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دانلود کتاب Principles of Forensic Toxicology
دانلود کتاب اصول سم شناسی پزشکی قانونی
مشخصات کتاب
Principles of Forensic Toxicology
ویرایش: Fifth نویسندگان: Barry Levine (editor), Sarah Kerrigan (editor) سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9783030429171, 3030429172 ناشر: سال نشر: 2020 تعداد صفحات: 678 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 16 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 40,000
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فهرست مطالب
Preface Contents Contributors Part I: Introduction 1: Postmortem Forensic Toxicology History Types of Postmortem Forensic Toxicology Cases Death Investigation Specimen Acquisition Blood Vitreous Humor Urine Bile Liver Antemortem Specimens Other Specimens Specimen Receipt and Accessioning Analytical Process Separation Identification by Spectrophotometry, Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, and Immunoassay Confirmation Quantification Analytes Ethanol Methods of Ethanol Analysis Interpretation Carbon Monoxide Methods Interpretation Drugs Reporting Further Reading 2: Human Performance Toxicology Definition Laboratory Psychomotor Performance Testing Application Alcohol and Driving History Specimens for Alcohol Testing Epidemiology Behavioral and Physiological/Psychomotor Effects of Alcohol Standardized Field Sobriety Tests Drugs and Driving Epidemiology Drug Evaluation and Classification Program Drug Recognition Evaluation Toxicology Blood/Urine Oral Fluid Scope of Testing Drug Class Effects CNS Depressants CNS Stimulants Hallucinogens Dissociative Anesthetics Narcotic Analgesics Inhalants Cannabis Further Reading 3: Drug-Facilitated Crimes Defining Drug-Facilitated Crimes History of Drug-Facilitated Crimes Challenges of Drug-Facilitated Crimes for Forensic Toxicologists Most Common Drugs Detected in Alleged Drug-Facilitated Crimes Ethanol Cannabinoids Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs GHB and Precursors First-Generation Antihistamines Opiates/Opioids Ketamine Overcoming the Toxicological Challenges of Drug-Facilitated Crimes Testing Recommendations Management of Cases Conclusions Further Reading 4: Forensic Drug Testing The Military The Criminal Justice System The Public Sector The Private Sector Other Segments of Society Status of Forensic Drug Testing in the United States The Testing Process Testing Methodologies Initial Test/Screening Specimen Validity Tests Confirmation: Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Oral Fluid Quality Control Data Review Reporting MRO Review Proficiency Testing Accreditation/Certification Government Non-Government On-Site Testing Specimens Urine Hair Sweat Saliva (Oral Fluid) Further Reading 5: Performance-Enhancing Drug Testing Introduction Testing Approach Drugs and Drug Classes Anabolic-Androgen Steroids and Anabolic Agents Stimulants Diuretics and Masking Agents Narcotic Analgesics Marijuana and Synthetic Cannabinoids Peptide Hormones Other Drugs Discussion Further Reading 6: Drug Testing in Pain Management Introduction Pain Physiology Non-pharmacologic and Pharmacologic Treatment Rationale for Drug Testing in Pain Management Implementation of Drug Testing Programs in Pain Management Specimen Types Drugs Included in Testing Drug Concentrations and Testing Thresholds Specimen Collection Methodology Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) Interpretation Laboratory Reporting and Relationship with the Practice Further Reading 7: Pharmacokinetics Introduction Absorption Distribution Metabolism Phase I Metabolism Phase II Metabolism First-Pass Effect Excretion Hepatic Excretion Renal Excretion Compartmentalization of Drugs and Elimination Kinetics Further Reading 8: Pharmacodynamics Receptors Neurotransmission Monoamines Acetylcholine GABA Glutamate Endogenous Opioids Others Tolerance Physical Dependence Further Readings Part II: Methodologies 9: Specimen Preparation/Extraction Purpose Specimens Extent of Testing Results Analysis of Gases and Volatile Liquids Specimen Digestion for Elemental/Inorganic Analyses Specimen Preparation for Bound Drugs and Metabolites Immunoassays Protein Precipitation Tissue Homogenization “Dilute and Shoot” Liquid/Liquid Extraction Solid Phase Extraction Supported Liquid Extraction and Specialized Specimen Clean Up Solid Phase Microextraction QuEChERS Esoteric Isolation/Extraction Techniques Final Thoughts Further Readings 10: Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry Introduction Electromagnetic Radiation The Laws of Lambert and Beer Instrumentation Sources Wavelength Selectors Sample Cell Detectors Instrument Configurations 11: Chromatography Definition History Development of the Technology Principles Characterization of Separations Trennzahl Thin-Layer Chromatography Gas Chromatography Functional Division Mobile Phase and Auxiliary Gas Selection, Supply, and Control Injectors Separation Detectors Data Systems Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Applicability Development Functional Division Mobile Phase Supply Injectors Separation HPLC Detectors Data Systems Quantification Objectives and Requirements Resolution Response Factors Calibration Type Further Reading 12: Derivatization Introduction Derivatization for GC-MS Silylation Acylation Alkylation Other Derivatization Techniques Oximes Cyclization Chiral Derivatization Derivatization by Drug Class Amphetamines Benzodiazepines Cannabinoids Opioids Cocaine Further Reading 13: Immunoassay Competitive Binding Process Antibodies Production of Antibodies Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antiserum Specificity Specific Immunoassay Techniques Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) Strengths Limitations Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) Strengths Limitations Cloned Enzyme Donor Immunoassay (CEDIA) Strengths Limitations Kinetic Interaction of Microparticles in Solution (KIMS) Strengths Limitations Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Strengths Limitations Biochip Array Technology (BAT) Method Validation Quality Control Cutoffs Applications Special Problems Conclusions Further Reading Glossary 14: Mass Spectrometry General Theory Schematic Sample Inlet Direct Insertion Probe Gas Chromatography Liquid Chromatography Ionization Electron Ionization Chemical Ionization Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Electrospray Ionization Thermospray Atmospheric Pressure CI Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Collision-Induced Dissociation Mass Analyzer Magnetic Sector Quadrupole Ion Trap MS/MS and MSn Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometers Others Applications Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis Examples Further Reading 15: Quantitative Analytical Methods Introduction to Quantitative Methods Obtaining Quantitative Analytical Results Internal Standards Calibration Calibration Curve Fitting Methods Method of Standard Additions Quality Control Analytical Considerations Limits of Detection, Quantification, and Calibration Range Accuracy and Precision Reporting Conclusions Further Reading 16: Method Validation Terms and Definitions Immunoassay Method Validation Chromatographic Method Validations Mass Spectrometry Screening Method Validation Summary Appendix: Typical Method Validation Protocol Further Reading 17: Metrological Traceability and Measurement Uncertainty Measurement Science History International Infrastructure National Infrastructure Metrological Traceability Measurement Uncertainty Specify the Measurement Process Identify Uncertainty Components Quantify Uncertainty Components Convert Quantities to Standard Uncertainties Calculate the Combined Standard Uncertainty Evaluation of Bias Expand the Combined Standard Uncertainty by Coverage Factor (k) Evaluate the Expanded Uncertainty Report the Measurement Uncertainty Periodic Reevaluation Further Reading 18: Statistics for Forensic Toxicology Introduction Significant Figures, Uncertainty, and Reporting Data Distributions, Error Propagation, and Measurement Uncertainty Types of Error Distribution of Errors Measurement Uncertainty Hypothesis Testing Theoretical Concepts Comparison of an Experimental Mean with a Known Value Comparison of Two Population Means Paired t-Test One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests Type I and Type II Errors Comparison of Several Means: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Outliers Regression Residuals The Bayesian Approach Appendix 1: Table of the critical values for the Student’s t-distribution Appendix 2: Table of selected critical values for the F distribution for sample sets of 10 objects or 9 degrees of freedom and a significance level at α = 0.05. Refer to rows α = 0.05 for a one-tailed test and rows α = 0.025 for a two-tailed Appendix 3: Table of critical values of the Q test statistic (P = 0.05) Further Reading Part III: Analytes 19: Alcohol Classification of Alcohols Production of Alcoholic Beverages Fate of Alcohol in the Body Absorption Distribution Metabolism Non-oxidative Metabolism Excretion Pharmacokinetics The Widmark Equation Other Alcohols Effects of Ethanol Metabolic Effects Cardiovascular System Central Nervous System Gastrointestinal Tract Kidney Liver Miscellaneous Effects Tolerance Blood Alcohol Analysis Sampling Chemical Oxidation Enzymatic Oxidation Gas-Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Alcohol in Breath Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometry Electrochemical Oxidation Stability of Ethanol in Blood and Urine Legal and Regulatory Aspects Driving Under the Influence Alcohol in the Workplace Suggested Reading 20: Benzodiazepines Chemistry and Use Pharmacology Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetics Performance Effects of Benzodiazepines Interactions Special Considerations Individual Benzodiazepines Alprazolam Clonazepam Diazepam Estazolam Flurazepam Lorazepam Temazepam Benzodiazepine Antagonist: Flumazenil Benzodiazepine Analogs Etizolam Flubromazolam Phenazepam Pyrazolam Analysis Interpretation Suggested Reading 21: Miscellaneous Central Nervous System Depressants Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Use and Abuse Effects Pharmacokinetics Interpretation Barbiturates Chemistry, Classification, and Use Pharmacokinetics Interpretation “Z” DRUGS Zaleplon Zopiclone Zolpidem Melatonin Receptor Agonists Ramelteon Tasimelteon Other CNS Depressants Buspirone Carisoprodol/Meprobamate Chloral Hydrate Cyclobenzaprine Ethchlorvynol Metaxalone Suvorexant Suggested Reading 22: Opioids Introduction Chemistry and Mechanism of Action Opioid Receptors Agonist and Antagonist Behavior Structure–Activity Relationships Use and Effects General Pharmacokinetics Absorption and Distribution Metabolism and Excretion Drug Interactions Novel Synthetic Opioids Fentalogs Specific Opioids Buprenorphine Butorphanol Codeine Dihydrocodeine Fentanyl and Approved Derivatives Heroin Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Levorphanol Meperidine Methadone Morphine Nalbuphine Opium Oxycodone Oxymorphone Pentazocine Propoxyphene Tapentadol Tramadol Analysis Sample Preparation Screening Techniques Confirmatory Procedures Interpretation Blood Urine Other Matrices Suggested Reading 23: Cocaine Introduction History Chemistry Pharmacology Effects and Toxicity Pharmacokinetics Absorption Metabolism Plasma Concentrations Excretion Direct Methods of Analysis Immunoassay Indirect Methods of Analysis Sample Preparation Thin-Layer Chromatography Gas Chromatography Liquid Chromatography and Others Interpretation of Results Pathology Blood Urine Tissues Hair Oral Fluid Sweat Effect of Cocaine on Driving Further Reading 24: Cannabis Introduction Chemistry Nomenclature Mechanisms of THC Action Effects Driving Impairment Epidemiologic Studies Performance Studies Driving Simulator Studies and Closed-/Open-Course Driving Studies Development of Tolerance Therapeutic Uses Pharmacokinetics Absorption Smoked Administration Vaporized Administration Oral Administration Oromucosal Administration Distribution Metabolism Elimination Terminal Elimination Half-Lives of THCCOOH Whole and Plasma Blood Cannabinoid Concentrations Interpretation of Blood and Plasma Cannabinoid Concentrations Interpretation of Postmortem Blood Cannabinoids Mathematical Models for Predicting Elapsed Time since Last Cannabis Use Urine Cannabinoid Concentrations Interpretation of Urine Cannabinoid Concentrations Normalization of Urine Cannabinoid Concentrations to the Urine Creatinine Concentration Models to Identify New Cannabis Use between Two Urine Specimens in Occasional Cannabis Users and Chronic, Frequent Cannabis Users Identifying New Cannabis Use with Urine Creatinine-Normalized THCCOOH Concentrations and Time Intervals between Specimen Collections for Occasional Cannabis Users Differentiating New Cannabis Use from Residual Urinary Cannabinoid Excretion in Chronic, Daily Cannabis Users Measurement of THC and 11-OH-THC in Urine as Indicators of Recent Cannabis Use Cannabinoids in OF Cannabinoids in Breath Cannabinoids in Sweat Cannabinoids in Hair Passive Inhalation Analysis Screening Confirmation Synthetic Cannabinoids Conclusions References 25: Amphetamines/Sympathomimetic Amines Introduction Analogs Effects Therapeutic Uses Abuse Pharmacokinetics Analysis Immunoassay Chromatographic Separation Mass Spectrometry Chiral Separations Interpretation Impairment Postmortem Therapeutic Drugs Converted to Amphetamine/Methamphetamine Summary Further Reading 26: Hallucinogens and Psychedelics Introduction Phencyclidine Drug Abuse Patterns Synthesis Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetics Effects Analysis Interpretation of PCP Concentrations Precursors and Analogs Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Synthesis Drug Abuse Patterns Mechanism of Action Effects Pharmacokinetics Analysis Mescaline Introduction Pharmacokinetics Effects Analysis Analogs Psilocybin and Psilocin Synthesis Pharmacology Analysis Ketamine Pharmacokinetics Effects Analysis Further Reading 27: Antidepressants Introduction Pharmacologic Actions Mechanism of Action First-Generation Antidepressants Second-Generation Antidepressants Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Third-Generation Antidepressants Newer Antidepressants Pharmacokinetics Analysis Specimen Pretreatment Chromatographic Separation Toxicity and Postmortem Findings Further Reading 28: Neuroleptics Introduction Schizophrenia Chemistry of Neuroleptic (Antipsychotic) Drugs Pharmacokinetics Absorption and Distribution Elimination Mechanism of Action Adverse Reactions Non-neurologic Side Effects Neurologic Side Effects Mortality Interpretation Further Reading 29: Miscellaneous Therapeutic Drugs Introduction Antiepileptic Drugs First-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs Second-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs Third-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs Anti-arrhythmic Drugs Cardiac Function and Arrhythmias Drugs Antihistamines H1 Antagonists H2 Antagonists Non-narcotic Analgesics Anti-inflammatory Drugs Further Reading 30: Carbon Monoxide/Cyanide Carbon Monoxide Pathophysiology Disposition Analysis Poisoning and Autopsy Findings Treatment Fire-Related Deaths Storage and Stability Considerations Summary Cyanide Pathophysiology Disposition Analysis Poisoning and Autopsy Findings Fire-Related Deaths Storage and Stability Considerations Summary Further Reading 31: Inhalants Classification and Abuse Classification Abuse Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Effects Common Inhalants Toluene Halogenated Hydrocarbons Butane Nitrous Oxide Butyl Nitrite Analysis Interpretation Further Reading 32: Metals Introduction Aluminum Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Arsenic Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Iron Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Lead Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Lithium Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Mercury Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Thallium Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Treatment of Metal Poisonings Analysis of Metals Preanalytical Considerations Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) ICP-MS Other Techniques Metal Speciation Further Reading Part IV: Special Topics 33: Drug Stability in Biological Specimens Introduction Amphetamines Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cannabinoids Cocaine Ethanol Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Neuroleptics Opioids Phencyclidine (PCP) Further Reading 34: Postmortem Redistribution of Drugs Introduction Definition of PMR PM Physiological Processes Causing PMR Drug Characteristics Suggesting Potential PMR Drugs Displaying PMR Role of Toxicologist Further Reading 35: Postmortem Clinical Testing Introduction Specimens Anaphylaxis Dehydration Diabetes Mellitus Metabolic Disorders Thyroid Function Further Reading 36: Pharmacogenomics Introduction Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Transport Proteins Drug Targets Pharmacogenomics in Forensic Toxicology Case Study: Oxycodone Case Study: Methadone Case Study: Fentanyl Case Study: Fluoxetine Case Study: Doxepin Case Study: Codeine Summary Further Reading 37: Hair Drug Testing Introduction Hair Physiology Drug Disposition into the Hair Systemic Incorporation from the Blood Incorporation from Sweat and Other Secretions Incorporation from External Contamination Drug Analysis Sampling Sample Preparation Segmentation Washing Homogeneity and Sample Amount Extraction Screening and Confirmation Interpretation of Results Drug-Related Deaths Drug-Facilitated Crimes Dose-Concentration Relationships Summary Further Reading 38: Oral Fluid Testing Introduction Physiology Drug Disposition Collection Methods Drug Analysis Screening Confirmation Stability Interpretation of Test Results Oral Cavity Contamination Passive Exposure Collection and Analytical Variables Correlations Blood Urine Impairment Conclusion Further Reading 39: Meconium Drug Testing Introduction Drug Disposition Drug Analysis Screening Confirmatory Analysis Interpretation of Results Conclusion Further Reading 40: Drugs in Embalmed Tissues Introduction Formaldehyde Analytical Considerations Drugs in Embalmed Specimens Drugs in Formalin-Fixed Tissues/Formalin Solutions Amphetamines Antipsychotics Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Carboxyhemoglobin and Cyanide Cocaine Elements and Metals Opiates/Opioids Pesticides Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Tricyclic Antidepressants Volatiles Miscellaneous Drugs Conclusions Further Reading Index
