Principles of spread-spectrum communication systems

Preface
Contents
1 Modulations and Channel Codes
	1.1 Modulations and Codeword Metrics
		Matched Filter
		Downconversion and Filtering
		Pulse Amplitude Modulation
		Binary and Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
		Orthogonal Modulation
		Differential Phase-Shift Keying
	1.2 Block Codes
		Hard-Decision Decoders
		Soft-Decision Decoders
		Performance Examples
	1.3 Convolutional and Trellis Codes
		Encoding and Decoding of Convolutional Codes
		Bit Error Probability for Viterbi Decoder
		Trellis-Coded Modulation
	1.4 Interleavers
	1.5 Code Combinations
		Classical Concatenated Codes
		Product Codes
	1.6 Turbo Codes
		BCJR Decoding Algorithm
		Turbo Codes with Parallel Component Codes
			Parallel Convolutional Codes
			Parallel Block Codes
			Turbo Trellis-Coded Modulation
		Serially Concatenated Turbo Codes
		Turbo Product Codes
	1.7 Iterative Demodulation and Decoding
	1.8 Simulation Examples
	1.9 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes
		Structured LDPC Codes
		LDPC Performance
	1.10 Problems
2 Direct-Sequence Systems
	2.1 Definitions and Concepts
	2.2 Spreading Sequences
		Shift-Register Sequences
		Maximal Sequences
		Characteristic Polynomials
		Autocorrelations and Power Spectra
		Walsh Sequences
	2.3 Long Nonlinear Sequences
		Susceptibility to Cryptanalysis
		Nonlinear Sequence Generators
	2.4 DS-BPSK System
		Tone Interference at Carrier Frequency
		General Tone Interference
		Gaussian Interference
	2.5 Quaternary Systems
		Dual Quaternary System
		Balanced QPSK System
		Complex Binary Spreading Sequences
		Power Spectral Densities
	2.6 Pulsed Interference and Decoding Metrics
	2.7 Noncoherent Systems
	2.8 Despreading with Bandpass Matched Filters
		Surface-Acoustic-Wave Filters
		Multipath-Resistant Coherent System
	2.9 Problems
3 Frequency-Hopping Systems
	3.1 Concepts and Characteristics
	3.2 Basic Data Modulations
		OSK
		DPSK
		π/4-DQPSK
	3.3 Partial-Band Interference
		Dependence on Data Modulation
		Examples of Impact
		Turbo and LDPC Codes
	3.4 CPM and CPFSK
		Modulations
		Multitone Jamming
	3.5 Power Spectral Densities of FH-CPM
	3.6 Digital Demodulation of FH-CPFSK
	3.7 Multisymbol Noncoherent Demodulation of CPFSK
	3.8 Hybrid Systems
	3.9 Frequency Synthesizers
		Direct Digital Synthesizer
		Indirect Frequency Synthesizers
		Multiple Loops
		Fractional-N Synthesizer
	3.10 Problems
4 Frequency and Timing Synchronization
	4.1 Synchronization of Direct-Sequence Signals
		Joint Frequency and Timing Synchronization
		Frequency Synchronization
		Timing Synchronization
	4.2 Rapid Timing Acquisition
		Matched-Filter Acquisition
		Sequential Estimator
	4.3 Serial-Search Acquisition
		Uniform Search with Uniform Distribution
		Consecutive-Count Double-Dwell System
		Single-Dwell and Matched-Filter Systems
		Up–Down Double-Dwell System
		Penalty Time
		Other Search Strategies
		Density of the Acquisition Time
		Alternative Analysis
	4.4 Acquisition Correlator
	4.5 Performance of Serial-Search Acquisition
	4.6 Sequential Acquisition
	4.7 Tracking
		Delay-Locked Loop
		Tau-Dither Loop
	4.8 Frequency-Hopping Synchronization
		Frequency Synchronization
		Pattern Synchronization
		Matched-Filter Acquisition
		Serial-Search Acquisition
		Pattern Tracking
	4.9 Problems
5 Adaptive Filters and Arrays
	5.1 Real and Complex Gradients
		Real Gradients
		Complex Gradients
	5.2 Adaptive Filters
		Optimal Weight Vector
		Method of Steepest Descent
		LMS Algorithm
			Convergence of the Mean
			Misadjustment
		Normalized LMS Algorithm
			Rayleigh Quotient
			Convergence of the Mean
			Misadjustment
	5.3 Rejection of Narrowband Interference
		Time-Domain Adaptive Filters
		Transform-Domain Filters
		Extension of Kalman Filter
		ACM Filter
		Adaptive ACM Filter
	5.4 Rejection of Wideband Interference
		Lagrange Multipliers
		Constrained Minimum-Power Criterion
		Frost Algorithm
			Convergence of the Mean
	5.5 Optimal Array
	5.6 Adaptive Array for Direct-Sequence Systems
		Derivation of Maximin Algorithm
		Implementation of the Adaptive Processor
			Adaptive Filter
		Convergence Analysis
		Simulation of Maximin Algorithm
	5.7 Adaptive Array for Frequency-Hopping Systems
		Initial and Main Processors
		Anticipative Adaptive Filters
		Simulation Experiments
	5.8 Problems
6 Fading and Diversity
	6.1 Path Loss, Shadowing, and Fading
	6.2 Characteristics of Fading
		Rayleigh, Ricean, and Nakagami Fading
		Time-Selective and Fast Fading
		Isotropic Scattering
		Fading Rate and Fade Duration for the Rayleigh Channel
		Frequency-Selective Fading
	6.3 Scattering Models
	6.4 Spatial Diversity
	6.5 Maximal-Ratio Combining
		Basic Method
		DS-BPSK and DS-QPSK
		Coherent DS-CSK
	6.6 Equal-Gain Combining
	6.7 Noncoherent Combining
		DPSK
		Noncoherent OSK
	6.8 Selection Combining
	6.9 Transmit Diversity
	6.10 Channel Codes and Fading
	6.11 Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation
	6.12 Rake Receiver
		DS-BPSK
		DS-DPSK
		Noncoherent DS-BCSK
		Effects of Multipath Components
	6.13 Frequency-Hopping Diversity
	6.14 Multicarrier Direct-Sequence Systems
	6.15 Single-Channel CDMA Systems
		Zero-Forcing Equalizer
		MRC Equalizer
		MMSE Equalizer
		Performance Analysis for Binary Symbols and BPSK
		Channel-State Estimator
		Peak-to-Average Ratio
	6.16 DS-CDMA-FDE Systems
		Zero-Forcing Equalizer
		MRC and MMSE Equalizers
		Performance Analysis for Binary Symbols and BPSK
		Channel-State Estimator
		Comparisons
	6.17 Problems
7 Code-Division Multiple Access
	7.1 Implications of Information Theory
	7.2 Short Spreading Sequences
		Periodic Correlations and Synchronous Signals
		Multirate Sequences
		Polyphase Sequences
		Welch Bound
		Gold and Kasami Sequences
		Aperiodic Sequences
		Complementary Codes
	7.3 Direct-Sequence Systems with ShortSpreading Sequences
		DS-BPSK Systems with Conventional Receivers
		Synchronous CDMA
		Asynchronous CDMA
	7.4 Alternative Spreading Systems
		Chaotic Spread-Spectrum Systems
		Ultra-Wideband Systems
	7.5 Systems with Long Spreading Sequences
		DS-BPSK Systems
			Asynchronous Received Signals
			Synchronous Received Signals
		DS-QPSK Systems
	7.6 Frequency-Hopping Patterns for CDMA
		Periodic Hamming Cross-Correlation
		Partial Hamming Cross-Correlation
		Uniform Patterns
	7.7 Multiuser Detectors and CDMA
		Optimal Multiuser Detector
		Decorrelating Detector
		Minimum-Mean-Square-Error Detector
		Adaptive Multiuser Detector
		Multiuser Detection and Frequency Hopping
	7.8 Interference Cancelers
		Successive Interference Canceler
		Parallel Interference Canceler
	7.9 MIMO Systems
		Spatial Multiplexing
		Multicode MIMO
		CSI and Massive MIMO
		Beamforming
	7.10 Problems
8 Mobile Ad Hoc and Cellular Networks
	8.1 Conditional Outage Probability
	8.2 DS-CDMA Ad Hoc Networks
	8.3 DS-CDMA Cellular Networks
		Cell Search for Downlinks
		Adaptive Rate Control
	8.4 DS-CDMA Cellular Uplinks
		Uplink Power Control
		Network Topology
		Outage Probability
		Uplink Rate Control
	8.5 DS-CDMA Cellular Downlinks
		Outage Probability
		Downlink Rate Control
		Downlink Power Control
	8.6 FH-CDMA Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
		Conditional Outage Probability
		Rate Adaptation
		Modulation-Constrained Area Spectral Density
		Optimization Algorithm
	8.7 FH-CDMA Cellular Networks
	8.8 Problems
9 Iterative Channel Estimation, Demodulation,and Decoding
	9.1 Expectation–Maximization Algorithm
		Fixed-Point Iteration
	9.2 Direct-Sequence Systems
		Encoding, Modulation, and Channel Estimation
		Iterative Receiver Structure
		Application of EM Algorithm
			Perfect Phase Information at Receiver
			No Phase Information at Receiver
		Options for Blind Methods
			Single-User Environment, Perfect Phase Knowledge
			Multiuser Environment, Unknown Phase
			Varying Fading-Block Size, Unknown Phase
			Varying Multiple-Access Interference, Unknown Phase
			Multipath Channel
			Comparison of Options
	9.3 Guidance from Information Theory
	9.4 Robust Frequency-Hopping Systems
		System Model
		Demodulator Metrics
		Channel Estimators
		Selection of Modulation Index
		Partial-Band Interference
		Asynchronous Multiple-Access Interference
	9.5 Problems
10 Detection of Spread-Spectrum Signals
	10.1 Detection of Direct-Sequence Signals
		Detection of a Known Signal in AWGN
		Direct-Sequence Signals
	10.2 Radiometer
		Rayleigh Fading
		Estimation of Noise Power
		Other Implementation Issues
	10.3 Detection of Frequency-Hopping Signals
	10.4 Channelized Radiometer
	10.5 Problems
A Gaussian Random Variables
	A.1 General Characteristics
	A.2 Central Limit Theorem
B Moment-Generating Function and Laplace Transform
	B.1 Moment-Generating Function
	B.2 Chernoff Bound
	B.3 Laplace Transform
C Fourier Transform and Characteristic Function
	C.1 Fourier Transform
		Fubini's Theorem
	C.2 Characteristic Function
D Signal Characteristics
	D.1 Bandpass Signals
	D.2 Stationary Stochastic Processes
		Analytic Signal
		Complex Envelope
		Power Spectral Density
		White Gaussian Noise
	D.3 Linear Filtering and the PSD
	D.4 Sampling Theorem
E Probability Distributions
	E.1 Chi-Squared Distribution
	E.2 Central Chi-Squared Distribution
	E.3 Rice Distribution
	E.4 Rayleigh Distribution
	E.5 Exponential Distribution
	E.6 Gamma Distribution
F Orthonormal Functions and Parameter Estimation
	F.1 Inner Product Spaces
	F.2 Signal Space
	F.3 Dirac Delta Function and White Noise
	F.4 Estimation of Waveform Parameters
	F.5 Cramer–Rao Inequality
G Hermitian Matrices
H Special Functions
	H.1 Gamma Functions
	H.2 Beta Function
	H.3 Bessel Functions of the First Kind
	H.4 Q-functions
	H.5 Hypergeometric Function
References
Index