battery
	7 Conclusion
	References
Extended State Observer-Based Position Sensorless Control for Automotive Ultra-high-Speed PMSM
	1 Introduction
	2 Traditional EEMF Observation Method
		2.1 Design Principles
		2.2 Application Limitations of Traditional EEMF Observation Method
	3 Novel EEMF Observation Method Based on ESO
		3.1 Ultra-local Model Based on EEMF Observation
		3.2 Disturbance Estimation Based on ESO
		3.3 EEMF Calculation Based on Tracking Differentiator
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Gear Shift and Speed Regulation Process of PMSM for Electric Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model of PMSM
	3 Optimized ADRC
		3.1 Design of ADRC
		3.2 Design of Decoupled ADRC(DADRC)
		3.3 Modified Tracking Differentiator
	4 Simulation Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Comparative Study on Fast Calculation Methods of Broadband Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Power Batteries
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Disturbance
		2.2 Broadband EIS Calculation Method
	3 Simulation and Experiments
		3.1 Simulation
		3.2 Experiments
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Signal Spectrum Characteristics
		4.2 Simulation Comparison of Two Impedance Calculation Methods
		4.3 Experimental Verification of Fast Impedance Calculation Based on ST
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research on Adaptive Control Strategy of Coasting Energy Recovery
	1 Introduction
	2 Influence Mechanism of Energy Consumption of Evs in Deceleration Conditions
	3 The Design of Adaptive Control Strategy of Coasting Energy Recovery
		3.1 The Recognition Algorithm of Road Condition
		3.2 Driving Habit Recognition Algorithm
		3.3 Slope Recognition Algorithm
		3.4 The Algorithm for Adaptive Coasting Energy Recovery Torque Calculation
	4 Test Verification
		4.1 The Respective Algorithm Verification of Road Conditions and Driving Habits
		4.2 The Algorithm Verification of Adaptive Coasting Recovery
		4.3 Energy Saving Effect Test
	5 Conclusion
	References
Author Index