Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems (IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Author Biographies
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Generation Expansion Planning
	Chapter 1 Introduction
		1.1 Electricity Outlook
		1.2 Renewables
		1.3 Power System Planning
	Chapter 2 Background on Generation Expansion Planning
		2.1 Methodology and Issues
		2.2 Formulation of the Least-Cost Generation Expansion Planning Problem
	Chapter 3 Cost Assessment and Methodologies in Generation Expansion Planning
		3.1 Basic Cost Concepts
			3.1.1 Annual Effective Discount Rate
			3.1.2 Present Value
			3.1.3 Relationship Between Salvage Value and Depreciation Cost
		3.2 Methodologies
			3.2.1 Dynamic Programming
			3.2.2 Linear Programming
				3.2.2.1 Investment Cost (Capital Cost)
				3.2.2.2 Operating Cost
				3.2.2.3 LP Formula
			3.2.3 Integer Programming
			3.2.4 Multi-objective Linear Programming
			3.2.5 Genetic Algorithm
			3.2.6 Game Theory
			3.2.7 Reliability Worth
			3.2.8 Maximum Principle
		3.3 Conventional Approach for Load Modeling
			3.3.1 Load Duration Curve
	Chapter 4 Load Model and Generation Expansion Planning
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Analytical Approach for Long-Term Generation Expansion Planning
			4.2.1 Representation of Random Load Fluctuations
			4.2.2 Available Generation Capacities
			4.2.3 Expected Plant Outputs
			4.2.4 Expected Annual Energy
			4.2.5 Reliability Measures
				4.2.5.1 Expected Annual Unserved Energy
				4.2.5.2 Annual Loss-of-Load Probability
			4.2.6 Expected Annual Cost
			4.2.7 Expected Marginal Values
		4.3 Optimal Utilization of Hydro Resources
			4.3.1 Introduction
			4.3.2 Conventional Peak-Shaving Operation and its Problems
			4.3.3 Peak-Shaving Operation Based on Analytical Production Costing Model
				4.3.3.1 Basic Concept
				4.3.3.2 Peak-Shaving Operation Problem
			4.3.4 Optimization Procedure for Peak-Shaving Operation
		4.4 Long-Range Generation Expansion Planning
			4.4.1 Statement of Long-Range Generation Expansion Planning Problem
				4.4.1.1 Master Problem and Basic Subproblems
				4.4.1.2 Hydro Subproblem
			4.4.2 Optimization Procedures
		4.5 Case Studies
			4.5.1 Test for Accuracy of Formulas
			4.5.2 Test for Solution Convergence and Computing Efficiency
		4.6 Conclusion
	Chapter 5 Probabilistic Production Simulation Model
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Effective Load Distribution Curve
		5.3 Case Studies
			5.3.1 Case Study I: Sample System I With One 30MW Generator Only
			5.3.2 Case Study II: Sample System II With One 10MW Generator Only
			5.3.3 Case Study III: Sample System III With Two Generators – 30 and 10MW
		5.4 Probabilistic Production Simulation Algorithm
			5.4.1 Hartley Transform
		5.5 Supply Reserve Rate
	Chapter 6 Decision Maker´s Satisfaction Using Fuzzy Set Theory
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Fuzzy Dynamic Programming
		6.3 Best Generation Mix
			6.3.1 Problem Statement
			6.3.2 Objective Functions
			6.3.3 Constraints
			6.3.4 Membership Functions
			6.3.5 The Proposed Fuzzy Dynamic Programming-Based Solution Procedure
		6.4 Case Study
			6.4.1 Results and Discussion
		6.5 Conclusion
	Chapter 7 Best Generation Mix Considering Air Pollution Constraints
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Concept of Flexible Planning
		7.3 LP Formulation of the Best Generation Mix
			7.3.1 Problem Statement
			7.3.2 Objective Functions
		7.4 Fuzzy LP Formulation of Flexible Generation Mix
			7.4.1 The Optimal Decision Theory by Fuzzy Set Theory
			7.4.2 The Function of Fuzzy Linear Programming
		7.5 Case Studies
			7.5.1 Results by Non-Fuzzy Model
			7.5.2 Results by Fuzzy Model
		7.6 Conclusion
	Chapter 8 Generation System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 LP Formulation of the Best Generation Mix
			8.2.1 Problem Statement
			8.2.2 Objective Function and Constraints
		8.3 Fuzzy LP Formulation of Flexible Generation Mix
			8.3.1 The Optimal Decision Theory by Fuzzy Set Theory
			8.3.2 The Function of Fuzzy Linear Programming
		8.4 Case Studies
			8.4.1 Test Results
			8.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis
				8.4.2.1 Capacity Factor of WTG and SCG
		8.5 Conclusion
	Chapter 9 Reliability Evaluation for Power System Planning with Wind Generators and Multi-Energy Storage Systems
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Probabilistic Reliability Evaluation by Monte Carlo Simulation
			9.2.1 Probabilistic Operation Model of Generator 1
			9.2.2 Probabilistic Operation Model of Generator 2
		9.3 Probabilistic Output Prediction Model of WTG
		9.4 Multi-Energy Storage System Operational Model
			9.4.1 Constraints of ESS control (EUi,k)
		9.5 Multi-ESS Operation Rule
			9.5.1 Discharging Mode
			9.5.2 Charging Mode
		9.6 Reliability Evaluation with Energy Storage System
		9.7 Case Studies
			9.7.1 Power System of Jeju Island
			9.7.2 Reliability Evaluation of Single-ESS
			9.7.3 Reliability Evaluation of Multi-ESS
			9.7.4 Comparison of System A and System B
		9.8 Conclusion
		9.A Appendices
			9.A.1 Single-ESS Model
			9.A.2 Multi-ESS Model
			9.A.3 Operation of Multi-ESS Models
			9.A.4 A Comparative Analysis of Single-ESS and Multi-ESS Models
	Chapter 10 Genetic Algorithm for Generation Expansion Planning and Reactive Power Planning
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Generation Expansion Planning
		10.3 The Least-Cost GEP Problem
		10.4 Simple Genetic Algorithm
			10.4.1 String Representation
			10.4.2 Genetic Operations
		10.5 Improved GA for the Least-Cost GEP
			10.5.1 String Structure
			10.5.2 Fitness Function
			10.5.3 Creation of an Artificial Initial Population
			10.5.4 Stochastic Crossover, Elitism, and Mutation
		10.6 Case Studies
			10.6.1 Test Systems´ Description
			10.6.2 Parameters for GEP and IGA
			10.6.3 Numerical Results
			10.6.4 Summary
		10.7 Reactive Power Planning
		10.8 Decomposition of Reactive Power Planning Problem
			10.8.1 Investment-Operation Problem
			10.8.2 Benders Decomposition Formulation
		10.9 Solution Algorithm for VAR Planning
		10.10 Simulation Results
			10.10.1 The 6-bus System
			10.10.2 IEEE 30-bus System
			10.10.3 Summary
		10.11 Conclusion
	References
Part II Transmission System Expansion Planning
	Chapter 11 Transmission Expansion Planning Problem
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Long-Term Transmission Expansion Planning
		11.3 Yearly Transmission Expansion Planning
			11.3.1 Power Flow Model
			11.3.2 Optimal Operation Cost Model
			11.3.3 Probability of Line Failures
			11.3.4 Expected Operation Cost
			11.3.5 Annual Expected Operation Cost
		11.4 Long-Term Transmission Planning Problem
			11.4.1 Long-Term Transmission Planning Model
			11.4.2 Solution Technique for the Planning Problem
		11.5 Case Study
		11.6 Conclusion
	Chapter 12 Models and Methodologies
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Problem
		12.3 Cost Evaluation for TEP Considering Electricity Market
		12.4 Model Development History for TEP Problem
		12.5 General DC Power Flow-Based Formulation of TEP Problem
			12.5.1 Linear Programming
			12.5.2 Dynamic Programming
			12.5.3 Integer Programming (IP)
			12.5.4 Genetic Algorithm by Mixed Integer Programming (MIP)
		12.6 Branch and Bound Algorithm
			12.6.1 Branch and Bound Algorithm and Flow Chart
			12.6.2 Sample System Study by Branch and Bound
	Chapter 13 Probabilistic Production Cost Simulation for TEP
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Modeling of Extended Effective Load for Composite Power System
		13.3 Probability Distribution Function of the Synthesized Fictitious Equivalent Generator
		13.4 Reliability Evaluation and Probabilistic Production Cost Simulation at Load Points
		13.5 Case Studies
			13.5.1 Numerical Calculation of a Simple Example
			13.5.2 Case Study: Modified Roy Billinton Test System
		13.6 Conclusion
	Chapter 14 Reliability Constraints
		14.1 Deterministic Reliability Constraint Using Contingency Constraints
			14.1.1 Introduction
			14.1.2 Transmission Expansion Planning Problem
			14.1.3 Maximum Flow Under Contingency Analysis for Security Constraint
			14.1.4 Alternative Types of Contingency Criteria
			14.1.5 Solution Algorithm
			14.1.6 Case Studies
			14.1.7 Conclusion
		Appendix
		14.2 Deterministic Reliability Constraints
			14.2.1 Introduction
			14.2.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Problem
			14.2.3 Maximum Flow Under Contingency Analysis for Security Constraint
			14.2.4 Solution Algorithm
			14.2.5 Case Studies
			14.2.6 Conclusion
		14.3 Probabilistic Reliability Constraints
			14.3.1 Introduction
			14.3.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Problem
			14.3.3 Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation
			14.3.4 Solution Algorithm
			14.3.5 Case Study
			14.3.6 Conclusion
		14.4 Outage Cost Constraints
			14.4.1 Introduction
			14.4.2 The Objective Function
			14.4.3 Constraints
			14.4.4 Outage Cost Assessment of Transmission System
			14.4.5 Reliability Evaluation of Transmission System
			14.4.6 Outage Cost Assessment
			14.4.7 Solution Algorithm
			14.4.8 Case Study
			14.4.9 Conclusion
		14.5 Deterministic–Probabilistic (D–P) Criteria
	Chapter 15 Fuzzy Decision Making for TEP
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Fuzzy Transmission Expansion Planning Problem
		15.3 Equivalent Crisp Integer Programming and Branch and Bound Method
		15.4 Membership Functions
		15.5 Solution Algorithm
		15.6 Testing
			15.6.1 Discussion of Results
			15.6.2 Solution Sensitivity to Reliability Criterion
			15.6.3 Sensitivity to Budget for Construction Cost
		15.7 Case Study
		15.8 Conclusion
		15.A Appendix
		15.A.1 Network Modeling of Power System
		15.A.2 Definition
		15.A.3 Fuzzy Integer Programming (FIP)
	Chapter 16 Optimal Reliability Criteria for TEP
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Probabilistic Optimal Reliability Criterion
			16.2.1 Introduction
			16.2.2 Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination
			16.2.3 Optimal Composite Power System Expansion Planning
				16.2.3.1 The Objective Function
				16.2.3.2 Constraints
			16.2.4 Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation and Outage Cost Assessment
				16.2.4.1 Reliability Evaluation at HLI
				16.2.4.2 Reliability Evaluation at HLII (Composite Power System)
				16.2.4.3 Flow Chart of the Proposed Methodology for Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination in Transmission System Expansion Planning
			16.2.5 Case Study
			16.2.6 Conclusion
		16.3 Deterministic Reliability Criterion for Composite Power System Expansion Planning
			16.3.1 Introduction
			16.3.2 Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination
			16.3.3 Optimal Composite Power System Expansion Planning
				16.3.3.1 Composite Power System Expansion Planning Formulation in CmExpP.For
				16.3.3.2 Flow Chart
			16.3.4 Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation
				16.3.4.1 Reliability Indices at Load Points
				16.3.4.2 Reliability Indices of the Bulk System
			16.3.5 DMR Evaluation using Maximum Flow Method
			16.3.6 Flow Chart of Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination
			16.3.7 Case Study
				16.3.7.1 Basic Input Data
				16.3.7.2 Results of Construction Costs of Cases
				16.3.7.3 Reliability Evaluation
			16.3.8 Conclusion
	Chapter 17 Probabilistic Reliability-Based Expansion Planning with Wind Turbine Generators
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 The Multistate Operation Model of WTG
			17.2.1WTG Power Output Model
			17.2.2Wind Speed Model
			17.2.3The Multistate Model of WTG using Normal Probability Distribution Function
		17.3 Reliability Evaluation of a Composite Power System with WTG
			17.3.1Reliability Indices at Load Buses
			17.3.2System Reliability Indices
		17.4 Case Study
		17.5 Conclusion
		17.A Appendix
	Chapter 18 Probabilistic Reliability-Based HVDC Expansion Planning with Wind Turbine Generators
		18.1 The Status of HVDC
		18.2 HVDC Technology for Energy Efficiency and Grid Reliability
		18.3 HVDC Impacts on Transmission System Reliability
		18.4 Case Study
	References
Index
EULA