Probiotic Research in Therapeutics: Volume 1: Applications in Cancers and Immunological Diseases

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Gut Microbiota and Cancer Correlates
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Gut Microbiota, Gut Dysbiosis, and Cancer
		1.2.1 Gut Microbiota and Its Interaction with Host
		1.2.2 Gut Microbiota as Cancer Promoter
		1.2.3 Gut Microbiota as Cancer Suppressor
		1.2.4 Gut Microbiota as Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
		1.2.5 Gut Microbiota, Inflammasomes, and Tumorigenesis
		1.2.6 Gut Microbiota and Gastric Malignancies
	1.3 Gut Microbiota and Anticancer Therapies
		1.3.1 The Tumor Microbiome and Its Application in Anticancer Treatment
		1.3.2 Gut Microbiota and Modulation of Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Efficiency
		1.3.3 Use of Probiotics in Cancer Treatment
		1.3.4 Use of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in Cancer Treatment
	1.4 Conclusion and Future Prospect
	References
2: Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Accountability of Probiotics in Cancer: An Insight of Mechanism of Action
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Probiotics: An Outline
	2.3 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics
	2.4 Role of Probiotics in Cancer
		2.4.1 Mechanism of Cancer Management with Probiotics
			2.4.1.1 Gut Microbiota Modification
			2.4.1.2 Improvement of Function of Gut Barrier
			2.4.1.3 Degradation of the Carcinogenic Compounds and the Protective Effect of Intestinal Epithelial DNA Damage
			2.4.1.4 Activation and Enhancement of Immune and Inflammatory Process in the Body
	2.5 Commonly Used Probiotics as Cancer Treatment
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3: Probiotics and Cancer: Boosting the Immune System
	3.1 Cancer: Role of Immune System
	3.2 Probiotics: Improving Immunity
		3.2.1 Need of Probiotics in Cancer Therapy
			3.2.1.1 Antioxidant Nature of the Probiotics for Prophylaxis Against Gastrointestinal Diseases and Cancer
			3.2.1.2 Anticancer Nature of the Probiotics
				Protecting Host by Cell-Cell Adhesion
				Protecting Host by Inhibiting the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
				Inhibition of Tumour Microenvironment
				Inhibition of the Cancer Stem Cells
	3.3 Probiotics and Cancer
		3.3.1 Colon Cancer
		3.3.2 Cervical Cancer
	3.4 Breast Cancer
	3.5 Liver Cancer
	3.6 Other Cancers
	3.7 The Fate of Probiotics in the Animal and Clinical Studies
	3.8 Future Perspective and Conclusion
	References
4: Probiotics as Next Generation Strategy for Cancer Therapy
	4.1 Introduction: Probiotics General Concepts
	4.2 Classification of Probiotics
		4.2.1 Strains/Genera/Species
			4.2.1.1 Lactobacillus Species
			4.2.1.2 Bifidobacterium Species
			4.2.1.3 Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus
			4.2.1.4 Saccharomyces boulardii
	4.3 Potential Benefits of Probiotics in Cancer
	4.4 Mode of Action of Probiotics
		4.4.1 Altered Metabolism in Intestine by Altering Intestinal Microflora
		4.4.2 Inactivation of Carcinogens Produced in GIT from Diet
		4.4.3 Boosting Host Immunity
		4.4.4 Producing Antiproliferative and Cytoprotective Effect by Apoptosis
		4.4.5 Fermentation of Unabsorbed Food by Microorganism
		4.4.6 Regulating Signaling Pathways
	4.5 Safety and Risk Factors About Probiotics in Clinical Practice
		4.5.1 Risk Factors
		4.5.2 Deleterious Metabolic Activities
		4.5.3 Immune System Depression or Hyperstimulation
		4.5.4 Antimicrobial Resistance
		4.5.5 Specificity of Probiotics Effects
	4.6 Other Clinical Applications
		4.6.1 Diarrhea
			4.6.1.1 Treatment of Acute Diarrhea
			4.6.1.2 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
			4.6.1.3 Radiation-Associated Diarrhea
		4.6.2 Eradication of Helicobacter pylori
		4.6.3 Allergy
		4.6.4 Liver Encephalopathy
		4.6.5 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
			4.6.5.1 Pouchitis
			4.6.5.2 Ulcerative Colitis
			4.6.5.3 Megacolon Conditions
		4.6.6 Lactose Intolerance
		4.6.7 Necrotic Enterocolitis
		4.6.8 An Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disorder (AAFLD)
		4.6.9 Preclusion of Systemic Infections
	4.7 Recent Advances with Future Prospective for Other Clinical Applications
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
5: Metabiotics in Colorectal Cancer: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Host Pathology
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Role of Dysbiosis in Colorectal Cancer
		5.1.2 Metabiotics in CRC
	5.2 Major Components of Metabiotics
		5.2.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
		5.2.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)
		5.2.3 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
			5.2.3.1 Bacteriocins
			5.2.3.2 Polysaccharides
			5.2.3.3 Amino Acids and Peptides
			5.2.3.4 Plasmalogens
			5.2.3.5 Vitamins
			5.2.3.6 Aptamers
	5.3 Edge Over Probiotics
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6: Possibility of Probiotic in Colorectal Cancer: A Specific Countenance to Research
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Classification of Colorectal Cancer
		6.2.1 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
		6.2.2 MUTYH-Associated Polyposis (MAP)
		6.2.3 Serrated Polyposis Syndrome (SPS)
		6.2.4 Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)
		6.2.5 Sporadic Colon Cancer
	6.3 Effect of Probiotics on Colorectal Cancer Pathways
	6.4 In-Vitro Studies on Probiotics
	6.5 In-Vivo Studies on Probiotics
	6.6 Efficacy and Safety Concerns of Probiotics in CRC
	6.7 Regulatory Issues of Using Probiotics in CRC
	6.8 Challenges in Probiotics Consumption
	6.9 Precautions for Using Probiotics
	6.10 Future Directions on Probiotic Research
	References
7: Probiotics in Lung Cancer: An Emerging Field of Multifarious Potential and Opportunities
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Cancer
		7.1.2 Probiotics
	7.2 Probiotics in Cancer Therapy
	7.3 Mechanisms
		7.3.1 Modulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Activity
		7.3.2 Enhancement of Gut Barrier Functions
		7.3.3 Production of Metabolites, Antimicrobials, and Anticarcinogens
		7.3.4 Modulation of Immune and Inflammatory System in the Body
		7.3.5 Binding and Degradation of Potential Carcinogens
		7.3.6 Protection on DNA Damage
		7.3.7 Inhibition of Proliferation of Cancer Cells
		7.3.8 Binding and Degradation of Potential Carcinogens
		7.3.9 Interference with Signalling
		7.3.10 Anti-Oxidant Effect
	7.4 Probiotics in Lung Cancer
	7.5 Recombinant Probiotic in Cancer
	7.6 Safety Considerations
	7.7 Future Prospectus
	7.8 Conclusion
	References
8: Probiotics for Prophylaxis and Management of Breast Cancer: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Association of Gut Microbiota and BC
		8.2.1 Cross-Talk Between Gut Microbiota and the Immune System
		8.2.2 Role of Gut Microbiota on Estrogen and Phytoestrogen Levels
	8.3 Probiotics and Their Mechanisms of Altering the Gut Microbiome
	8.4 Animal Studies
		8.4.1 Probiotics Preventive and Curative Role in Animal Models of BC
			8.4.1.1 Lactobacillus acidophilus
			8.4.1.2 Lactobacillus reuteri
			8.4.1.3 Lactobacillus casei
			8.4.1.4 Lactobacillus helveticus
			8.4.1.5 Lactobacillus plantarum
		8.4.2 Shortcomings of Animal Studies
	8.5 Human Studies
	8.6 Alleviating Role of Probiotics in Chemotherapy-Induced Side Effects
	8.7 Safety Concerns of Probiotics in General and in Breast Cancer
		8.7.1 Gene Transfer
		8.7.2 Transmigration and Systemic Infection
		8.7.3 Unwanted Metabolic Activities
		8.7.4 Adverse Effects in Practice
	8.8 Regulatory Concerns in Probiotics
	8.9 Market Trend in Probiotics
	8.10 Prospects of Probiotic Administration in the Prevention and Treatment of BC
	References
9: Probiotics for Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Development of Gastrointestinal Cancer
		9.2.1 Role of Gut Flora in Development of Gastrointestinal Cancer
	9.3 Probiotics: An Emerging Therapeutic Tool
		9.3.1 Composition of ``Probiotics´´
	9.4 Management of Gastrointestinal Cancer Using Probiotics
		9.4.1 Prevention
		9.4.2 Progression
		9.4.3 Treatment
			9.4.3.1 Modulation of Gut Microbiota
			9.4.3.2 Enrichment of Functions of Gut Barrier
			9.4.3.3 Protection of DNA Damage After Deterioration of Potential Carcinogens in Intestinal Epithelium
			9.4.3.4 Upregulation of Immunity and Inflammatory System of Individual
	9.5 Route for Probiotic Administration
		9.5.1 Oral Administration
		9.5.2 Nasal Administration
		9.5.3 Subcutaneous Administration
	9.6 Challenges of Probiotics in GI Cancer Treatment
	9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
10: Potential of Probiotics in the Management of Lung Cancer
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Probiotics and Gut-Lung Axis
	10.3 Potential of Probiotics in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
		10.3.1 Direct Ways of Probiotic Action in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
		10.3.2 Indirect Ways of Probiotic Action in Lung Cancer Therapy
			10.3.2.1 Anti-Mutagenic Property and Heavy Metal Detoxification
			10.3.2.2 Modulating NK Cells in Host Immune System
			10.3.2.3 Prevention and Management of Lung Diseases
	10.4 Clinical Safety of Probiotics
	10.5 Future Directions of Probiotics for Lung Cancer
		10.5.1 Combined Chemotherapy Strategy with Probiotics for the Management of Lung Cancer
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
11: Bacteriocins of Probiotics as Potent Anticancer Agents
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Bacteriocins
		11.2.1 Class I
		11.2.2 Class II
		11.2.3 Class III
		11.2.4 Class IV
	11.3 Anticancer Property of Bacteriocins
	11.4 Mechanism of Action of Bacteriocins Against Cancer Cells
	11.5 Bacteriocins Investigated as Potential Anticancer Agents
		11.5.1 Nisin
		11.5.2 Plantaricins
		11.5.3 Pediocins
		11.5.4 Colicins
		11.5.5 Azurin
		11.5.6 Microcins
		11.5.7 Pyocins
		11.5.8 Duramycin
		11.5.9 Bovicin
		11.5.10 Smegmatocin
		11.5.11 Laterosporulin
	11.6 Limitations of Bacteriocins as Anticancer Agent
	11.7 Future Perspectives
	11.8 Conclusion
	References
12: Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Mechanism of Action
		12.2.1 By Alternating in the Composition and Activity of the Indigenous Microbiota Temporarily or Permanently
		12.2.2 By Enhancing the Function of Epithelial Barrier
		12.2.3 By Regulation of the Immune System
		12.2.4 By Signaling via the Central Nervous System
	12.3 Inflammatory Diseases
		12.3.1 Ankylosing Spondylitis
		12.3.2 Psoriatic Arthritis
		12.3.3 Rheumatoid Arthritis
		12.3.4 Behcet´s Disease
		12.3.5 Arthritis
		12.3.6 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	12.4 Autoimmune Disorder
		12.4.1 Grave´s Disease (GD)
		12.4.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
		12.4.3 Multiple Sclerosis
		12.4.4 Diabetes Mellitus (Type I Diabetes)
		12.4.5 Psoriasis
		12.4.6 Celiac Disease
		12.4.7 Allergies
	12.5 Marketed Probiotics
	12.6 Hurdles and Road Ahead: The Future of Probiotics
	References
13: Role of Probiotics in Rheumatoid Arthritis
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Probiotics
	13.3 Criteria for Selection of Probiotics
	13.4 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics
	13.5 Rheumatoid Arthritis
	13.6 Probiotics in Rheumatoid Arthritis
		13.6.1 Lactobacillus
		13.6.2 Lactobacillus rhamnosus
		13.6.3 Lactobacillus casei
		13.6.4 Lactobacillus plantarum
		13.6.5 Lactobacillus reuteri
		13.6.6 Lactobacillus helveticus
		13.6.7 Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum
		13.6.8 Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri
		13.6.9 Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum
		13.6.10 Bacillus coagulans
	13.7 Conclusions
	References
14: Genetically Engineered Probiotics
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Designer Probiotics as Diseasomic Approach
	14.3 Production and Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Agent
	14.4 Designer Probiotics in Anti-Cancer Therapy
	14.5 Designer Probiotics in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease
	14.6 Designer Probiotics in Infections
	14.7 Designer Probiotics in Metabolic Diseases Management
	14.8 Designer Probiotics as Bio-Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles
	14.9 Designer Probiotics in Cognitive Health
	14.10 Genetic Engineering-Mediated Engineering of Designer Probiotics
	14.11 Designer Probiotics as Nutraceuticals
	14.12 Designer Probiotics with Antimicrobial Peptides
	14.13 Aptamer-Based Applications
	14.14 Designer Probiotics and the Livestock Industry
	14.15 Probiotics in Poultry Nutrition
	14.16 Designer Probiotics in Egg Nutrition
	14.17 Designer Probiotics in Pig Nutrition
	14.18 Designer Probiotics in Ruminant Nutrition
	14.19 Designer Probiotics in Aquaculture
	14.20 Safety Concerns
	14.21 Conclusions
	References
15: A Glance to the Patent World of Probiotics
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Commercial Probiotic Strain and Its Selection Criteria
	15.3 Market Trend
	15.4 Patent Scenario
	15.5 Probiotics as Pharmaceuticals
	15.6 Cosmetic and Personal Care
	15.7 Regulatory Challenges in Probiotics
	15.8 Future Directions
	References