Problem Solving with C++

Cover
Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and C++ Programming
	1.1 COMPUTER SYSTEMS
		Hardware
		Software
		High-Level Languages
		Compilers
		History Note
	1.2 PROGRAMMING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
		Algorithms
		Program Design
		Object-Oriented Programming
		The Software Life Cycle
	1.3 INTRODUCTION TO C++
		Origins of the C++ Language
		A Sample C++ Program
		Pitfall: Using the Wrong Slash in \\n
		Programming Tip: Input and Output Syntax
		Layout of a Simple C++ Program
		Pitfall: Putting a Space Before the include File Name
		Compiling and Running a C++ Program
		Pitfall: Compiling a C++11 Program
		Programming Tip: Getting Your Program to Run
	1.4 TESTING AND DEBUGGING
		Kinds of Program Errors
		Pitfall: Assuming Your Program Is Correct
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 2 C++ Basics
	2.1 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
		Variables
		Names: Identifiers
		Variable Declarations
		Assignment Statements
		Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables
		Programming Tip: Use Meaningful Names
	2.2 INPUT AND OUTPUT
		Output Using cout
		Include Directives and Namespaces
		Escape Sequences
		Programming Tip: End Each Program with a \\n or end1
		Formatting for Numbers with a Decimal Point
		Input Using cin
		Designing Input and Output
		Programming Tip: Line Breaks in I/O
	2.3 DATA TYPES AND EXPRESSIONS
		The Types int and double
		Other Number Types
		C++11 Types
		The Type char
		The Type bool
		Introduction to the Class string
		Type Compatibilities
		Arithmetic Operators and Expressions
		Pitfall: Whole Numbers in Division
		More Assignment Statements
	2.4 SIMPLE FLOW OF CONTROL
		A Simple Branching Mechanism
		Pitfall: Strings of Inequalities
		Pitfall: Using = in place of ==
		Compound Statements
		Simple Loop Mechanisms
		Increment and Decrement Operators
		Programming Example: Charge Card Balance
		Pitfall: Infinite Loops
	2.5 PROGRAM STYLE
		Indenting
		Comments
		Naming Constants
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 3 More Flow of Control
	3.1 USING BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS
		Evaluating Boolean Expressions
		Pitfall: Boolean Expressions Convert to int Values
		Enumeration Types (Optional)
	3.2 MULTIWAY BRANCHES
		Nested Statements
		Programming Tip: Use Braces in Nested Statements
		Multiway if-else Statements
		Programming Example: State Income Tax
		The switch Statement
		Pitfall: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement
		Using switch Statements for Menus
		Blocks
		Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables
	3.3 MORE ABOUT C++ LOOP STATEMENTS
		The while Statements Reviewed
		Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited
		The for Statement
		Pitfall: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement
		What Kind of Loop to Use
		Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables and Infinite Loops
		The break Statement
		Pitfall: The break Statement in Nested Loops
	3.4 DESIGNING LOOPS
		Loops for Sums and Products
		Ending a Loop
		Nested Loops
		Debugging Loops
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 4 Procedural Abstraction and Functions That Return a Value
	4.1 TOP-DOWN DESIGN
	4.2 PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS
		Using Predefined Functions
		Random Number Generation
		Type Casting
		Older Form of Type Casting
		Pitfall: Integer Division Drops the Fractional Part
	4.3 PROGRAMMER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
		Function Definitions
		Functions That Return a Boolean Value
		Alternate Form for Function Declarations
		Pitfall: Arguments in the Wrong Order
		Function Definition–Syntax Summary
		More About Placement of Function Definitions
		Programming Tip: Use Function Calls in Branching Statements
	4.4 PROCEDURAL ABSTRACTION
		The Black-Box Analogy
		Programming Tip: Choosing Formal Parameter Names
		Programming Tip: Nested Loops
		Case Study: Buying Pizza
		Programming Tip: Use Pseudocode
	4.5 SCOPE AND LOCAL VARIABLES
		The Small Program Analogy
		Programming Example: Experimental Pea Patch
		Global Constants and Global Variables
		Call-by-Value Formal Parameters Are Local Variables
		Block Scope
		Namespaces Revisited
		Programming Example: The Factorial Function
	4.6 OVERLOADING FUNCTION NAMES
		Introduction to Overloading
		Programming Example: Revised Pizza-Buying Program
		Automatic Type Conversion
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 5 Functions for All Subtasks
	5.1 VOID FUNCTIONS
		Definitions of void Functions
		Programming Example: Converting Temperatures
		return Statements in void Functions
	5.2 CALL-BY-REFERENCE PARAMETERS
		A First View of Call-by-Reference
		Call-by-Reference in Detail
		Programming Example: The swapValues Function
		Mixed Parameter Lists
		Programming Tip: What Kind of Parameter to Use
		Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables
	5.3 USING PROCEDURAL ABSTRACTION
		Functions Calling Functions
		Preconditions and Postconditions
		Case Study: Supermarket Pricing
	5.4 TESTING AND DEBUGGING FUNCTIONS
		Stubs and Drivers
	5.5 GENERAL DEBUGGING TECHNIQUES
		Keep an Open Mind
		Check Common Errors
		Localize the Error
		The assert Macro
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 6 I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes
	6.1 STREAMS AND BASIC FILE I/O
		Why Use Files for I/O?
		File I/O
		Introduction to Classes and Objects
		Programming Tip: Check Whether a File Was Opened Successfully
		Techniques for File I/O
		Appending to a File (Optional)
		File Names as Input (Optional)
	6.2 TOOLS FOR STREAM I/O
		Formatting Output with Stream Functions
		Manipulators
		Streams as Arguments to Functions
		Programming Tip: Checking for the End of a File
		A Note on Namespaces
		Programming Example: Cleaning Up a File Format
	6.3 CHARACTER I/O
		The Member Functions get and put
		The putback Member Function (Optional)
		Programming Example: Checking Input
		Pitfall: Unexpected \'\\n\' in Input
		Programming Example: Another newLine Function
		Default Arguments for Functions (Optional)
		The eof Member Function
		Programming Example: Editing a Text File
		Predefined Character Functions
		Pitfall: toupper and tolower Return Values
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 7 Arrays
	7.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARRAYS
		Declaring and Referencing Arrays
		Programming Tip: Use for Loops with Arrays
		Pitfall: Array Indexes Always Start with Zero
		Programming Tip: Use a Defined Constant for the Size of an Array
		Arrays in Memory
		Pitfall: Array Index Out of Range
		Initializing Arrays
		Programming Tip: C++11 Range-Based for Statement
	7.2 ARRAYS IN FUNCTIONS
		Indexed Variables as Function Arguments
		Entire Arrays as Function Arguments
		The const Parameter Modifier
		Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const Parameters
		Functions That Return an Array
		Case Study: Production Graph
	7.3 PROGRAMMING WITH ARRAYS
		Partially Filled Arrays
		Programming Tip: Do Not Skimp on Formal Parameters
		Programming Example: Searching an Array
		Programming Example: Sorting an Array
		Programming Example: Bubble Sort
	7.4 MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
		Multidimensional Array Basics
		Multidimensional Array Parameters
		Programming Example: Two-Dimensional Grading Program
		Pitfall: Using Commas Between Array Indexes
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 8 Strings and Vectors
	8.1 AN ARRAY TYPE FOR STRINGS
		C-String Values and C-String Variables
		Pitfall: Using = and == with C Strings
		Other Functions in 
		Pitfall: Copying past the end of a C-string using strcpy
		C-String Input and Output
		C-String-to-Number Conversions and Robust Input
	8.2 THE STANDARD STRING CLASS
		Introduction to the Standard Class string
		I/O with the Class string
		Programming Tip: More Versions of getline
		Pitfall: Mixing cin >> variable; and getline
		String Processing with the Class string
		Programming Example: Palindrome Testing
		Converting between string Objects and C Strings
		Converting Between Strings and Numbers
	8.3 VECTORS
		Vector Basics
		Pitfall: Using Square Brackets Beyond the Vector Size
		Programming Tip: Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved
		Efficiency Issues
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 9 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays
	9.1 POINTERS
		Pointer Variables
		Basic Memory Management
		Pitfall: Dangling Pointers
		Static Variables and Automatic Variables
		Programming Tip: Define Pointer Types
	9.2 DYNAMIC ARRAYS
		Array Variables and Pointer Variables
		Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays
		Pointer Arithmetic (Optional)
		Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays (Optional)
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 10 Defining Classes
	10.1 STRUCTURES
		Structures for Diverse Data
		Pitfall: Forgetting a Semicolon in a Structure Definition
		Structures as Function Arguments
		Programming Tip: Use Hierarchical Structures
		Initializing Structures
	10.2 CLASSES
		Defining Classes and Member Functions
		Public and Private Members
		Programming Tip: Make All Member Variables Private
		Programming Tip: Define Accessor and Mutator Functions
		Programming Tip: Use the Assignment Operator with Objects
		Programming Example: BankAccount Class—Version 1
		Summary of Some Properties of Classes
		Constructors for Initialization
		Programming Tip: Always Include a Default Constructor
		Pitfall: Constructors with No Arguments
		Member Initializers and Constructor Delegation in C++11
	10.3 ABSTRACT DATA TYPES
		Classes to Produce Abstract Data Types
		Programming Example: Alternative Implementation of a Class
	10.4 INTRODUCTION TO INHERITANCE
		Derived Classes
		Defining Derived Classes
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 11 Friends, Overloaded Operators, and Arrays in Classes
	11.1 FRIEND FUNCTIONS
		Programming Example: An Equality Function
		Friend Functions
		Programming Tip: Define Both Accessor Functions and Friend Functions
		Programming Tip: Use Both Member and Nonmember Functions
		Programming Example: Money Class (Version 1)
		Implementation of digitToInt (Optional)
		Pitfall: Leading Zeros in Number Constants
		The const Parameter Modifier
		Pitfall: Inconsistent Use of const
	11.2 OVERLOADING OPERATORS
		Overloading Operators
		Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion
		Overloading Unary Operators
		Overloading >> and <<
	11.3 ARRAYS AND CLASSES
		Arrays of Classes
		Arrays as Class Members
		Programming Example: A Class for a Partially Filled Array
	11.4 CLASSES AND DYNAMIC ARRAYS
		Programming Example: A String Variable Class
		Destructors
		Pitfall: Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters
		Copy Constructors
		Overloading the Assignment Operator
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 12 Separate Compilation and Namespaces
	12.1 SEPARATE COMPILATION
		ADTs Reviewed
		Case Study: DigitalTime—A Class Compiled Separately
		Using #ifndef
		Programming Tip: Defining Other Libraries
	12.2 NAMESPACES
		Namespaces and using Directives
		Creating a Namespace
		Qualifying Names
		A Subtle Point About Namespaces (Optional)
		Unnamed Namespaces
		Programming Tip: Choosing a Name for a Namespace
		Pitfall: Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 13 Pointers and Linked Lists
	13.1 NODES AND LINKED LISTS
		Nodes
		nullptr
		Linked Lists
		Inserting a Node at the Head of a List
		Pitfall: Losing Nodes
		Searching a Linked List
		Pointers as Iterators
		Inserting and Removing Nodes Inside a List
		Pitfall: Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures
		Variations on Linked Lists
		Linked Lists of Classes
	13.2 STACKS AND QUEUES
		Stacks
		Programming Examples: A Stack Class
		Queues
		Programming Examples: A Queue Class
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 14 Recursion
	14.1 RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS FOR TASKS
		Case Study: Vertical Numbers
		A Closer Look at Recursion
		Pitfall: Infinite Recursion
		Stacks for Recursion
		Pitfall: Stack Overflow
		Recursion Versus Iteration
	14.2 RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS FOR VALUES
		General Form for a Recursive Function That Returns a Value
		Programming Example: Another Powers Function
	14.3 THINKING RECURSIVELY
		Recursive Design Techniques
		Case Study: Binary Search—An Example of Recursive Thinking
		Programming Example: A Recursive Member Function
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 15 Inheritance
	15.1 INHERITANCE BASICS
		Derived Classes
		Constructors in Derived Classes
		Pitfall: Use of Private Member Variables from the Base Class
		Pitfall: Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited
		The protected Qualifier
		Redefinition of Member Functions
		Redefining Versus Overloading
		Access to a Redefined Base Function
	15.2 INHERITANCE DETAILS
		Functions That Are Not Inherited
		Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors in Derived Classes
		Destructors in Derived Classes
	15.3 POLYMORPHISM
		Late Binding
		Virtual Functions in C++
		Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility
		Pitfall: The Slicing Problem
		Pitfall: Not Using Virtual Member Functions
		Pitfall: Attempting to Compile Class Definitions Without Definitions for Every Virtual Member Function
		Programming Tip: Make Destructors Virtual
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 16 Exception Handling
	16.1 EXCEPTION-HANDLING BASICS
		A Toy Example of Exception Handling
		Defining Your Own Exception Classes
		Multiple Throws and Catches
		Pitfall: Catch the More Specific Exception First
		Programming Tip: Exception Classes Can Be Trivial
		Throwing an Exception in a Function
		Exception Specification
		Pitfall: Exception Specification in Derived Classes
	16.2 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES FOR EXCEPTION HANDLING
		When to Throw an Exception
		Pitfall: Uncaught Exceptions
		Pitfall: Nested try-catch Blocks
		Pitfall: Overuse of Exceptions
		Exception Class Hierarchies
		Testing for Available Memory
		Rethrowing an Exception
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 17 Templates
	17.1 TEMPLATES FOR ALGORITHM ABSTRACTION
		Templates for Functions
		Pitfall: Compiler Complications
		Programming Example: A Generic Sorting Function
		Programming Tip: How to Define Templates
		Pitfall: Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type
	17.2 TEMPLATES FOR DATA ABSTRACTION
		Syntax for Class Templates
		Programming Example: An Array Class
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
Chapter 18 Standard Template Library and C++11
	18.1 ITERATORS
		using Declarations
		Iterator Basics
		Programming Tip: Use auto to Simplify Variable Declarations
		Pitfall: Compiler Problems
		Kinds of Iterators
		Constant and Mutable Iterators
		Reverse Iterators
		Other Kinds of Iterators
	18.2 CONTAINERS
		Sequential Containers
		Pitfall: Iterators and Removing Elements
		Programming Tip: Type Definitions in Containers
		Container Adapters stack and queue
		Associative Containers set and map
		Programming Tip: Use Initialization, Ranged for, and auto with Containers
		Efficiency
	18.3 GENERIC ALGORITHMS
		Running Times and Big-O Notation
		Container Access Running Times
		Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms
		Container Modifying Algorithms
		Set Algorithms
		Sorting Algorithms
	18.4 C++ IS EVOLVING
		std::array
		Regular Expressions
		Threads
		Smart Pointers
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Practice Programs
		Programming Projects
APPENDICES
	1 C++ Keywords
	2 Precedence of Operators
	3 The ASCII Character Set
	4 Some Library Functions
	5 Inline Functions
	6 Overloading the Array Index Square Brackets
	7 The this Pointer
	8 Overloading Operators as Member Operators
CREDITS
INDEX
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