Principles of Lightning Physics

Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biography
	Vladislav Mazur
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 The components of lightning
		1.1 Features of lightning plasma
		1.2 Lightning is more than a spark
			1.2.1 Corona glow
			1.2.2 Corona streamers
			1.2.3 Transition from corona streamers to a positive leader
			1.2.4 Transition from corona streamers to a negative leader
		1.3 Conditions for leader propagation
		1.4 Lightning leaders in nature
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Lightning leaders versus free-burning arcs
		2.1 Similarities and differences
		2.2 The E–I relationship, from the results of laboratory measurements and the modeling of free-burning arcs
		2.3 The E–I relationship and the luminosity of leader channels
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Physical concepts of a lightning leader model
		3.1 The space charge leader concept based on cloud charge collection
		3.2 The bi-directional, uncharged leader concept based on induced charges
		3.3 Comparing the outputs of the two leader models
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 Verifying the concept of the bidirectional leader
		4.1 How studying lightning strikes to aircraft has helped to solve the puzzle of lightning development
			4.1.1 Lightning radar echo
		4.2 How does an aircraft trigger lightning?
		4.3 Environmental conditions that lead to aircraft-triggered lightning
			4.3.1 Hypothesis of a natural lightning-triggering mechanism in thunderstorms
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Defining the types of lightning
		5.1 The visible features of lightning flashes
		5.2 Defining the types of lightning using the bidirectional, bipolar leader concept
			5.2.1 Intra-cloud flashes
			5.2.2 Cloud-to-ground flashes
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 The electrostatic theory of lightning discharges
		6.1 Cloud potential and induced charges of lightning
		6.2 The relationship between the electric fields produced by leaders and return strokes
		6.3 The relationship between lightning processes and space charges in thunderstorms
			6.3.1 Thunderstorm model
			6.3.2 Development of the cloud-to-ground leader
			6.3.3 Return stroke
			6.3.4 Electric field changes produced by CG flashes
			6.3.5 Development of the intra-cloud leader
		6.4 Applications and limitations of the electrostatic model
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 Lightning triggered by rockets with wire and by tall structures
		7.1 The idea of artificially triggered lightning
		7.2 Concept and features of the classic rocket-triggered lightning technique
			7.2.1 Processes related to melting of the trailing wire
		7.3 Concept and features of the altitude-triggered lightning technique
		7.4 Conditions required for triggering lightning with rocket-and-wire techniques
		7.5 On leaders and return strokes in rocket-triggered lightning
		7.6 Upward lightning triggered by tall ground structures
			7.6.1 Conditions for upward lightning initiation
			7.6.2 Understanding luminosity variations in the upward-lightning channel
		7.7 Features of positive and negative leaders determined from studies of triggered lightning
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 Understanding current cutoff in lightning
		8.1 Definition and manifestation of current cutoff in different lightning events
		8.2 The death of the leader in unbranched lightning channels
		8.3 Current cutoff in branched leaders
			8.3.1 The screening effect in single and branched channels
			8.3.2 The role of branch-screening in current cutoff
		8.4 Arc instability and current cutoff
		References
CH009.pdf
	Chapter 9 The phenomenon of recoil leaders
		9.1 The nature of recoil and dart leaders
		9.2 The relationship between recoil leaders and M-events: cause and effect
		9.3 The electrostatic model of an M-event that produces an M-component
			9.3.1 The electrostatic model of a dart leader–return stroke sequence in CG flashes
			9.3.2 The electrostatic model of an M-event
		9.4 The universal nature of M-events in lightning
		References
CH010.pdf
	Chapter 10 The physical concept of recoil leader formation
		10.1 The relationship between the internal electric field and current in lightning leaders
		10.2 Current cutoff prior to the occurrence of recoil leaders
		10.3 The development of recoil leaders
		10.4 A proposed conceptual model of recoil leader formation
			10.4.1 Recoil leader formation and polarity asymmetry in branched leaders
		10.5 Conclusion
		References
CH011.pdf
	Chapter 11 Some lightning protection issues viewed through the lens of lightning physics
		11.1 Striking distance versus the parameters of downward leaders in lightning protection of ground installations
		11.2 A physical model of leader interaction with a ground structure
		11.3 On the hazardous effects of upward lightning to tall structures
		11.4 Sharp-tipped versus blunt-tipped lightning rods
		11.5 Lightning protection of aircraft
		References
CH012.pdf
	Chapter 12 Lightning initiation—the most difficult issue of lightning physics
		12.1 Hydrometeor theory of lightning initiation
		12.2 The runaway theory of lightning initiation
		12.3 Evidence supporting the hydrometeor theory of lightning initiation
		References
APP.pdf
	Chapter
		Chapter 1
		Chapter 4
		Chapter 7
		Chapter 8
		Chapter 9