Probiotic Research in Therapeutics: Volume 2 Modulation of Gut Flora Management of Inflammation and Infection Related Gut Etiology

Foreword by J. V. Yakhmi
Foreword by U. C. Banerjee
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Gut Bacterial Dysbiosis and Its Clinical Implications
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Development of Gut Microbiota
	1.3 Composition of Gut Microbiota and Factors Causing Dysbiosis
	1.4 Clinical Implications of Dysbiosis
		1.4.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
		1.4.2 Obesity
		1.4.3 Diabetes Mellitus
		1.4.4 Colorectal Cancer
		1.4.5 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		1.4.6 Atherosclerosis
		1.4.7 NAFLD
		1.4.8 Coeliac Disease
		1.4.9 Rheumatoid Arthritis
		1.4.10 Asthma
		1.4.11 Multiple Sclerosis
		1.4.12 Aging
		1.4.13 Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
	1.5 Diet and Microbiome Interplay
	1.6 Strategies to Alleviate Dysbiosis
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2: Probiotic Based Interventions for Improving Intestinal Health
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Probiotics Market Size, Share, and Trend Analysis
	2.3 What Are Probiotics?
	2.4 Health Improvement by Using Probiotics
	2.5 Probiotic Properties of Major Intestinal Bacteria
		2.5.1 Probiotic Properties of Specific Strains in Genus Lactobacillus
		2.5.2 Probiotic Properties of the Genus Bifidobacteria
		2.5.3 Probiotic Properties of the Genus Yeast
	2.6 Intestinal Microbiota Vs Health and Disease
	2.7 Mechanism of Action of Specific Stains of Bacterial Probiotics
	2.8 Therapeutic Effects of Probiotics
		2.8.1 Acute Gastroenteritis
		2.8.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		2.8.3 Probiotics in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis
		2.8.4 Probiotics for Allergic Asthma
		2.8.5 Probiotics for Food Allergy and Food-Induced Anaphylaxis
		2.8.6 Probiotics in Treatment of Candida Infection
		2.8.7 Probiotics in Treatment of Colic Infection
		2.8.8 Probiotics in Treatment Enteric Colitis
		2.8.9 Probiotics in Treatment of H. pylori Infection
		2.8.10 Probiotics in Treatment of Celiac Disease (CD)
		2.8.11 Probiotics in Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
		2.8.12 Probiotic-Rich Foods for Gut Health
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
3: Probiotics in the Prevention of Infant Infection
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Major Probiotics for Prevention of Infant Infections
		3.2.1 Bifidobacterium
		3.2.2 Lactobacillus
	3.3 General Mechanism of Probiotics on Infant Body
		3.3.1 Immunomodulation
		3.3.2 Antimicrobial Action
		3.3.3 Competitive Exclusions
	3.4 Infant Infections/Diseases and Specific Probiotics for Their Treatment
		3.4.1 Diarrhea
			3.4.1.1 Acute Infectious Diarrhea (AID)
			3.4.1.2 Nosocomial Diarrhea
			3.4.1.3 Traveler´s Diarrhea
			3.4.1.4 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea (AAD)
		3.4.2 Helicobacter pylori Infection
		3.4.3 Infant Colic
		3.4.4 Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
		3.4.5 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
		3.4.6 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
		3.4.7 Constipation
		3.4.8 Allergy
		3.4.9 Asthma and Wheeze
	3.5 Probiotic Infant Formula: Types, Viability, and Use
	3.6 Role of Synbiotics in Infant Infections
		3.6.1 Effect of Prebiotics Supplementation
		3.6.2 Effect of Probiotics Supplementation
	3.7 Cost, Safety, and Adverse Effects
	3.8 Consumer Perception, Market Potential, and Challenges for Commercialization
	3.9 Conclusions and Future Scope
	References
4: Animal Models for Probiotic Interventions Under Gut Inflammatory Conditions
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Gut Microbiota
	4.3 Prebiotics and Probiotics
	4.4 Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Disease Condition
	4.5 Mechanisms Involved in IBD
	4.6 Inflammatory Conditions Related to Gut
	4.7 Gut-Brain Microbiome Axis and IBD
	4.8 Treatments Available
	4.9 Preclinical Models Used to Study IBD
		4.9.1 Spontaneous Models
		4.9.2 Chemical Model: Inducible Colitis Models
		4.9.3 Adoptive Transfer Models or Immune-Mediated Model
		4.9.4 Genetically Engineered Models
			4.9.4.1 Gene Knockout Models
			4.9.4.2 Transgenic Mouse Models
		4.9.5 Other Animal Models Used to Study Intestinal Inflammation
	4.10 Clinical Status of Probiotic Interventions Studied Under Different Conditions
	4.11 Conclusion
	References
5: Probiotics as Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Gut Microbiota
	5.3 Probiotics
	5.4 Pathophysiology of the Disease
		5.4.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		5.4.2 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	5.5 Probiotics: Mechanisms of Action
		5.5.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		5.5.2 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	5.6 Biological Basis for Positive Action of Probiotics
		5.6.1 Pathogen Resistance
		5.6.2 Nutritional Process
		5.6.3 Immune Process
		5.6.4 Rectifying Contaminants
		5.6.5 Drug Metabolism
		5.6.6 Bile Acid Metabolism
	5.7 Microbiology Based Theories
	5.8 Probiotics for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases
		5.8.1 Probiotics in IBS
		5.8.2 Probiotics in IBD
	5.9 Comparison of Probiotics with Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Placebo
	5.10 Conclusion
	References
6: Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Update on Probiotics Recommendations
	6.1 Overview
	6.2 Probiotics: Relevance in Management of AAD
	6.3 Diversity of Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis
	6.4 Clostridium difficile Infection: Mechanism of Action
	6.5 Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) Metabolism and AAD
	6.6 Modulation of the Secretion of Electrolyte Secretion and Absorption Efficacy
	6.7 Increase in the Concentration of Secondary Bile Acids
	6.8 Augmenting the Intestinal Barrier Function
	6.9 Modulation of Intestinal Immune Response
	6.10 Conclusion
	References
7: Potential Correlation Between Homeostasis Control and Tumor Microenvironment Regulation of Probiotic as a Therapeutic Agent...
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Types of GI Cancer, Associated Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment
		7.2.1 Pancreatic Cancer
		7.2.2 Liver Cancer
		7.2.3 Stomach Cancer
		7.2.4 Colorectal Cancer
			7.2.4.1 CRC Stages Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Summary Staging System
	7.3 Role of H. pylori in Gastrointestinal Cancer
	7.4 Key Elements of Humans in Response to H. pylori Induced Gastric Cancer
	7.5 How Probiotics Interrupt Gastrointestinal Cancers
		7.5.1 Mechanisms of Probiotics Altering the Onset of GI Cancer
			7.5.1.1 Carcinogens Replacement by the Probiotics
			7.5.1.2 Competitiveness with the Pathogenic Microflora
			7.5.1.3 Probiotics to Improve Host Immune System
			7.5.1.4 Effects on Apoptosis and Tissue Differentiation
		7.5.2 Variety of Probiotic Microorganisms Showcase Anticancerous Action Towards GI or Colon Cancer
			7.5.2.1 Probiotics in Colon Cancer
			7.5.2.2 Breast Cancer
			7.5.2.3 Bladder Cancer
			7.5.2.4 Other Cancers
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8: An Update on the Probiotic Usage in Bacterial Vaginosis
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Prevalence and Diagnosis
	8.3 The Microflora
		8.3.1 Normal Microbiota
		8.3.2 BV Microbiota
		8.3.3 Biofilms
		8.3.4 Vaginal Homeostasis
	8.4 Immune Response in BV
	8.5 Factors Associated with BV
		8.5.1 Menstrual Cycle and Reproductive Age
		8.5.2 Sexual Activity, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), and Other Urinogenital Infections
		8.5.3 Ethnicity and Demographic Diversity
		8.5.4 Other Factors
	8.6 Treatment
		8.6.1 Conventional Antibiotic Treatment
			8.6.1.1 Antibiotic Resistance and Failure to Reduce Pregnancy Complications
		8.6.2 Alternate Treatment Strategies
		8.6.3 Probiotic Administration Modulates BV Niche and Might Reduce Recurrence Rates
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
9: Indigenous Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains to Combat Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter pylori: Microbial Interference Therapy
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Probiotic Microorganisms
	9.3 Mode of Action of Probiotics
	9.4 Substances Produced by Probiotics that Inhibit or Kill H. pylori
	9.5 Competition for Colonization
	9.6 Effects on Mucosal Barrier
		9.6.1 The Pre-Epithelial Barrier
		9.6.2 The Epithelial Barrier
		9.6.3 The Subepithelial Barrier
	9.7 Influence on Immunity and Inflammation
	9.8 Future Perspective
	References
10: Designing Probiotics and Its Clinical Applications
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Next or Second-Generation Probiotics (Bacterial Therapeutics)
		10.1.2 Disadvantages of Traditional Probiotics
	10.2 Designer Probiotics in Enteric Diseases and Disorders
	10.3 Designer Probiotics in Immunity Related Diseases and Disorders
	10.4 Designer Probiotics with Antimicrobial Peptides
	10.5 Designer Probiotics as a Target Specific Tumor Knockout Therapy
	10.6 Designer Probiotics in HIV Infection
	10.7 Safety Concern of Designer Probiotics
	10.8 Future Perspective
	10.9 Conclusion
	References
11: Probiotic Interventions for Oral Health
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Mechanisms Involved
	11.3 Clinical Effects
		11.3.1 Probiotics and Dental Caries
		11.3.2 Probiotics and Periodontal Disease
		11.3.3 Probiotics and Peri-Implant Diseases
		11.3.4 Probiotics and Oral Medicine
			11.3.4.1 Oral Candidiasis
			11.3.4.2 Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers (RAU)
			11.3.4.3 Halitosis (Bad Breath)
		11.3.5 Probiotics and Maxillofacial Surgery
	11.4 Future Trends
	11.5 Conclusions
	References
12: Probiotics Targeting Enteric Infections
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Most Notorious Enteric Pathogens
		12.2.1 Vibrio Cholerae
		12.2.2 Clostridium difficile
		12.2.3 Escherichia coli
		12.2.4 Salmonella
	12.3 Treatments of Enteric Infections
		12.3.1 Probiotics
		12.3.2 Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics
		12.3.3 Probiotics Targeting Enteric Infections
	12.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Research Needs
	References
13: Probiotics for Allergic Airway Infection and Inflammations
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Probiotics
		13.1.2 Benefits of Probiotics
		13.1.3 How Probiotic Function for Immune System?
	13.2 Role of Probiotics in Allergic Airway Infection
	13.3 The Rationale behind the Mechanism of Probiotics for Allergy
		13.3.1 Host Factors
	13.4 Allergy Prevention Studies with Probiotics
	13.5 Recent Advances: Clinical and In Vivo Status
	13.6 Safety Considerations and Contraindications
	13.7 Future Directions
	References
14: Probiotics as Edible Vaccines
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Probiotics in Mucosal Immune Response
	14.3 Concept of Edible Vaccines
	14.4 Probiotics as Edible Vaccines
		14.4.1 Advantages of Probiotics as Edible Vaccines
	14.5 Industrial and Clinical Outlook
		14.5.1 Edible Vaccines-Strategies of Production
		14.5.2 Formulation Aspects in Designing Probiotics as Edible Vaccine
		14.5.3 Probiotics as Targeted Oral Vaccines
	14.6 Challenges Associated with Probiotics as Edible Vaccines
	14.7 CRISPR-Cas System (a Prospect in Designing Probiotics as Edible Vaccines)
	14.8 Conclusion
	References
15: Probiotics for Atopic Dermatitis
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Atopic Dermatitis
	15.3 Mechanism Involved
		15.3.1 Immunologic Pathway
		15.3.2 Metabolite Pathway
		15.3.3 Neuroendocrine Pathway
		15.3.4 Immunomodulatory Effect
		15.3.5 Protection of the Mucosal Surface against Pathogens by Standardisation of the Microbial Composition
		15.3.6 Metabolic Effect
	15.4 Clinical and In-Vivo Status
	15.5 Conclusion
	References