Principles of Radiographic Imaging: An Art and A Science

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
The Founders of Radiography
Contents
List of Tables
Foreword
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Unit I: Creating the Beam
	CHAPTER 1: Basic Mathematics
		The Language of Science
		Arithmetic
		Algebra
		Units of Measurement
	CHAPTER 2: Radiation Concepts
		Matter And Energy
		Atomic Theory
		Types of Energy
		Electromagnetic Spectrum
		The Discovery of X-Rays
		X-Ray Properties
	CHAPTER 3: Electricity
		Understanding Electricity
		Electrostatics
		Electrodynamics
		Series and Parallel Circuits
	CHAPTER 4: Electromagnetism
		Magnetism
		Electromagnetism
		Solenoids and Electromagnets
		Controlling Electrical Current
		Rectification
	CHAPTER 5: The X-Ray Tube
		The X-Ray Tube
		The Cathode Assembly
		The Anode Assembly
		The Envelope
		Protective Housing
		Rating Charts and Cooling Curves
		Recommendations for Extending Tube Life
	CHAPTER 6: X-Ray Equipment
		Types of X-Ray Equipment
		Power for X-Ray Generation
		A Basic X-Ray Circuit
		Generators
		Automatic Exposure Controls
	CHAPTER 7: Automatic Exposure Controls
		Historical Notes
		Ionization Chambers
		Positioning Skills
	CHAPTER 8: X-Ray Production
		Conditions
		Target Interactions
		Emission Spectrum
Unit II: Protecting Patients and Personnel
	CHAPTER 9: Radiation Protection Concepts and Equipment
		The Basics of Radiation Protection Principles and Practice
		Quantities and Units Relevant to Radiation Protection
		Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation
	CHAPTER 10: Radiation Protection Procedures for Patients and Personnel
		Advisory Groups and Regulatory Agencies
		Limiting Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
		Protection of Personnel
		Protection of the Patient
		Radiation Exposure and Pregnancy
	CHAPTER 11: Filtration
		Filtration
		Measurement
		Types of Filtration
		Effect on Output
	CHAPTER 12: The Prime Factors
		The Prime Factors
		Milliamperage-Second
		Kilovoltage
		Distance
		Image Quality Factors
	CHAPTER 13: X-Ray Interactions
		X-Ray Interaction with Matter
		Photoelectric Absorption
		Coherent Scattering
		Compton Scattering
		Pair Production
		Photodisintegration
		Effect on Technical Factor Selection
	CHAPTER 14: Minimizing Patient Exposure
		Choosing Exposure Factors
		Estimating Approximate Entrance Skin Exposure
		Typical Entrance Skin Exposure
		Reducing Patient Dose with Communication
		Reducing Patient Dose with Positioning
		Reducing Patient Dose with Technical Factors
		Discussing Radiation Risk Versus Benefit with Patients
	CHAPTER 15: Beam Restriction
		Controlling Scatter
		Beam Restrictors
		Ancillary Devices
Unit III: Creating the Image
	CHAPTER 16: Vision and Perception
		Image Perception
		Controlling the Image in Space
		Radiography as an Art Form
	CHAPTER 17: The Patient as a Beam Emitter
		Attenuation
		The Human Body as an Attenuator
		The Patient’s Relationship to Image Quality
		Pathology and Radiation Absorption
		Increased Attenuation (Additive) Conditions
		Decreased Attenuation (Destructive) Conditions
	CHAPTER 18: The Grid
		Purpose of the Grid
		Grid Construction
		Grid Patterns
		Grid Types
		Grid Uses
		Grid Selection/Conversions
		Grid Performance Evaluation
		Grid Errors
		An Alternate Scatter Reduction Method—The Air-Gap Technique
		Use of Grids with Digital Image Receptors
	CHAPTER 19: Film and Screens Imaging and Processing
		Radiographic Film
		Construction of Radiographic Film
		Latent Image Formation
		Types of Film
		Film Storage and Handling
		Film Identification
		Film Processing
		Developing
		Fixing
		Archiving
		Darkroom
		Silver Recovery Systems
		Sensitometry
		Sensitometric Equipment
		The D Log E Curve
		Film Characteristics
		Intensifying Screens
		Construction of Intensifying Screens
		Phosphors
		Characteristics of Intensifying Screens
		Cassettes and Holders
		Care
		Emission Spectra
		Chracteristics of Film-Screen Combinations
Unit IV: Digital Radiography Introduction
	Chapter 20: Digital Image Processing
		Historical Development
		Digital Image Formation
		Image Processing Operations
		Digital Image Quality
		Receptor Exposure
	Chapter 21: Computed Radiography
		Overview
		Image Acquisition
		Image Processing
		Image Display
		CR Technical Factors Selection
	Chapter 22: Digital Radiography/Flat-Panel Detector Systems
		Flat-Panel Detector Types
		Image Acquisition, Processing, and Display
		Flat-Panel Technology Features
		DR Panel Precautions
	Chapter 23: Technical Considerations in Digital Imaging
		Effective use of Digital Imaging
		Digital Exposure Considerations
		Digital Processing Considerations
		Digital Post-Processing Considerations
		Digital Imaging Artifacts
	Chapter 24: Informatics in Medical Imaging
		Introduction
		Informatics
		Informatics Standards
		Computers and Networks
		Display and Archives
		Storage
		Workflow
		Security
Unit V: Analyzing the Image
	Chapter 25: The Imaging Process
		The Imaging Process
		Professional Imaging Standards
		The Analytical Process
		Acceptance Limits
	Chapter 26: Image Receptor Exposure
		Defining IR Exposure
		Assessing IR Exposure
		Effects on Image Appearance
		Factors Affecting IR Exposure
	Chapter 27: Contrast
		Defining Contrast
		Assessing Contrast
		Image Contrast
		Evaluating Contrast
	Chapter 28: Spatial Resolution
		Defining Spatial Resolution
		Assessing Resolution
		Effects on Image Appearance
		Factors Affecting Spatial Resolution
	Chapter 29: Distortion
		Defining Distortion
		Assessing Distortion
		Factors Affecting Size Distortion
		Factors Affecting Shape Distortion
		Effect on Image Appearance
	Chapter 30: The Art of Image Critique
		Implementing Imaging Standards
		Identifying an Imaging Problem
		An Effective Image Critique Method
		Applying the Image Critique Method
	Chapter 31: Quality Management
		Quality Assurance and Quality Control
		Purchasing Equipment
		Monitoring Equipment Performance
		Ancillary Equipment
		PACS Systems
		Rejected Image Analysis
		Troubleshooting
Unit VI: Special Imaging Systems and Modalities
	CHAPTER 32: Mobile Radiography
		Mobile Radiography
		Special Patient Considerations
		Special Radiation Protection Considerations
		Types of Equipment
		Special Technical Factor Selection Considerations
	CHAPTER 33: Fluoroscopy
		Historical Development
		Fluoroscopy Uses
		Types of Equipment
		Fluoroscopic X-Ray Tubes
		Image Intensification Tubes
		Image Quality
		Video Viewing Systems
		Digital Fluoroscopy
		Flat-Panel Fluoroscopy Designs
		Recording the Fluoroscopic Image
		Mobile Fluoroscopic Equipment
		Radiation Protection During Fluoroscopy
	CHAPTER 34: Tomography and Digital Tomosynthesis
		The Tomographic Principle
		Tomographic Quality
		Types of Motion
		Digital Tomosynthesis
		Tomographic Procedures
	CHAPTER 35: Mammography
		Historical Development
		Generator Characteristics
		X-Ray Tube
		Accessories
		Resolution
		Digital Mammography
		Quality Control
	CHAPTER 36: Bone Densitometry
		Bone Densitometry
		History and Overview
		Bone Science
		Osteoporosis
		WHO Diagnostic Criteria
		DXA Principles and Instrumentation
		Scan Acquisition and Analysis
		Femur
		Spine
		Forearm
		Quality Control
		Radiation Safety and Protection
	CHAPTER 37: Vascular Imaging Equipment
		Vascular Imaging History
		Digital Image Acquisition
		Modes of Digital Image Acquisition
		Image Post-Processing
		C-Arm Assembly
		Vascular Imaging Tables
		Contrast Medium Injection Devices
		Quality Control
	CHAPTER 38: Computed Tomography
		Computed Tomography Scanning
		The Invention of Computed Tomography
		Scanner Generations
		The Components of a Ct Unit
		Ct Numbers (Hounsfield Units)
		Image Reconstruction
		Image Quality
		Scanning Procedures
		Advanced CT Applications
		Artifacts
		Radiation Protection
	CHAPTER 39: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		History
		Instrumentation
		Mri Physics
		Mri
		Mr Safety
	CHAPTER 40: Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
		Nuclear Physics
		Radioactive Decay
		Radiochemistry and Radiopharmaceuticals
		Imaging Instrumentation
		Positron Emission Tomography (Pet)
		Hybrid Imaging
		Nonimaging Instrumentation
		Radiation Protection
		Clinical Applications
		Hybrid Imaging
	CHAPTER 41: Radiation Therapy
		Historical Overview
		Consultation
		Treatment Planning
		Treatment
		Specialized Treatments and Units
	CHAPTER 42: Diagnostic Medical Sonography
		Introduction
		Sound Waves
		Attenuation
		Range
		Field
		Doppler
		Harmonics
		Contrast Agents
		Transducer and Components
		Instrumentation
Appendix A: On a New Kind of Rays by W. C. Röntgen
Appendix B: Answers to Case Studies
Appendix C: Fixed and Variable kVp Technique System Charts
Appendix D: Epigraph Sources and Credits
Glossary
Index