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دانلود کتاب Principles of Human Physiology
دانلود کتاب اصول فیزیولوژی انسان
مشخصات کتاب
Principles of Human Physiology
ویرایش: [6 ed.]
نویسندگان: Cindy L. Stanfield
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 0134169808, 9780134169804
ناشر: Pearson
سال نشر: 2016
تعداد صفحات: 800
[817]
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 65 Mb
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 49,000
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For courses in Human Physiology
Don’t just study–visualize, explore, and solve problems in human physiology with Principles of Human Physiology!
Principles of Human Physiology, Sixth Edition uses a precise and clear-cut writing style to offer lasting comprehension for Human Physiology students, extending to real-life application in the field. The Sixth Edition provides essential digital resources to foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The exceptional art program is consistent, scientifically accurate, and visually appealing. Stanfield’s renowned flexible pedagogy allows instructors to choose what is essential to students when mapping out their course.
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فهرست مطالب
Cover Title Page Copyright Page About the Author Preface Acknowledgments Brief Contents Contents List of Boxes 1 Introduction to Physiology 1.1 Organization of the Body Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems The Overall Body Plan: A Simplified View 1.2 Homeostasis: A Central Organizing Principle of Physiology Negative Feedback Control in Homeostasis 1.3 The Diabetes Epidemic Prevalence of Diabetes Obesity and Diabetes Classification of Diabetes Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Chapter Summary Exercises 2 The Cell Structure and Function 2.1 Biomolecules Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides Lipids Amino Acids and Proteins Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 2.2 Cell Structure Structure of the Plasma Membrane Structure of the Nucleus Contents of the Cytosol Structure of Membranous Organelles Structure of Nonmembranous Organelles 2.3 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions Tight Junctions Desmosomes Gap Junctions 2.4 General Cell Functions Metabolism Cellular Transport Intercellular Communication 2.5 Protein Synthesis The Role of the Genetic Code Transcription Destination of Proteins Post-translational Processing and Packaging of Proteins Regulation of Protein Synthesis Protein Degradation 2.6 Cell Division Replication of DNA The Cell Cycle Chapter Summary Exercises 3 Cell Metabolism 3.1 Types of Metabolic Reactions Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 3.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics Energy Changes in Reactions Activation Energy 3.3 Reaction Rates Factors Affecting the Rates of Chemical Reactions The Role of Enzymes in Chemical Reactions 3.4 ATP: The Medium of Energy Exchange 3.5 Glucose Oxidation: The Central Reaction of Energy Metabolism Coupling Glucose Oxidation to ATP Synthesis 3.6 Stages of Glucose Oxidation: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation The Electron Transport Chain Summary of Glucose Oxidation Glucose Catabolism in the Absence of Oxygen 3.7 Energy Storage and Use: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins Glycogen Metabolism Gluconeogenesis: Formation of New Glucose Fat Metabolism Protein Metabolism Chapter Summary Exercises 4 Cell Membrane Transport 4.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Transport Passive Transport Versus Active Transport Driving Forces Acting on Molecules 4.2 Rate of Transport 4.3 Passive Transport Simple Diffusion: Passive Transport Through the Lipid Bilayer Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Utilizing Membrane Proteins Diffusion Through Channels 4.4 Active Transport Primary Active Transport Secondary Active Transport Factors Affecting Rates of Active Transport Coexistence of Active and Passive Transport Mechanisms in Cells 4.5 Osmosis: Passive Transport of Water Across Membranes Osmolarity Osmotic Pressure Tonicity 4.6 Transport of Material Within Membrane-Bound Compartments Transport of Molecules into Cells by Endocytosis Transport of Molecules Out of Cells by Exocytosis 4.7 Epithelial Transport: Movement of Molecules Across Two Membranes Epithelial Solute Transport Epithelial Structure Epithelial Water Transport Transcytosis Chapter Summary Exercises 5 Chemical Messengers 5.1 Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication Direct Communication Through Gap Junctions Indirect Communication Through Chemical Messengers 5.2 Chemical Messengers Functional Classification of Chemical Messengers Chemical Classification of Messengers Synthesis and Release of Chemical Messengers Transport of Messengers 5.3 Signal Transduction Mechanisms Properties of Receptors Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Responses Mediated by Intracellular Receptors Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Responses Mediated by Membrane-Bound Receptors 5.4 Long-Distance Communication via the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Chapter Summary Exercises 6 The Endocrine System:Endocrine Glandsand Hormone Actions 6.1 Primary Endocrine Organs Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands Thymus Adrenal Glands Pancreas Gonads 6.2 Secondary Endocrine Organs 6.3 Hormone Actions at the Target Cell Control of Hormone Levels in Blood 6.4 Abnormal Secretion of Hormones 6.5 Hormone Interactions Chapter Summary Exercises 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling 7.1 Overview of the Nervous System 7.2 Cells of the Nervous System Neurons Glial Cells 7.3 Establishment of the Resting Membrane Potential Determining the Equilibrium Potentials for Potassium and Sodium Ions Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons Neurons at Rest 7.4 Electrical Signaling Through Changes in Membrane Potential Describing Changes in Membrane Potential Graded Potentials Action Potentials Propagation of Action Potentials 7.5 Maintaining Neural Stability Chapter Summary Exercises 8 Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration 8.1 Electrical Synapses 8.2 Chemical Synapses Functional Anatomy of Chemical Synapses Signal Transduction Mechanisms at Chemical Synapses Excitatory Synapses Inhibitory Synapses 8.3 Neural Integration Summation Frequency Coding 8.4 Presynaptic Modulation Presynaptic Facilitation Presynaptic Inhibition 8.5 Neurotransmitters: Structure, Synthesis, and Degradation Acetylcholine Biogenic Amines Purines Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides Unique Neurotransmitters Chapter Summary Exercises 9 The Nervous System:Central Nervous System 9.1 General Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Glial Cells Physical Support of the Central Nervous System Blood Supply to the Central Nervous System The Blood-Brain Barrier Gray Matter and White Matter 9.2 The Spinal Cord Spinal Nerves Spinal Cord Gray and White Matter 9.3 The Brain Cerebral Cortex Subcortical Nuclei Diencephalon Limbic System 9.4 Integrated CNS Function: Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes Stretch Reflex Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor Reflexes 9.5 Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control Neural Components for Smooth Voluntary Movements Lateral Pathways Control Voluntary Movement Ventromedial Pathways Control Voluntary and Involuntary Movements The Control of Posture by the Brainstem The Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Coordination The Basal Nuclei in Motor Control 9.6 Integrated CNS Function: Language 9.7 Integrated CNS Function: Sleep Functions of Sleep Sleep-Wake Cycles Electrical Activity During Wakefulness and Sleep 9.8 Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation 9.9 Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory Learning Memory Plasticity in the Nervous System Chapter Summary Exercises 10 The Nervous System: Sensory Systems 10.1 General Principles of Sensory Physiology Receptor Physiology Sensory Pathways Sensory Coding 10.2 The Somatosensory System Somatosensory Receptors The Somatosensory Cortex Somatosensory Pathways Pain Perception 10.3 Vision Anatomy of the Eye The Nature and Behavior of Light Waves Accommodation Clinical Defects in Vision Regulating the Amount of Light Entering the Eye The Retina Phototransduction Rods versus Cones Color Vision Light Input to Circadian Rhythms Bleaching of Photoreceptors in Light Neural Processing in the Retina Neural Pathways for Vision Parallel Processing in the Visual System Depth Perception 10.4 The Ear and Hearing Anatomy of the Ear The Nature of Sound Waves Sound Amplification in the Middle Ear Signal Transduction for Sound Neural Pathways for Sound 10.5 The Ear and Equilibrium Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus The Semicircular Canals and the Transduction of Rotation The Utricle and Saccule and the Transduction of Linear Acceleration Neural Pathways for Equilibrium 10.6 Taste Anatomy of Taste Buds Signal Transduction in Taste Neural Pathway for Taste 10.7 Olfaction Anatomy of the Olfactory System Olfactory Signal Transduction Neural Pathway for Olfaction Chapter Summary Exercises 11 The Nervous System:Autonomic and MotorSystems 11.1 The Autonomic Nervous System Dual Innervation in the Autonomic Nervous System Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Neurotransmitters and Receptors Autonomic Neuroeffector Junctions Regulation of Autonomic Function 11.2 The Somatic Nervous System Anatomy of the Somatic Nervous System The Neuromuscular Junction Chapter Summary Exercises 12 Muscle Physiology 12.1 Skeletal Muscle Structure Structure at the Cellular Level Structure at the Molecular Level 12.2 The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle The Sliding-Filament Model The Crossbridge Cycle: How Muscles Generate Force Excitation-Contraction Coupling: How Muscle Contractions Are Turned On and Off 12.3 The Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction The Twitch Factors Affecting the Force Generated by Individual Muscle Fibers Regulation of the Force Generated by Whole Muscles Velocity of Shortening 12.4 Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Muscle Cell Metabolism: How Muscle Cells Generate ATP Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 12.5 Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity Muscle Activity Across Joints Muscle Receptors for Coordinated Activity 12.6 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Chapter Summary Exercises 13 The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function 13.1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System The Heart Blood Vessels Blood 13.2 The Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart and Vasculature Series Flow Through the Cardiovascular System Parallel Flow Within the Systemic or Pulmonary Circuit 13.3 Anatomy of the Heart Myocardium and the Heart Wall Valves and Unidirectional Blood Flow 13.4 Electrical Activity of the Heart The Conduction System of the Heart Spread of Excitation Through the Heart Muscle The Ionic Basis of Electrical Activity in the Heart Recording the Electrical Activity of the Heart with an Electrocardiogram 13.5 The Cardiac Cycle Phases of the Cardiac Cycle Atrial and Ventricular Pressure Aortic Pressure Ventricular Volume Pressure-Volume Curve Heart Sounds 13.6 Cardiac Output and Its Control Autonomic Input to the Heart Factors Affecting Cardiac Output: Changes in Heart Rate Factors Affecting Cardiac Output: Changes in Stroke Volume Integration of Factors Affecting Cardiac Output Chapter Summary Exercises 14 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow,and Blood Pressure 14.1 Physical Laws Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Pressure Gradients in the Cardiovascular System Resistance in the Cardiovascular System Relating Pressure Gradients and Resistance in the Systemic Circulation 14.2 Overview of the Vasculature 14.3 Arteries Arteries: A Pressure Reservoir Arterial Blood Pressure 14.4 Arterioles Arterioles and Resistance to Blood Flow Intrinsic Control of Blood Flow Distribution to Organs Extrinsic Control of Arteriole Radius and Mean Arterial Pressure 14.5 Capillaries and Venules Capillary Anatomy Local Control of Blood Flow Through Capillary Beds Movement of Material Across Capillary Walls Venules 14.6 Veins Veins: A Volume Reservoir Factors That Influence Venous Pressure and Venous Return 14.7 The Lymphatic System 14.8 Mean Arterial Pressure and Its Regulation Determinants of Mean Arterial Pressure: Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Total Peripheral Resistance Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure Control of Blood Pressure by LowPressure Baroreceptors (Volume Receptors) 14.9 Other Cardiovascular Regulatory Processes Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Chemoreceptor Reflexes Thermoregulatory Responses Chapter Summary Exercises 15 The Cardiovascular System: Blood 15.1 Overview of the Composition of Blood: The Hematocrit 15.3 Erythrocytes 15.2 Plasma Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Life Cycle of Erythrocytes 15.4 Leukocytes Basophils Monocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes 15.5 Platelets and Hemostasis Vascular Spasm Platelet Plug Formation of a Blood Clot 15.6 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Chapter Summary Exercises 16 The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation 16.1 Overview of Respiratory Function 16.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System Upper Airways The Respiratory Tract Structures of the Thoracic Cavity 16.3 Forces for Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Pressures Mechanics of Breathing 16.4 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation Lung Compliance Airway Resistance 16.5 Clinical Significance of Respiratory Volumes and Air Flows Lung Volumes and Capacities Pulmonary Function Tests Alveolar Ventilation Chapter Summary Exercises 17 The Respiratory System:Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing 17.1 Overview of the Pulmonary Circulation 17.2 Diffusion of Gases Partial Pressure of Gases Solubility of Gases in Liquids 17.3 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Gas Exchange in the Lungs Gas Exchange in Respiring Tissue Determinants of Alveolar Po2 and Pco2 17.4 Transport of Gases in the Blood Oxygen Transport in the Blood Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood 17.5 Central Regulation of Ventilation Neural Control of Breathing by Motor Neurons Generation of the Breathing Rhythm in the Brainstem Peripheral Input to Respiratory Centers 17.6 Control of Ventilation by Chemoreceptors Chemoreceptors Chemoreceptor Reflexes 17.7 Local Regulation of Ventilation and Perfusion Ventilation-Perfusion Ratios Local Control of Ventilation and Perfusion 17.8 The Respiratory System in Acid-Base Homeostasis Acid-Base Disturbances in Blood The Role of the Respiratory System in Acid-Base Balance Chapter Summary Exercises 18 Urinary System: Renal Function 18.1 Functions of the Urinary System 18.2 Anatomy of the Urinary System Structures of the Urinary System Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney Blood Supply to the Kidney 18.3 Basic Renal Exchange Processes Glomerular Filtration Reabsorption Transport Maximum Secretion 18.4 Regional Specialization of the Renal Tubules Nonregulated Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule Regulated Reabsorption and Secretion in the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Water Conservation in the Loop of Henle 18.5 Excretion Clearance Excretion Rate Micturition Chapter Summary Exercises 19 The Urinary System:Fluid and ElectrolyteBalance 19.1 The Concept of Balance Factors Affecting the Plasma Composition Solute and Water Balance 19.2 Water Balance Osmolarity and the Movement of Water Water Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule Establishment of the Medullary Osmotic Gradient Role of the Medullary Osmotic Gradient in Water Reabsorption in the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct 19.3 Sodium Balance Mechanisms of Sodium Reabsorption in the Renal Tubule The Effects of Aldosterone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 19.4 Potassium Balance Renal Handling of Potassium Ions Regulation of Potassium Secretion by Aldosterone 19.5 Calcium Balance Renal Handling of Calcium Ions Hormonal Control of Plasma Calcium Concentrations 19.6 Interactions Between Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation 19.7 Acid-Base Balance Sources of Acid-Base Disturbances Defense Mechanisms Against Acid-Base Disturbances Compensation for Acid-Base Disturbances Chapter Summary Exercises 20 The Gastrointestinal System 20.1 Overview of Gastrointestinal System Processes 20.2 Functional Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System The Gastrointestinal Tract The Accessory Glands 20.3 Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Water Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Absorption of Vitamins Absorption of Minerals Absorption of Water 20.4 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Regulation Neural and Endocrine Pathways of Gastrointestinal Control Regulation of Food Intake 20.5 Gastrointestinal Secretion and Its Regulation Saliva Secretion Acid and Pepsinogen Secretion in the Stomach Secretion of Pancreatic Juice and Bile Rates of Fluid Movement in the Digestive System 20.6 Gastrointestinal Motility and Its Regulation Electrical Activity in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Peristalsis and Segmentation Chewing and Swallowing Gastric Motility Motility of the Small Intestine Motility of the Colon Chapter Summary Exercises 21 The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth 21.1 An Overview of WholeBody Metabolism Anabolism Regulation of Metabolic Pathways 21.2 Energy Intake, Utilization, and Storage Uptake, Utilization, and Storage of Energy in Carbohydrates Uptake, Utilization, and Storage of Energy in Proteins Uptake, Utilization, and Storage of Energy in Fats 21.3 Energy Balance Energy Input Energy Output Metabolic Rate Negative and Positive Energy Balance 21.4 Energy Metabolism During the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States Metabolism During the Absorptive State Metabolism During the Postabsorptive State 21.5 Regulation of Absorptive and Postabsorptive Metabolism The Role of Insulin The Role of Glucagon Negative Feedback Control of Blood Glucose Levels by Insulin and Glucagon Effects of Epinephrine and Sympathetic Nervous Activity on Metabolism 21.6 Thermoregulation Temperature Balance Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Between the Body and the External Environment Regulation of Body Temperature Alterations in the Set Point for Thermoregulation: Fever 21.7 Hormonal Regulation of Growth Body Growth Effects of Growth Hormone Other Hormones That Affect Growth 21.8 Thyroid Hormones Synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones Actions of Thyroid Hormones 21.9 Glucocorticoids Factors Affecting Secretion of Glucocorticoids Actions of Glucocorticoids The Role of Cortisol in the Stress Response Effects of Abnormal Glucocorticoid Secretion Chapter Summary Exercises 22 The Reproductive System 22.1 An Overview of Reproductive Physiology The Role of Gametes in Sexual Reproduction Gene Sorting and Packaging in Gametogenesis: Meiosis Components of the Reproductive System Events Following Fertilization Patterns of Reproductive Activity over the Human Life Span 22.2 The Male Reproductive System Functional Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Organs Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive Function in Males Sperm and Their Development The Sexual Response in Males 22.3 The Female Reproductive System Functional Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Organs Ova and Their Development The Sexual Response in Females The Menstrual Cycle Long-Term Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproductive Function 22.4 Fertilization, Implantation, and Pregnancy Events of Fertilization Early Embryonic Development and Implantation Later Embryonic and Fetal Development Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy 22.5 Parturition and Lactation Events of Parturition Lactation Chapter Summary Exercises 23 The Immune System 23.1 Anatomy of the Immune System Physical Barriers Leukocytes Lymphoid Tissues 23.2 Pathogens That Activate the Immune Response Viruses Bacteria Fungi Parasites 23.3 Organization of the Body’s Defenses Nonspecific Defenses Specific Defenses: Immune Responses 23.4 Humoral Immunity The Role of B Lymphocytes in Antibody Production Antibody Function in Humoral Immunity 23.5 CellMediated Immunity Roles of T Lymphocytes in CellMediated Immunity Helper T Cell Activation Cytotoxic T Cell Activation: The Destruction of VirusInfected Cells and Tumor Cells 23.6 Immune Responses in Health and Disease Generating Immunity: Immunization Roles of the Immune System in Transfusion and Transplantation Immune Dysfunctions Chapter Summary Exercises 24 Diabetes Mellitus 24.1 Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 24.2 Acute Effects of Diabetes Mellitus Acute Hyperglycemia Diabetic Ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma Hypoglycemic Coma 24.3 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Early Stages 24.4 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Advanced Stages Adverse Effects of Hyperglycemia Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on the Microvasculature 24.5 Progression of Diabetes Mellitus to Critical States Effects of Diabetes on the Macrovasculature Diabetic Cardiomyopathy 24.6 Delayed Wound Healing Wound Healing Altered Wound Healing in Diabetes 24.7 Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus 24.8 Current Research on Diabetes Mellitus New Techniques for Insulin Administration Development of New Medicines for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Nonpharmaceutical Therapies for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Chapter Summary Exercises Answers to Figure Questions, Apply Your Knowledge, and End-of-Chapter Multiple Choice and Objective Questions Credits Glossary Index
