Probiotic Research in Therapeutics Volume 5: Metabolic Diseases and Gut Bacteria

Foreword by J. V. Yakhmi
Foreword by B. Sesikeran
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Gut-Brain Axis: Role in Hunger and Satiety
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Development and Distribution of Microbes in the Gastrointestinal Tract
	1.2 Gut-Brain Axis
		1.2.1 Morphology of the Gut-Brain Axis
		1.2.2 Gut-Brain-Gut Signaling
			1.2.2.1 Gut-Brain-Gut Signals
			1.2.2.2 Hypothalamus
	1.3 Gut-Brain Axis and the Molecules Involved in Hunger and Satiety
	1.4 Gut Microbiota Influencing Gut-Brain Axis
		1.4.1 Animal Model Studies
		1.4.2 Influence of Molecules Released by Microbiota
	1.5 Mechanism of Appetite Regulation by Gut Microbiota
		1.5.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism
		1.5.2 Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
		1.5.3 Fatty Acid Oxidation
	1.6 Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity Control
		1.6.1 Role of Gut Microbiota: Animal Model Studies
		1.6.2 Role of Gut Microbiota: Human Clinical Trials
		1.6.3 Metabolic Endotoxemia
		1.6.4 Gut Microbiota Manipulation and their Effects
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2: Anti-Obesity Activities of Probiotics and Dairy Based Ingredients
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Status of Obesity
	2.3 Classification
	2.4 Factors Associated with Obesity
	2.5 Disadvantages of Obesity
	2.6 Probiotics and Obesity
	2.7 Synbiotics and Obesity
	2.8 Different Food Ingredients Added in Natural Anti-Obesity Products
		2.8.1 Calcium
		2.8.2 Protein
		2.8.3 Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
		2.8.4 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)
		2.8.5 Dietary Fiber
		2.8.6 Phytochemicals
	2.9 Future Research on Anti-Obesity
	2.10 Summary and Conclusion
	References
3: Effect of Pre/Probiotic Supplementation on Metabolic Endotoxemia
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Reasons of Metabolic Endotoxemia
	3.3 Metabolic Endotoxemia and Gut Dysbiosis
	3.4 Role of Pro/Prebiotics in Metabolic Endotoxemia
	3.5 Potential Mechanisms Via Which Pro/Prebiotic Modulates Metabolic Endotoxemia
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4: Probiotics in the Management of Diabetes
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Diabetes
		4.1.2 Gut Microbiota and Diabetes
		4.1.3 Probiotics Potential Sources and Health Benefits
	4.2 Current Therapeutic Approach to Treat Diabetes
	4.3 Role of Probiotics in Diabetes Management
		4.3.1 Probiotics and Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM)
		4.3.2 Probiotics and Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)
	4.4 Mechanism of Action Through Which Probiotics May Improve Glucose Homeostasis
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5: Intestinal Microbiota Modulation for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Prevention
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Gut Microbiota and Diabetes
		5.2.1 Intestinal Microbiota
		5.2.2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
		5.2.3 Type I Diabetes Association of Intestinal Microbiota
		5.2.4 Type II Diabetes Association of Intestinal Microbiota
	5.3 Gestational Diabetes Association of Intestinal Microbiota
	5.4 Nutritional Therapy for Diabetes
	5.5 Factors Help in Establishing Chronic Inflammation
		5.5.1 Oxidative Stress
	5.6 Probiotics + Fermented Foods
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
6: Mechanisms of Beneficial Effects of Probiotics in Diabetes Mellitus
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 DM: Major Types
		6.1.2 Existing and Novel Therapies
	6.2 Host Microbiome
	6.3 Probiotics
		6.3.1 Probiotics in DM
		6.3.2 Mechanisms of Probiotics
			6.3.2.1 Anti-Inflammatory
			6.3.2.2 Probiotics Improve Mucosal Function
			6.3.2.3 Defensins
			6.3.2.4 NF-kappaB
			6.3.2.5 Probiotics Modulate Immune Differentiation
			6.3.2.6 Effects on Oxidative Stress
			6.3.2.7 GLP Secretion
				Presence of Nutrients in GIT Leads to Release of Gastric Inhibitory Peptide, GLP-1
			6.3.2.8 Short Chain Fatty Acids
			6.3.2.9 Insulin Resistance
	6.4 Existing Drugs Targeting Microbiota
	6.5 Herbal Agents and Gut Microbiota
	6.6 Microbiome, Probiotics, and DM: Epigenetic Connection
	6.7 Major Concerns
	6.8 Conclusion
	References
7: Preventive and Therapeutic Role of Probiotics in Type-2 Diabetes and Its Associated Complications
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Brief of Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes (Dysbiosis and T2DM)
	7.3 Therapeutics for T2DM
	7.4 Studies on the Glycemic Control of Gut Microbiota in T2DM
	7.5 Beneficial Effects of Probiotic for Glycemic Control
		7.5.1 Probiotic on Hypertension Associated with Diabetes
		7.5.2 Probiotic on Obesity Related with Diabetes
		7.5.3 Probiotic on Oxidative Stress
		7.5.4 Probiotic on Lipid Management
		7.5.5 Probiotic on Comorbid Brain Disorders Associated with Diabetes
		7.5.6 Other
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8: Protective Effect of Probiotic in Alcohol-Induced Liver Disorders
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Pathological Background of Alcohol-Induced Liver Disorder and Its Impact on Microbiota
	8.3 Does Alcohol Produce Deleterious Effects on Gut Microbiota?
	8.4 Types and General Aspects of Probiotics
		8.4.1 Probiotics
		8.4.2 Composition of Probiotics
		8.4.3 Criteria for Probiotics
		8.4.4 Commonly Used Bacterial Probiotics
		8.4.5 Important Functions of Probiotics
		8.4.6 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics
		8.4.7 Role of Probiotics
		8.4.8 Role of Probiotics in Liver Disease
	8.5 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics for the Management of Alcohol-Induced Liver Disorders
	8.6 Preclinical Evidences of Probiotics for the Management of Alcohol-Induced Liver Disorders
	8.7 Clinical Evidences Associated with the Use of Probiotics for the Management of Alcohol Induced Liver Disorders
	8.8 Future Prospective and Conclusion
	References
9: Molecular Mechanism of Beneficial Effects of Probiotics in Alcohol-Induced Liver Disorder
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Probiotic Products
		9.2.1 Pieces of Evidence in Support of Probiotics in Hepatic Diseases
		9.2.2 Clinical Studies Showing the Useful Effects of Probiotics
	9.3 Conclusion
	References
10: Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Modulation of Serum Lipids
	10.1 Overview
		10.1.1 Contributing Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
		10.1.2 Pharmacological Approach Versus Non-pharmacological Approach
		10.1.3 Role of the Intestinal Microbiota
	10.2 Hypocholesterolemic Potential of Probiotics: Earlier Research Evidences
	10.3 Probiotic Market for Cholesterol Reduction
		10.3.1 Commercially Available Probiotic Products: Role and Research Evidence in Cholesterol Reduction
	10.4 Animal Studies on Probiotic Supplementation in Lowering Cholesterol Levels
		10.4.1 Limitations of Using Probiotics as Cholesterol-Lowering Adjunct
	10.5 Studies on Probiotic Supplementation Lowering Cholesterol Levels in Humans
	10.6 Contradictory Results on Probiotic Usage in Both Animal and Human Studies
		10.6.1 Attributing Factors Leading to Contradictory Results
		10.6.2 Role of Minimal Effective Probiotic Dosage for Hypocholesterolemic Potential
		10.6.3 Role of Analyzing Lipid Profile
	10.7 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics for Cholesterol Metabolism
	10.8 Conclusions
	References
11: Use of Prebiotics for Addressing Gut Dysbiosis and Achieving Healthy Gut-Brain Axis
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Microbial Control of the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA)
	11.3 Dysbiosis and Disorders Related to Gut-Brain Axis
	11.4 The Concept of Prebiotics
		11.4.1 Prebiotic Dietary Carbohydrates
			11.4.1.1 Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics
				Inulin-Type Fructans
				Galactooligosaccharides (GOS)
				Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs)
			11.4.1.2 Complex Polysaccharides
	11.5 Prebiotics in Management of Dysbiosis
	11.6 Influence of Prebiotics on Gut-Brain Axis
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12: Designer Probiotics in Metabolic Disorders
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Why Designer Probiotics?
	12.3 Strategies of Developing Designer Probiotics
		12.3.1 Patho-Biotechnology Based Designer Probiotics
		12.3.2 Receptor-Mimicking Based Designer Probiotics
		12.3.3 Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Designer Probiotics
		12.3.4 Anti-Microbial Peptides Based Designer Probiotics
	12.4 Designer Probiotic Strains
		12.4.1 Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii
		12.4.2 Akkermansia Muciniphila
		12.4.3 Bacteroides Fragilis
		12.4.4 Bacteroides Uniformis
		12.4.5 Eubacterium Hallii
		12.4.6 Clostridium Cluster Members
		12.4.7 Listeria Monocytogenes
		12.4.8 Bifidobacterium Breve
	12.5 Applications of Designer Probiotics in Metabolic Disorders
		12.5.1 Diabetes
		12.5.2 Phenylketonuria (PKU)
		12.5.3 Hyperammonemia
		12.5.4 Parkinson´s Disease
		12.5.5 Alzheimer´s Disease
		12.5.6 Obesity
		12.5.7 Angiotensin Level Linked Hypertension
	12.6 Challenges in Development of Designer Probiotics
	12.7 Conclusions
	References
13: Animal Models Used for Studying the Benefits of Probiotics in Metabolic Disorders
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Diabetes
			13.1.1.1 High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetes
			13.1.1.2 High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetes
			13.1.1.3 High-Fat-Sugar Diet and Low Dose of Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetes
			13.1.1.4 Alloxan Induced Diabetes
			13.1.1.5 Db/db Mouse
			13.1.1.6 Non-obese Mice for Type 1 Diabetes (NOD Mice)
			13.1.1.7 BioBreeding Diabetes-Prone (BBDP) Rat
		13.1.2 Obesity
			13.1.2.1 Diet Induced Obesity
			13.1.2.2 Glutamate Induced Obesity
			13.1.2.3 Other Models
				Db/db Mouse
				Ob/ob Mouse
	13.2 Current Challenges and Future Perspective
	13.3 Conclusion
	References