Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
Sieve Analysis......Page 22
Hydrometer Analysis......Page 24
1.4 Weight–Volume Relationships......Page 25
1.5 Relative Density......Page 30
1.6 Atterberg Limits......Page 35
1.7 Liquidity Index......Page 36
1.9 Soil Classification Systems......Page 37
AASHTO System......Page 38
Unified System......Page 39
1.10 Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil......Page 45
Hydraulic Conductivity of Cohesive Soil......Page 47
1.11 Steady-State Seepage......Page 48
1.12 Effective Stress......Page 50
1.13 Consolidation......Page 52
Preconsolidation Pressure......Page 54
Compression Index......Page 55
Swelling Index......Page 56
1.14 Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement......Page 57
1.15 Time Rate of Consolidation......Page 58
1.16 Degree of Consolidation Under Ramp Loading......Page 64
Direct Shear Test......Page 67
Triaxial Tests......Page 69
1.18 Unconfined Compression Test......Page 72
Effective Stress Friction Angle of Cohesive Soils......Page 74
1.21 Sensitivity......Page 77
Problems......Page 78
References......Page 82
2.2 Soil Origin......Page 84
2.3 Residual Soil......Page 86
2.4 Gravity Transported Soil......Page 87
2.5 Alluvial Deposits......Page 88
2.7 Glacial Deposits......Page 90
2.8 Aeolian Soil Deposits......Page 91
2.10 Some Local Terms for Soils......Page 93
2.12 Subsurface Exploration Program......Page 94
2.13 Exploratory Borings in the Field......Page 97
2.15 Split-Spoon Sampling......Page 101
2.16 Sampling with a Scraper Bucket......Page 109
2.17 Sampling with a Thin-Walled Tube......Page 110
2.19 Observation of Water Tables......Page 112
2.20 Vane Shear Test......Page 114
2.21 Cone Penetration Test......Page 118
2.22 Pressuremeter Test (PMT)......Page 127
2.23 Dilatometer Test......Page 130
2.24 Coring of Rocks......Page 133
2.25 Preparation of Boring Logs......Page 137
2.26 Geophysical Exploration......Page 138
Problems......Page 146
References......Page 150
3.2 General Concept......Page 153
3.3 Terzaghi\'s Bearing Capacity Theory......Page 156
3.4 Factor of Safety......Page 160
3.5 Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table......Page 162
Bearing Capacity Factors......Page 163
Shape, Depth, Inclination Factors......Page 164
Foundation Failure of a Concrete Silo......Page 168
Load Tests on Small Foundations in Soft Bangkok Clay......Page 170
3.8 Effect of Soil Compressibility......Page 173
3.9 Eccentrically Loaded Foundations......Page 177
Prakash and Saran Theory......Page 179
Reduction Factor Method (For Granular Soil)......Page 180
3.11 Bearing Capacity—Two-way Eccentricity......Page 185
3.12 Bearing Capacity of a Continuous Foundation Subjected to Eccentric Inclined Loading......Page 193
Problems......Page 197
References......Page 199
4.2 Foundation Supported by a Soil with a Rigid Base at Shallow Depth......Page 201
Rectangular Foundation on Granular Soil......Page 204
Foundation on Saturated Clay......Page 206
4.3 Bearing Capacity of Layered Soils: Stronger Soil Underlain by Weaker Soil......Page 210
Special Cases......Page 214
4.4 Bearing Capacity of Layered Soil:Weaker Soil Underlain by Stronger Soil......Page 218
4.5 Closely Spaced Foundations—Effect on Ultimate Bearing Capacity......Page 220
4.6 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope......Page 223
Stress Characteristics Solution for Granular Soil Slopes......Page 224
4.7 Seismic Bearing Capacity of a Foundation at the Edge of a Granular Soil Slope......Page 229
4.8 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on a Slope......Page 230
4.9 Foundations on Rock......Page 232
4.10 Uplift Capacity of Foundations......Page 233
Foundations in Granular Soil ( c\' = 0)......Page 234
Foundations in Cohesive Soil (φ\' = 0)......Page 236
Problems......Page 239
References......Page 241
Vertical Stress Increase in a Soil Mass Caused by Foundation Load......Page 243
5.3 Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area......Page 244
5.4 Stress below a Rectangular Area......Page 246
5.5 Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area......Page 252
5.6 Stress Increase under an Embankment......Page 256
5.7 Westergaard\'s Solution for Vertical Stress Due to a Point Load......Page 260
5.8 Stress Distribution for Westergaard Material......Page 261
5.9 Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay (μs = 0.5)......Page 263
5.10 Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity......Page 265
5.11 Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement......Page 274
5.12 Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor......Page 278
5.13 Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on Standard Penetration Resistance......Page 283
5.14 Settlement in Granular Soil Based on Pressuremeter Test (PMT)......Page 287
5.15 Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships......Page 293
5.16 Three-Dimensional Effect on Primary Consolidation Settlement......Page 294
5.17 Settlement Due to Secondary Consolidation......Page 298
5.18 Field Load Test......Page 300
5.20 Tolerable Settlement of Buildings......Page 302
Problems......Page 305
References......Page 308
Rectangular Combined Footing......Page 311
Trapezoidal Combined Footing......Page 312
6.3 Common Types of Mat Foundations......Page 314
6.4 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations......Page 316
6.5 Differential Settlement of Mats......Page 319
6.7 Compensated Foundation......Page 320
6.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations......Page 324
Conventional Rigid Method......Page 325
Approximate Flexible Method......Page 328
Foundations on Clays......Page 331
Problems......Page 342
References......Page 343
7.1 Introduction......Page 344
7.2 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest......Page 345
7.3 Rankine Active Earth Pressure......Page 348
Granular Backfill......Page 354
Granular Backfill with Vertical Back Face......Page 356
Vertical Backface with c\'-φ\' Soil Backfill......Page 358
7.5 Coulomb\'s Active Earth Pressure......Page 360
7.6 Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge......Page 368
7.7 Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Conditions......Page 370
7.8 Active Pressure for Wall Rotation about the Top: Braced Cut......Page 375
7.9 Active Earth Pressure for Translation of Retaining Wall—Granular Backfill......Page 377
7.10 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure......Page 380
7.11 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure:Vertical Backface and Inclined Backfill......Page 383
7.12 Coulomb\'s Passive Earth Pressure......Page 385
7.13 Comments on the Failure Surface Assumption for Coulomb\'s Pressure Calculations......Page 386
7.14 Passive Pressure under Earthquake Conditions......Page 390
Problems......Page 391
References......Page 393
8.1 Introduction......Page 395
8.2 Proportioning Retaining Walls......Page 397
8.3 Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Design......Page 398
8.4 Stability of Retaining Walls......Page 400
8.5 Check for Overturning......Page 402
8.6 Check for Sliding along the Base......Page 404
8.7 Check for Bearing Capacity Failure......Page 407
8.8 Construction Joints and Drainage from Backfill......Page 416
8.9 Gravity Retaining-Wall Design for Earthquake Conditions......Page 419
8.10 Comments on Design of Retaining Walls and a Case Study......Page 422
8.11 Soil Reinforcement......Page 425
8.12 Considerations in Soil Reinforcement......Page 426
8.13 General Design Considerations......Page 429
8.14 Retaining Walls with Metallic Strip Reinforcement......Page 430
8.15 Step-by-Step-Design Procedure Using Metallic Strip Reinforcement......Page 437
8.16 Retaining Walls with Geotextile Reinforcement......Page 442
8.18 Design Procedure for Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Wall......Page 448
Problems......Page 453
References......Page 455
9.1 Introduction......Page 457
9.2 Construction Methods......Page 461
9.4 Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils......Page 462
Step-by-Step Procedure for Obtaining the Pressure Diagram......Page 466
Calculation of Maximum Bending Moment......Page 467
Sheet Pile Wall with the Absence of Water Table......Page 469
Free Cantilever Sheet Piling......Page 471
9.6 Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Clay......Page 472
Step-by-Step Procedure for Obtaining the Pressure Diagram......Page 474
Maximum Bending Moment......Page 475
Sheet Pile Wall in the Absence of Water Table......Page 477
Free Cantilever Sheet-Pile Wall Penetrating Clay......Page 478
9.8 Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls......Page 480
9.9 Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy Soil......Page 481
9.10 Design Charts for Free Earth Support Method (Penetration into Sandy Soil)......Page 485
9.11 Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls......Page 489
9.12 Computational Pressure Diagram Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil......Page 492
Anchor Force......Page 493
Maximum Moment......Page 494
9.13 Fixed Earth-Support Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil......Page 496
Bulkhead of Pier C—Long Beach Harbor, California (1949)......Page 499
Bulkhead—Toledo, Ohio (1961)......Page 501
9.15 Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Clay......Page 502
Placement of Anchors......Page 506
Semi-Empirical Method......Page 508
Stress Characteristic Solution......Page 511
Empirical Correlation Based on Model Tests......Page 512
Spacing of Anchor Plates......Page 513
9.19 Ultimate Resistance of Tiebacks......Page 515
Problems......Page 517
References......Page 520
10.1 Introduction......Page 521
10.2 Pressure Envelope for Braced-Cut Design......Page 522
Cuts in Clay......Page 525
10.3 Pressure Envelope for Cuts in Layered Soil......Page 526
Struts......Page 527
Wales......Page 530
Subway Extension of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA)......Page 535
B. Construction of National Plaza (South Half) in Chicago......Page 537
10.6 Bottom Heave of a Cut in Clay......Page 540
10.7 Stability of the Bottom of a Cut in Sand......Page 544
10.8 Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground Settlement......Page 549
Problems......Page 551
References......Page 553
11.1 Introduction......Page 555
Steel Piles......Page 557
Concrete Piles......Page 560
Timber Piles......Page 564
Point Bearing Piles......Page 566
Compaction Piles......Page 567
11.4 Installation of Piles......Page 568
11.5 Load Transfer Mechanism......Page 571
11.6 Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity......Page 574
Point Bearing Capacity, Q[sub(p)]......Page 575
Allowable Load, Q[sub(all)]......Page 576
Sand......Page 577
Clay (φ = 0)......Page 579
Sand......Page 580
Clay (φ = 0)......Page 581
Group Piles......Page 583
11.10 Correlations for Calculating with SPT and CPT Results Q[sub(p)]......Page 587
11.11 Frictional Resistance (Q[sub(s)]) in Sand......Page 588
Correlation with Standard Penetration Test Results......Page 590
Correlation with Cone Penetration Test Results......Page 591
λ Method......Page 595
α Method......Page 597
Correlation with Cone Penetration Test Results......Page 598
11.13 Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock......Page 599
11.14 Pile Load Tests......Page 603
Svinkin (1996)......Page 607
11.15 Elastic Settlement of Piles......Page 608
Elastic Solution......Page 611
Ultimate Load Analysis: Broms\'s Method......Page 619
11.17 Pile-Driving Formulas......Page 626
11.18 Pile Capacity For Vibration-Driven Piles......Page 631
H-Piles......Page 632
11.19 Negative Skin Friction......Page 633
Granular Soil Fill over Clay (Figure 11.35b)......Page 634
11.20 Group Efficiency......Page 637
11.21 Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay......Page 641
11.22 Elastic Settlement of Group Piles......Page 644
11.23 Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles......Page 646
Problems......Page 649
References......Page 654
12.1 Introduction......Page 657
12.2 Types of Drilled Shafts......Page 658
Wet Method of Construction......Page 659
12.4 Other Design Considerations......Page 665
12.6 Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity......Page 666
Estimation of Q[sub(p)]......Page 668
12.8 Load-Bearing Capacity Based on Settlement......Page 672
12.9 Drilled Shafts in Clay: Load-Bearing Capacity......Page 681
12.10 Load-Bearing Capacity Based on Settlement......Page 683
12.11 Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load......Page 688
Deflection Due to Load Q[sub(g)] Applied at the Ground Line......Page 690
Deflection Due to Moment Applied at the Ground Line......Page 691
Deflection Due to Load Applied Above the Ground Line......Page 692
Maximum Moment in Drilled Shaft Due to Ground Line Load Only......Page 693
Maximum Moment Due to Load and Moment at Ground Line......Page 694
12.13 Drilled Shafts Extending into Rock......Page 699
Problems......Page 701
References......Page 705
Expansive Soils......Page 706
13.3 Physical Parameters for Identification......Page 707
13.4 Procedure for Calculating Collapse Settlement......Page 711
13.5 Foundation Design in Soils Not Susceptible to Wetting......Page 712
13.6 Foundation Design in Soils Susceptible to Wetting......Page 714
13.7 General Nature of Expansive Soils......Page 715
13.8 Unrestrained Swell Test......Page 719
13.9 Swelling Pressure Test......Page 720
13.10 Classification of Expansive Soil on the Basis of Index Tests......Page 725
13.11 Foundation Considerations for Expansive Soils......Page 728
13.12 Construction on Expansive Soils......Page 731
13.13 General Nature of Sanitary Landfills......Page 736
13.14 Settlement of Sanitary Landfills......Page 737
Problems......Page 739
References......Page 740
14.1 Introduction......Page 742
14.2 General Principles of Compaction......Page 743
14.3 Field Compaction......Page 747
14.4 Compaction Control for Clay Hydraulic Barriers......Page 750
14.5 Vibroflotation......Page 752
14.7 Precompression......Page 759
Derivation of Equations for Obtaining (Δσ\'[sub((f)) and t[sub(2)]......Page 761
Procedure for Obtaining Precompression Parameters......Page 763
14.8 Sand Drains......Page 765
Average Degree of Consolidation Due to Radial Drainage Only......Page 767
Average Degree of Consolidation Due to Vertical Drainage Only......Page 771
Design of PVDs......Page 776
14.10 Lime Stabilization......Page 780
Lime Stabilization in the Field......Page 783
14.11 Cement Stabilization......Page 784
14.12 Fly-Ash Stabilization......Page 786
14.13 Stone Columns......Page 787
Load-Bearing Capacity of Stone Columns......Page 789
14.14 Sand Compaction Piles......Page 792
14.15 Dynamic Compaction......Page 794
14.16 Jet Grouting......Page 796
Problems......Page 798
References......Page 801
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 803
Index......Page 809