Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
Abbreviations......Page 17
Table of cases......Page 25
History of international organizations......Page 37
Pervasiveness of international organizations......Page 42
Classifications......Page 45
The concept of international institutional law......Page 49
The nature of international institutional law......Page 51
The sources of the law......Page 56
Methodology......Page 57
2 Interpretation of texts......Page 60
Who may interpret......Page 61
Difficulties with predictability......Page 69
Article II of the IBRD Articles of Agreement......Page 70
First Admissions Case......Page 71
Article 14 of ICJ Statute......Page 72
Expenses Case......Page 74
The Vienna Convention of 1969......Page 75
Supplementary means of interpretation......Page 76
The jurisprudence......Page 78
The object and purpose – teleology......Page 80
Subsequent practice......Page 85
Intention of the parties – travaux préparatoires......Page 92
Evaluation......Page 95
Decisions of non-judicial organs......Page 97
3 Legal personality......Page 102
The rationale for personality......Page 103
Personality at a non-international level......Page 105
Attribution of international personality......Page 113
Objective personality......Page 122
The consequences of international personality......Page 128
Particular powers......Page 136
Admission to membership......Page 141
Continuity, Creation and Succession of States......Page 147
Suspension......Page 150
Withdrawal......Page 153
Expulsion......Page 157
Disappearance or loss of essential characteristics......Page 160
Representation......Page 161
5 Non-Judicial organs of organizations......Page 167
Composition......Page 168
Powers......Page 171
Composition......Page 173
Powers......Page 174
Subsidiary organs......Page 175
Relationship inter se of principal organs......Page 178
Voting......Page 184
Administrative organs......Page 190
6 Acts of non-judicial organs: their legal effect......Page 196
Institutional or organizational acts......Page 199
Operational acts......Page 204
Binding acts......Page 208
Recommendations......Page 211
Duty to consider......Page 213
Duty to co-operate......Page 214
Duty to comply......Page 216
Duty to assist......Page 219
Authorization for action......Page 220
Basis for implementation......Page 221
Evidence for formation of law......Page 222
Other forms of resolutions......Page 223
7 Acts of non-judicial organs: the doctrine of ultra vires......Page 229
The problem and relevance of final adjudication......Page 235
The content of the doctrine of ultra vires......Page 244
Forms of organs......Page 253
Qualities of judicial organs flowing from the nature of the judicial power......Page 260
History of the concept of ‘fundamental principles’......Page 263
Deductions......Page 270
Implications of the fundamentality of certain general principles of law......Page 272
Qualifications of judges and conditions for selection......Page 274
Emoluments of judges......Page 281
Reappointment of judges......Page 284
Conflict of interest......Page 286
The registry......Page 290
Legislative powers of the creating authority......Page 293
Concluding observations......Page 294
The status of judicial organs......Page 297
Subsidiarity......Page 302
Subordination......Page 303
Conclusion......Page 305
The internal law......Page 307
Development......Page 311
Need for an independent system of law......Page 313
The internal law as the governing law......Page 315
The nature of the employment relationship......Page 316
Sources of the law......Page 318
Agreements......Page 319
Constituent instruments......Page 321
Staff regulations, staff rules and written sources......Page 322
General principles of law......Page 324
Practice of the organization......Page 326
Other sources......Page 328
The hierarchy of sources......Page 330
Review of the exercise of powers......Page 335
Discrimination and improper motive......Page 339
Substantive irregularity......Page 340
Procedural irregularities......Page 341
Limitations on the power of amendment......Page 342
10 Privileges and immunities......Page 351
The conventional law......Page 353
Immunity from jurisdiction......Page 356
Property, assets and currency......Page 364
Premises and archives......Page 366
Communications......Page 371
Privileges and immunities of personnel......Page 373
Representatives of member states......Page 374
Officials......Page 377
Other persons......Page 379
Customary law......Page 380
Claiming immunity and waiver......Page 384
Abuse......Page 386
11 Financing......Page 388
The budget process......Page 391
Internal audit......Page 393
External audit......Page 394
Obligatory contributions......Page 395
Limitations on apportionment......Page 398
Self-financing......Page 400
Expenses......Page 401
‘Expenses’ are not limited to expenditures under the ‘administrative’ budget of the UN......Page 406
‘Expenses’ do not exclude expenditures resulting from operations for the maintenance of international peace and security......Page 407
Expenditures incurred under acts that were ultra vires, because they did not conform to the Charter in an essential…......Page 408
The obligation to pay......Page 411
The obligation to approve the budget......Page 415
12 Responsibility to and of international organizations......Page 420
Law governing relations between international organizations and other parties......Page 422
Substantive rights in general......Page 426
Rights in regard to staff......Page 429
The right to bring claims at international law......Page 430
Responsibility of international organizations......Page 435
Substantive obligations......Page 436
The defendant......Page 442
13 The liability of member states vis-à-vis third parties......Page 443
The governing law and problems with the forum......Page 444
The importance of the organization’s having personality......Page 448
The liability of members......Page 449
Transactions on the international plane......Page 450
Primary and direct liability......Page 453
Liability based on agency......Page 454
Secondary or concurrent liability......Page 456
Text writers......Page 457
Practice......Page 461
The case law......Page 467
General principles of law......Page 472
Deductions......Page 474
The rationale for the better view of the applicable principle......Page 476
The relationship between the organization and members......Page 480
Conclusion......Page 481
14 Amendment of constitutions......Page 483
Express constitutional provision......Page 484
Principles in customary law......Page 487
Analysis of special provisions......Page 490
The consent principle......Page 491
The two principles combined......Page 492
The consequences of an effective amendment......Page 493
Variation......Page 495
Interpretation and amendment......Page 496
Practice and amendment......Page 497
15 Dissolution and succession......Page 500
Dissolution......Page 501
Express provisions for dissolution......Page 502
No express provisions for dissolution......Page 503
Consequences of dissolution......Page 507
Succession......Page 509
16 The settlement of disputes......Page 515
(1) Disputes between states and organizations or between organizations......Page 516
(a) The relevance of the rule of local remedies......Page 518
(b) Diplomatic protection of staff members by national states......Page 523
(c) The institution of claims by organizations......Page 524
(a) Settlement by administrative organs......Page 525
(i) Authority......Page 528
(ii) Reasons......Page 530
(c) The structure of international administrative tribunals......Page 531
(i) Jurisdiction in general......Page 533
(iii) Nature of decisions......Page 535
(iv) Reasoning in decisions......Page 537
(vi) Interpretation, rectification and review......Page 538
(vii) Enforcement of decisions......Page 539
(3) Settlement of disputes involving private parties, states or organizations at the national level......Page 540
(4) Disputes between member states before international organizations......Page 542
(a) Violations of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter......Page 543
(b) General powers of the UN under Chapter VI of the Charter......Page 546
Index......Page 548