Pro Oracle Database 11g RAC on Linux, 2nd Edition: Installation, Administration, Performance

Prelim......Page 1
Contents at a Glance......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
About the Author......Page 23
About the Technical Reviewer......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 25
Introducing Oracle Real Application Clusters......Page 27
Examining the RAC Architecture......Page 29
Deploying RAC......Page 30
Making Failover Seamless......Page 31
Scoping Various Levels of Scalability......Page 32
Scaling Vertically vs. Horizontally......Page 33
Achieving Manageability Through Consolidation......Page 34
Enabling Database Consolidation......Page 35
Choosing RAC vs. SMP......Page 36
Factoring in the Additional Hardware Cost......Page 37
Clustering with Oracle on Linux......Page 39
Understanding the Role of Unix......Page 42
Liberating Software......Page 43
Developing Linux......Page 44
Expanding the Concept of Free with Open Source......Page 45
Combining Oracle, Open Source, and Linux......Page 46
Drilling Down on Unbreakable Linux......Page 47
Creating and Growing Red Hat Enterprise Linux......Page 48
Extending Red Hat with Oracle Enterprise Linux......Page 49
Drilling Down on SuSE Linux Enterprise Server......Page 50
Summary......Page 51
Configuring Active/active Clusters......Page 53
Configuring a Shared-All Architecture......Page 54
Working with Cluster Nodes......Page 55
Using an Ethernet-based Interconnect......Page 56
Clusterware/Grid Infrastructure......Page 57
Planning a RAC Installation......Page 59
Choosing a Process Structure......Page 60
Configuring Network Components......Page 63
Implementing the Oracle Cluster Registry and Oracle Local Registry......Page 64
Leveraging Automatic Storage Management......Page 65
Working with ASM Disks......Page 67
Weighing Your ASM Installation and Administration Options......Page 69
Sorting Through Your Installation Options......Page 70
Storing Information in Control Files......Page 71
Leveraging Online Redo Logs and Archiving......Page 72
Weighing Storage Options for RAC Databases......Page 73
Drilling Down on a RAC Database Instance......Page 74
Using the Global Resource Directory (GRD)......Page 75
Managing Global Enqueues with Global Enqueue Services (GES)......Page 76
Transferring Data Between Instances with Cache Fusion......Page 77
Exploring the New Features of 11g Release 2......Page 78
Leveraging Grid Plug and Play......Page 79
Modeling Resources with Server Pools......Page 81
Ensuring POSIX Compliance with ACFS......Page 82
Using Oracle Restart Instead of RAC......Page 83
Simplifying Clusterd Database Access with SCAN Listener......Page 85
Summary......Page 86
Availability Considerations......Page 89
Deciding the Number of Nodes......Page 91
Oracle RAC One Node......Page 92
Online Maintenance and Patching......Page 93
Patching Real Application Clusters Using opatch......Page 95
Rolling Patch Mode......Page 97
Instance Recovery in RAC......Page 98
Database Recovery......Page 99
Failover Considerations......Page 100
Failover Modes......Page 101
Fast Connection Failover and Fast Application Notification......Page 102
Scalability Considerations......Page 103
Scalability Enhancers......Page 104
Scalability Inhibitors......Page 105
Standby Databases......Page 107
Introduction to Oracle Standby Databases......Page 108
Types of Standby Database......Page 109
Logical Standby Database......Page 110
Active Data Guard......Page 111
Role Transitions......Page 112
The Data Guard Broker......Page 114
Extended Distance Clusters......Page 116
Oracle Streams......Page 117
Streams Processing......Page 118
Oracle Streams Prerequisites......Page 119
Cluster Topologies......Page 120
Summary......Page 121
Hardware......Page 123
Oracle Availability......Page 124
x86 Processor Fundamentals......Page 125
x86-64......Page 128
Multicore Processors and Hyper-Threading......Page 129
CPU Cache......Page 132
CPU Power Management......Page 134
Virtualization......Page 136
Virtual Memory......Page 137
Physical Memory......Page 138
NUMA......Page 141
Additional Platform Features......Page 150
Machine Check Architectures......Page 151
Network Interconnect Technologies......Page 152
PCI......Page 153
PCI-Express......Page 154
Standard Ethernet Interconnects......Page 156
Fully Redundant Ethernet Interconnects......Page 157
Infiniband......Page 160
Storage Technologies......Page 161
Read Activity......Page 162
Write Activity......Page 163
Asynchronous I/O and Direct I/O......Page 166
Hard Disk and Solid State Disk Drive Performance......Page 168
RAID......Page 172
RAID 0 Striping......Page 173
RAID 10 Striped Mirrors......Page 174
RAID 0+1 Mirrored Stripes......Page 175
RAID 5......Page 176
Storage Cache......Page 177
Storage Protocols for Linux......Page 178
SCSI......Page 179
Fibre Channel and FCoE......Page 182
iSCSI......Page 183
SATA......Page 184
Linux I/O Scheduling......Page 185
Evaluating Storage Performance......Page 187
Summary......Page 189
Virtualization Definition and Benefits......Page 191
Oracle VM Server Architecture......Page 194
Paravirtualization......Page 195
Full Virtualization......Page 198
Oracle VM Design......Page 200
Oracle VM Server Installation......Page 204
Oracle VM Manager Installation......Page 209
Oracle VM CLI Installation and Configuration......Page 212
Network Configuration......Page 213
Server Pool Configuration......Page 218
Configuring Shared Storage......Page 221
Cluster Configuration......Page 223
Installing and Configuring Guests......Page 234
Importing a Template......Page 235
Creating a Guest from a Template......Page 236
Accessing a Guest......Page 238
Configuring a Guest for RAC......Page 240
Oracle VM Agent......Page 242
Oracle VM Manager......Page 244
Oracle VM Manager CLI......Page 246
Displaying Information......Page 248
Managing Domains......Page 251
Managing Resources......Page 253
Summary......Page 256
Selecting the Right Linux Software......Page 257
Reviewing the Hardware Requirements......Page 258
Configuring a GNS or a Manual IP......Page 259
Configuring DNS and DHCP......Page 262
Preparing for a Network Install......Page 269
Anaconda Installation......Page 273
Creating a Default Partitioning Scheme......Page 274
Creating an MBR Partition......Page 277
Customized Partitioning......Page 278
Configuring Swap Space......Page 279
Configuring RAID......Page 280
Configuring the Boot Loader and Network......Page 285
Selecting a Time Zone......Page 286
Selecting a Package Group......Page 287
Configuring SELinux......Page 289
Setting the Date and Time......Page 290
Configuring Oracle Enterprise Linux 5......Page 291
Configuring YUM......Page 292
Running the Oracle Validated RPM......Page 293
Using the up2date Command......Page 295
Creating the Oracle User and Groups......Page 296
Configuring Kernel Parameters......Page 298
Working with Shared Memory......Page 299
Using Semaphores......Page 301
Setting Network Parameters......Page 302
Setting the Number of Open Files......Page 303
Using Magic SysRq Keys......Page 305
Setting PAM Limits......Page 306
Setting Kernel Boot Parameters......Page 307
Setting the Huge Pages Kernel Parameter......Page 308
I/O Fencing and the Hangcheck-Timer Kernel Module......Page 310
Creating the Oracle Software Directories......Page 311
Setting Environment Variables......Page 312
Putting Environment Variables to Work......Page 317
Configuring Hostnames and Name Resolution......Page 318
Using NTP......Page 319
Configuring Secure Shell......Page 321
Configuring Shared Storage......Page 324
Discovering and Configuring SAN Disk......Page 325
Partitioning Disks......Page 326
I/O Multipathing with Device-Mapper......Page 330
Preparing the Partitions for ASM with ASMLIB......Page 334
Preparing the Partitions for ASM with udev......Page 335
Network Channel Bonding......Page 339
I/O Fencing with IPMI......Page 343
Summary......Page 348
Obtain Software Distribution......Page 349
Starting an X environment in a console window......Page 350
Starting an X environment using VNC......Page 351
Advanced Installation Manual Configuration......Page 353
Network Configuration......Page 354
DNS Configuration......Page 355
Choosing an Installation Option......Page 356
Selecting an Advanced or Typical Installation Type......Page 358
Selecting a Language......Page 359
Configuring the Grid Plug and Play......Page 360
Configuring the Cluster Node Information Page......Page 362
Configuring the Network Interface Usage Page......Page 363
Configuring the Storage Option Information Page......Page 364
Creating an ASM Disk Group......Page 366
Specifying an ASM Password......Page 367
Configuring Privileged Operating System Groups......Page 368
Setting the Installation Location......Page 370
Performing Prerequisite Checks......Page 371
Identifying Typical Errors......Page 372
Getting More Detail......Page 373
Fixup Scripts......Page 374
Anatomy of Fixup Scripts......Page 375
Addressing Failed Checks......Page 376
Reviewing the Summary Page......Page 377
Reviewing Execute Configuration Scripts......Page 378
Execution Order......Page 379
Executing the root.sh script......Page 380
Monitoring Configuration Assistants......Page 385
Configuring a Network Configuration......Page 386
Configuring DNS......Page 388
Configuring DHCP......Page 389
Setting up the Grid Plug and Play Information Page......Page 390
Configuring the Cluster Node Information Page......Page 391
The Summary Page......Page 392
Choosing the Installation Type......Page 393
Specifying the Cluster Configuration Page......Page 394
Install Locations Page......Page 395
Reviewing the Summary Page for a Typical Installation......Page 396
Installing a Standalone Server......Page 397
Selecting an Installation Option......Page 398
Reviewing the Summary Page for a Standalone Installation......Page 399
Configuring the Execute Configuration Scripts......Page 401
Deinstalling the Grid Infrastructure Software......Page 402
Summary......Page 403
Introducing Clusterware......Page 405
Examining the Hardware and Software Requirements......Page 406
Storing Cluster Information with the Oracle Cluster Registry......Page 407
Fencing with the Voting Disk......Page 408
Recording Information with the Grid Plug and Play Profile......Page 409
Grid Infrastructure Software Stacks......Page 410
Drilling Down on the High Availability Stack......Page 411
Drilling Down on the Cluster Ready Services Stack......Page 412
Using Grid Infrastructure Agents......Page 414
Initiating the Startup Sequence......Page 415
Managing Oracle Clusterware......Page 417
Using the Clusterware Control Utility......Page 418
Managing Resources with srvctl......Page 421
Verifying the Cluster with the CVU......Page 422
Dumping Contents of the OCR with ocrdump......Page 426
Defining Server-Side Callouts......Page 427
Managing Resource Profiles......Page 429
Configuring Active/Passive Clustering for Oracle Database......Page 430
Configuring Active/Passive Clustering for Apache Tomcat......Page 435
Using Oracle Restart......Page 439
Resolving Startup Issues......Page 441
Failing to Start OHAS......Page 442
Failing to Start Agents Created by OHAS......Page 444
Failing to Start the Cluster Synchronization Services Daemon......Page 445
Failing to Start the Cluster Ready Services Daemon......Page 446
Agents spawned by CRSD......Page 447
Patching Grid Infrastructure......Page 448
Adding Nodes......Page 452
Executing the addNode.sh Script......Page 453
Finishing the Node Addition......Page 455
Adding the RDBMS Software......Page 457
Deleting Nodes......Page 458
Removing the Clustered RDBMS Home......Page 459
Removing the Node from the Cluster......Page 461
Exploring More Advanced Topics......Page 463
Selecting non-Default Listener Ports......Page 464
Selecting a non-Default SCAN Listener Endpoint......Page 467
Changing the SCAN After Installation......Page 468
Maintaining Voting Disks......Page 469
Restoring Voting Disks......Page 470
Moving Voting Disks into ASM......Page 471
Dealing With a Corrupt or Inaccessible OLR......Page 473
Dealing with a Corrupt or Inaccessible OCR......Page 475
Moving the OCR into ASM......Page 477
Summary......Page 478
Introducing ASM......Page 481
ASM Terminology......Page 482
Supported File Types......Page 483
ASM and RDBMS Support......Page 484
ASM Instances......Page 485
SGA......Page 486
Background Processes......Page 487
Parameters......Page 489
Failure Groups......Page 490
Naming Files......Page 491
Understanding Extents, Allocation Units, Types, and Templates......Page 492
Striping......Page 494
Intelligent Data Placement......Page 495
Understanding Access Privileges......Page 496
Preparing the ASM Disk Group......Page 497
Changing File Ownership and Permissions......Page 499
Creating an ASM Disk Group......Page 501
Extending an ASM Disk Group......Page 504
Dropping Disks from an ASM Disk Group......Page 505
Understanding the ASM Header......Page 506
Installing the Grid Infrastructure......Page 507
ASM Cluster File System......Page 508
Creating and Mounting an ACFS Using ASMCA......Page 510
Creating and Mounting an ACFS Using the Command Line......Page 517
Maintaining the ACFS......Page 520
Administering ASM......Page 522
Knowing Your Options......Page 523
Dealing with Connected Clients......Page 524
ASM Administration Using SRVCTL......Page 525
Accessing Files in ASM......Page 526
Using Files Instead of Devices......Page 527
Virtualization and Shared Disks......Page 528
Summary......Page 529
Start the Installer......Page 531
Configuring the Installation Options Page......Page 532
Configuring the Node Selection Page......Page 533
Configuring the Product Language Selection Page......Page 534
Configuring the Database Editions Page......Page 535
Configuring the Installation Locations Page......Page 536
Configuring the Privileged Operating Systems Group Page......Page 537
Reviewing the Summary Page......Page 538
Executing Configuration Scripts......Page 539
Configuring the Welcome Page......Page 540
Configuring the Operations Page......Page 541
Creating a Database......Page 542
Configuring the Database Templates Page......Page 543
Configuring the Database Identification Page (Admin-Managed)......Page 544
Configuring the Database Identification Page (Policy-Managed)......Page 545
Management Options Page......Page 547
Database Credentials Page......Page 548
Database File Locations Page......Page 549
Setting up the Recovery Configuration Page......Page 550
Configuring the Database Content Page......Page 551
Configuring the Standard Database Components Page......Page 552
Configuring the Initializations Parameters Page......Page 554
Configuring the Database Storage Page......Page 558
Configuring the Creation Options Page......Page 560
Reviewing the Summary Page......Page 561
Configuring the Database Options......Page 562
Deleting a Database......Page 564
Building Database Creation Scripts......Page 565
Setting up Admin-Managed Database Scripts......Page 566
Executing the ADMIN1.sh Script......Page 567
Creating the ADMIN1.sql Script......Page 568
Generating the init.ora File......Page 570
Executing the CreateDB.sql Script......Page 571
Executing the CreateDBFiles.sql Script......Page 572
Executing the CreateDBCatalog.sql Script......Page 573
Executing the ordinst.sql Script......Page 574
Executing the apex.sql Script......Page 575
Executing the postDBCreation.sql Script......Page 576
Building Policy-Managed Database Scripts......Page 578
Executing the POLICY_1.sql Script......Page 579
Executing the init.ora File for a Policy-Managed Database......Page 580
Deinstalling the RDBMS Software......Page 581
Summary......Page 583
Introducing Services......Page 585
Creating an Administrator Managed Database vs. Policy-Managed Database......Page 586
Managing Services with the Database Scheduler......Page 587
Using Services with Shared Server......Page 589
Managing Services with SRVCTL......Page 590
Managing Services with Enterprise Manager......Page 595
Balancing the Workload......Page 598
Configuring Client-Side Load Balancing......Page 599
Configuring Server-Side Load Balancing......Page 600
Exploring the Load Advisory Framework......Page 602
Using Transparent Application Failover......Page 603
Configuring Transparent Application Failover......Page 604
Using TAF with JDBC Applications......Page 605
Implementing Fast Application Notification......Page 610
Implementing a Fast Connection Failover Example......Page 615
Establishing Connection Affinity......Page 621
Using the Resource Manager......Page 623
Caging an Instance......Page 626
Database Resident Connection Pool......Page 627
Summary......Page 630
Oracle Performance Monitoring......Page 633
Enterprise Manager Database Control......Page 634
The Cluster Tab......Page 635
The Performance Tab......Page 637
AWR Reports......Page 639
Interpreting the RAC Statistics of an AWR Report......Page 643
Top 5 Timed Foreground Events......Page 644
Global Cache and Enqueue Services Workload Characteristics......Page 645
Cluster Interconnect......Page 646
Wait Event Histogram......Page 647
RAC-Related Segment Statistics......Page 648
Library Cache Activity (RAC)......Page 649
Global Current Served Statistics......Page 650
Global Cache Transfer Statistics......Page 651
Dynamic Remastering Statistics......Page 652
Active Session History......Page 653
Controlling ADDM......Page 655
AWR SQL Report......Page 657
Performance Monitoring Using SQL*Plus......Page 658
Segment Statistics......Page 659
Global Caches Services: Consistent and Current Reads......Page 661
Global Cache Services: Current Block Activity......Page 663
Global Enqueue Service......Page 666
Library Cache......Page 667
Lock Conversions......Page 668
Automatic Diagnostic Repository......Page 670
Summary......Page 678
The uptime and last Commands......Page 679
The ps Command......Page 680
The free Command......Page 681
The /proc File System......Page 682
The /sys/devices/system/node File System......Page 683
The pmap Command......Page 684
top......Page 686
vmstat......Page 688
strace......Page 689
Looking at Interface Statistics......Page 690
Listening Socket Statistics......Page 691
Reporting on Socket Statistics Using ss......Page 692
Capturing and Displaying Network Packets......Page 693
iostat......Page 694
mpstat......Page 695
Configuring sar......Page 696
Invoking sar Directly......Page 697
Graphing the Results......Page 698
Installing the Oracle Cluster Health Monitor......Page 700
Starting and Stopping the Oracle Cluster Health Monitor......Page 703
Installing the Client-Side GUI......Page 704
Viewing Current and Captured Activity......Page 705
Installing OSWatcher......Page 706
Stopping OSWatcher......Page 707
Viewing Results Graphically......Page 708
nmon......Page 709
Summary......Page 711
Parallel Execution......Page 713
Serial Execution......Page 714
Parallel Execution......Page 715
Producers and Consumers......Page 717
Bloom Filters......Page 722
Partitioning......Page 724
db_block_size, db_cache_size, and db_file_multiblock_read_count......Page 726
instance_groups and parallel_instance_group......Page 727
parallel_adaptive_multi_user......Page 728
parallel_degree_limit......Page 729
Automatic Degree of Parallelism......Page 730
Statement Queuing......Page 731
In-memory Parallel Execution......Page 732
parallel_force_local......Page 733
parallel_min_percent......Page 734
AWR Reports......Page 735
SQL*Plus......Page 739
Trace Files......Page 740
Summary......Page 741
Upgrading Grid Infrastructure Components......Page 743
Installing the Prerequisites......Page 744
Running the Installer......Page 745
Specifying Options......Page 746
Running the Upgrade......Page 751
Upgrading RAC Software......Page 755
Running the Installer......Page 756
Running Configuration Scripts......Page 758
Identifying the Upgrade Path......Page 760
Testing the Upgrade Process......Page 761
Running the pre-Upgrade Tool......Page 762
Saving Current Database Parameters......Page 767
Backing up the Database......Page 768
Upgrading Automatically with DBUA......Page 769
Upgrading a Database Manually......Page 778
Preparing the Parameter Files......Page 780
Running the Catalog Upgrade Script......Page 781
Configuring SPFILE......Page 782
Running the post-Upgrade Status Tool......Page 783
Running post-Upgrade Scripts......Page 784
Recompiling Invalid Packages......Page 786
Updating the Oracle Cluster Registry......Page 788
Setting the Initialization Parameters for the New Release......Page 789
Completing Mandatory post-Upgrade Tasks......Page 790
Performing the Recommended Tasks......Page 791
Resolving Problems in Mixed-Database Environments......Page 793
Using a Swing Kit......Page 794
Summary......Page 795
and Numbers......Page 797
. A......Page 798
. B......Page 801
. C......Page 802
. D......Page 806
. E......Page 809
. F......Page 810
. G......Page 811
. H......Page 813
. I......Page 814
. K......Page 817
. L......Page 818
. M......Page 819
. N......Page 821
. O......Page 822
. P......Page 825
. R......Page 829
. S......Page 832
. T......Page 836
. U......Page 837
. V......Page 839
. X......Page 840
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