Problems and Solutions in Medical Physics Radiotherapy Physics

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Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 External Beam Therapy Equipment
	1.1 X-RAY MACHINE
	1.2 Co-60 UNIT
	1.3 LINEAR ACCELERATOR
	1.4 NARROW VERSUS BROAD BEAM GEOMETRY
	1.5 PHOTON AND ELECTRON TREATMENT MODES
	1.6 ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF X-RAY POPULATION
	1.7 MONITOR UNITS
	1.8 RADIATION YIELD
	1.9 TARGET
	1.10 LINEAR ACCELERATOR DOSE RATE
	1.11 MAGNETRON VERSUS KLYSTRON
	1.12 KLYSTRON
	1.13 WAVEGUIDE
	1.14 LINEAR ACCELERATOR BEAM ENERGY
	1.15 ENERGY SWITCH
	1.16 MULTILEAF COLLIMATORS
Chapter 2 Photon Beam Physics
	2.1 INTERACTIONS OF X-RAY WITH MATTER (1)
	2.2 INTERACTIONS OF X-RAY WITH MATTER (2)
	2.3 INTERACTIONS OF X-R AY WITH MATTER (3)
	2.4 BREMSSTRAHLUNG X-RAY
	2.5 INVERSE SQUARE LAW
	2.6 DEFINITION OF PERCENTAGE DEPTH DOSE, TISSUE PHANTOM RATIO AND TISSUE MAXIMUM RATIO
	2.7 PERCENTAGE DEPTH DOSE
	2.8 HORNS OF A PROFILE
	2.9 BEAM PROFILE
	2.10 BEAM ASYMMETRY
	2.11 FLATTENING FILTER-FREE BEAM PROFILE
	2.12 MAYNEORD FACTOR
	2.13 OUTPUT FACTOR
	2.14 PDD AND SURFACE DOSE
	2.15 DYNAMIC WEDGE
Chapter 3 Electron Beam Physics
	3.1 R[sub(p)] , R[sub(MAX)] AND R[sub(50)]
	3.2 STOPPING POWERS FOR ELECTRONS
	3.3 ELECTRON BEAM ISODOSES
	3.4 ELECTRON BEAM DEPTH DOSE CURVE
	3.5 ELECTRON RADIOTHERAPY WITH BOLUS
	3.6 ELECTRON BEAM ENERGY SPECIFICATION
	3.7 BREMSSTRAHLUNG CONTAMINATION
	3.8 ELECTRON BEAM SHAPING
	3.9 ELECTRON CUT-OUT
	3.10 ISODOSE CURVE
Chapter 4 Treatment Planning for External Beam Radiotherapy
	4.1 TARGET VOLUMES AND MARGINS (1)
	4.2 TARGET VOLUMES AND MARGINS (2)
	4.3 CT NUMBER CALIBRATION (1)
	4.4 CT NUMBER CALIBRATION (2)
	4.5 MU CALCULATION (1)
	4.6 MU CALCULATION (2)
	4.7 ISODOSE CURVE
	4.8 WEDGE (1)
	4.9 WEDGE (2)
	4.10 EFFECTIVE DEPTH CALCULATION
	4.11 ICRU CRITERIA (1)
	4.12 ICRU CRITERIA (2)
	4.13 BREAST TREATMENT PLAN
	4.14 RADIOTHERAPY OF PATIENT WITH IMPLANT
	4.15 BOLUS VERSUS COMPENSATING FILTER
	4.16 SKIN CANCER TREATMENT ON THE NOSE
Chapter 5 Radiation Dosimetry
	5.1 BRAGG-GRAY CAVITY THEORY
	5.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL DOSIMETERS
	5.3 PROPERTIES OF CYLINDRICAL IONISATION CHAMBERS
	5.4 IONISATION CHAMBERS FOR ELECTRON BEAM DOSIMETRY
	5.5 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF AN IONISATION CHAMBER
	5.6 GEIGER-MULLER (GM) COUNTER
	5.7 DIODES
	5.8 RADIOCHROMIC FILM DOSIMETRY
	5.9 REFERENCE DOSIMETRY
	5.10 PHANTOM MATERIALS
	5.11 IAEA TRS398 DOSE CALIBRATION (1)
	5.12 IAEA TRS398 DOSE CALIBRATION (2)
	5.13 BEAM QUALITY CORRECTION FACTOR
	5.14 IONISATION CHAMBER PERTURBATION CORRECTION FACTOR
	5.15 DETECTOR ARRAYS
	5.16 SMALL-FIELD DOSIMETRY
Chapter 6 Special Procedures and Advanced Techniques in Radiotherapy
	6.1 TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION
	6.2 INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY
	6.3 TOTAL SKIN ELECTRONS
	6.4 IMAGE-GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY
	6.5 STEREOTACTIC ABLATIVE BODY RADIOTHERAPY
	6.6 PROTON THERAPY
	6.7 SURFACE-GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY
	6.8 BREATHING CONTROL IN RADIOTHERAPY
Chapter 7 External Beam Commissioning and Quality Assurance
	7.1 ACCEPTANCE TESTING, COMMISSIONING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
	7.2 COMMISSIONING OF ACT SIMULATOR
	7.3 ABSORBED DOSE CALIBRATION
	7.4 MONTHLY QA PROGRAMME ON A LINEAR ACCELERATOR
	7.5 LINEAR ACCELERATOR DOSE OUTPUT CHECKS
	7.6 BEAM FLATNESS
	7.7 BEAM SYMMETRY
	7.8 BEAM FLATNESS AND SYMMETRY MEASUREMENT
	7.9 HVL FOR KV BEAM
	7.10 COMMISSIONING OF PATIENT IMMOBILISATION DEVICES
	7.11 COMMISSIONING OF A NEW X-RAY BEAM DOSE CALCULATION ALGORITHM
	7.12 COMMISSIONING 2D/3D DETECTOR ARRAY
	7.13 QUALITY ASSURANCE OF IMRT/VMAT PLANS
	7.14 CHECK OF THE COLLIMATOR CROSS-HAIR WALKOUT
	7.15 CHECK OF THE GANTRY ANGLE READOUT
	7.16 LINEAR ACCELERATOR LASER CHECKS
	7.17 COINCIDENCE OF LIGHT FIELD WITH RADIATION FIELD
	7.18 TESTING OF THE ISOCENTRE OF THE PLANAR KILOVOLTAGE IMAGING SYSTEM
	7.19 SAFETY CHECKS ON LINEAR ACCELERATOR
	7.20 RECORD AND VERIFY SYSTEM
Chapter 8 Brachytherapy Treatment and Quality Assurance
	8.1 RADIONUCLIDES FOR BRACHYTHERAPY
	8.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-DOSE RATE AND HIGH-DOSE RATE BRACHYTHERAPY
	8.3 SEALED VERSUS UNSEALED SOURCES
	8.4 HDR REMOTE AFTERLOADING
	8.5 SOURCE ENCAPSULATION
	8.6 IR-192 AS BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCE
	8.7 SOURCE DECAY (1)
	8.8 SOURCE DECAY (2)
	8.9 MANCHESTER SYSTEM FOR CERVIX BRACHYTHERAPY
	8.10 IMAGING FOR CERVIX BRACHYTHERAPY
	8.11 INTERSTITIAL BRACHYTHERAPY
	8.12 WELL CHAMBER CALIBRATION OF IR-192 SOURCES (1)
	8.13 WELL CHAMBER CALIBRATION OF IR-19 SOURCES (2)
	8.14 AAPM TG43 DOSE FORMALISM
	8.15 HDR BRACHYTHERAPY QA CHECKS
Chapter 9 Basic Radiobiology
	9.1 RADIATION EFFECTS (1)
	9.2 RADIATION EFFECTS (2)
	9.3 EARLY VERSUS LATE RESPONDING TISSUE
	9.4 SERIAL VERSUS PARALLEL ORGANS
	9.5 HEALTH RISK MODELS FROM RADIATION EXPOSURE
	9.6 DIRECT ACTION VERSUS INDIRECT ACTION OF RADIATION
	9.7 CELL SURVIVAL CURVE
	9.8 CELL DAMAGE
	9.9  α/β RATIO
	9.10 RE-OXYGENATION
	9.11 TCP/NTCP
	9.12 LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER
	9.13 FRACTIONATION (1)
	9.14 FRACTIONATION (2)
	9.15 TREATMENT INTERRUPTION
Chapter 10 Radiation Protection and Safety in Radiotherapy
	10.1 DOSE QUANTITIES IN RADIATION PROTECTION
	10.2 RADIATION SAFETY PRINCIPLES IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY
	10.3 METHODS OF RADIATION PROTECTION
	10.4 PREGNANT PATIENT
	10.5 CONTROLLED AND SUPERVISED AREA
	10.6 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EXPOSURE
	10.7 RADIATION SOURCES FROM THE LINEAR ACCELERATOR
	10.8 NEUTRON SHIELDING
	10.9 SHIELDING BARRIER
	10.10 RADIOTHERAPY BUNKER MATERIALS
	10.11 DOSE LIMITS
	10.12 RADIATION INCIDENT
	10.13 DEVELOPMENT OF A RADIATION MANAGEMENT PLAN
Bibliography