Principles of Psychology: a Systematic Text in the Science of Behavior

CONTENTS
Editor's introduction
Preface
1. PSYCHOLOGY AND THE REFLEX
	Preliminary
	The subject matter of psychology
	Stimulus and response
	The reflex
	The response mechanism
	The reflex arc and the reflex
	Extension of the reflex concept
	Some reflex properties
	The threshold or limen
	Latency
	Stimulus intensity and response magnitude
	Reflex strength
	A few remarks
2. RESPONDENT CONDITIONING
	Pavlov and the conditioned reflex
	Temporal factors in conditioning
	Compound stimuli
	The extension of Pavlovian research
	Respondent behavior
	Higher-order conditioning
	Pavlov's place in psychology
3. OPERANT CONDITIONING
	Thorndike and the law of effect
	Skinner and operant conditioning
	The law of operant conditioning
	Operant conditioning and the law of effect
	The runway technique
	The maze technique
	Quick learning
	Positive and negative reinforcement
	Operant-respondent overlap
	The importance of operant conditioning
4. EXTINCTION AND RECONDITIONING
	The adaptability of behavior
	Respondent extinction
	Spontaneous recovery
	Operant extinction
	Resistance to extinction as a measure of strength
	When is a response extinguished?
	Spontaneous recovery of a Type R response
	Extinction and forgetting
	Regression: a by-product of extinction
	One-trial extinction
	Periodic reconditioning
	P-R at fixed intervals
	Response rate and P-R interval
	Extinction after periodic reconditioning
	Fixed-ratio periodic reconditioning
	The 'ceiling' of fixed-ratio responding
	Extinction following fixed-ratio reinforcement
	The effect of aperiodic reinforcement
	Superstition: an experimental example
	Punishment and extinction
5. GENERALIZATION AND DISCRIMINATION
	Stimulus generalization
	Stimulus discrimination
	Forming a respondent discrimination
	Generalization and discrimination in operant conditioning: the 'discriminative stimulus'
	The effect of previous training
	A human discrimination analyzed
	Abolishing a discrimination
	Extinguishing a discriminative operant
	The meaning of "similarity"
	Generalization gradients
	The study of discriminative capacity
	Discrimination and "experimental neurosis"
	Discriminative reaction time
	Reaction time and operant latency
	Latency and the discriminative process
	Workaday reaction times
	Multiple discriminations
	'Higher units' in perception
	Concept formation
	Generalization and discrimination in education
6. RESPONSE VARIABILITY AND DIFFERENTIATION
	Variability versus stereotypy
	Response induction
	The why of variability
	Variability and negative reinforcement
	Negative reinforcement and the "law of least effort"
	Motivation and variability
	Extinction, reconditioning, and variability
	The differentiation of response
	Resumé
	Differentiation and discrimination
7. CHAINING
	The principle of chaining
	Chains and new units
	Homogeneous and heterogeneous chains
	Chaining and delayed reinforcement
	Exteroceptive and proprioceptive SD's in chaining
	Covert response
	Covert response in code learning
	Covert response and reaction time
	The context theory of meaning
	The association experiment
	'Complexes' and 'guilt'
	Mazes and nonsense syllables
8. SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT
	A pause for review
	A new function of the stimulus
	Secondary reinforcement of Type S reactions
	Secondary reinforcement of Type R reactions
	SD and Sr
	More about chaining
	The generality of Sr
	Some parameters of Sr
	"Token rewards" and "sub-goals"
	Secondary negative reinforcement
	Secondary reinforcement and "feelings"
	Secondary reinforcement in social behavior
	Taking stock and looking ahead
9. MOTIVATION
	A new line of inquiry
	The need for the concept of motivation
	The nature of drives
	Drive as an "internal state"
	Discovering drives
	The measurement of drives
	Two classes of drives
	Some misconceptions about drive
	Some representative drives: Activity drive
	Hunger drive
	The sub-hungers
	Sex drive
	The aversive drives
	Anxiety and avoidance
	The conflict of drives
10. EMOTION
	A preliminary question
	Some observations
	Emotion and drive
	Emotion as an inferred state
	Three theories
	Response patterns and emotion
	Specific emotions
	Emotional conditioning
	Observing our own emotions
	Emotion and feeling
11. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
	Introduction
	Social behavior in animals
	Sample analyses of social interaction
	Human behavior and the cultural environment
	Personality and history
	Consistency and integration of the personality
	Social motives–are there any?
	Verbal behavior: Introduction
	The nature of a behavioral theory of language
	The emergence of verbal behavior in childhood
	Two functions of language: the mand and thetact
	The speaker-hearer relation
	Distortions of the tact relation
	Other controlling factors in speech
	Further characteristics of verbal behavior
	Consciousness and understanding
A LAST WORD
	References and author index