Principles of Biomedical Engineering

Principles of Biomedical Engineering Second Edition
	Contents
	CHAPTER 1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview
		1.2 Roles of Bioengineers
		1.3 History of Bioengineering
			1.3.1 Development of Biomedical Imaging
			1.3.2 Development of Dialysis
			1.3.3 The Development of the Heart-Lung Machine
			1.3.4 Other Devices
		1.4 Sources for Information
		Problems
		Selected Bibliography
	CHAPTER 2 Biotransport
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Fundamental Factors
			2.2.1 Liquid Compartments
			2.2.2 Solute Components
			2.2.3 Components in the Gas Phase
			2.2.4 Importance of pH
		2.3 Diffusion-Mediated Transport
			2.3.1 Free Diffusion
			2.3.2 Facilitated Diffusion
			2.3.3 Active Transport
		2.4 Osmosis-Driven Transport
			2.4.1 Osmolarity
			2.4.2 Tonicity
			2.4.3 Osmotic Pressure
		2.5 Combined Osmosis and Pressure Gradient-Driven Transport
		2.6 Transport of Macromolecules
		Problems
		References
	CHAPTER 3
Bioelectrical Phenomena
		3.1 Overview
		3.2 Membrane Potential
			3.2.1 Nernst Equation
			3.2.2 Donnan Equilibrium
			3.2.3 Goldman Equation
		3.3 Electrical Equivalent Circuit
			3.3.1 Cell Membrane Conductance
			3.3.2 Cell Membrane as a Capacitor
			3.3.3 Resistance-Capacitance Circuit
			3.3.4 Action Potential
		3.4 Principles of Bioelectrodes
			3.4.1 Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
			3.4.2 Potential Monitoring Electrodes
			3.4.3 Amperometric Devices
			3.4.4 Intracellular Recording of Bioelectricity
		3.5 Volume Conductors
			3.5.1 Electric Field
			3.5.2 Electrical Potential Energy
			3.5.3 Conservation of Charge
			3.5.4 Measuring Electrical Activity of Tissues: Example of Electrocardiogram
			3.5.5 Biopotential Recording Practicalities
		Problems
		References
		Selected Bibliography
	CHAPTER 4
Biofluid Flow
		4.1 Overview
		4.2 Fluid Flow Characteristics
			4.2.1 Conservation of Mass
			4.2.2 Inertial and Viscous Forces
			4.2.3 Conservation of Momentum
		4.3 Nonidealities in Biological Systems
			4.3.1 Oscillatory and Pulsating Flows
			4.3.2 Alterations in Viscosity
			4.3.3 Fluid Flow in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS)
		4.4 Conservation of Energy
			4.4.1 Different Energy Forms
			4.4.2 Energy Balance in the Body
			4.4.3 Energy Expenditure Calculations
		4.5 Fluid Power
			4.5.1 Power Calculations in a Cardiac Cycle
			4.5.2 The Efficiency of a Pump
			4.5.3 Pumps in Series and Parallel
		4.6 Optimization Principle for Fluid Transport
			4.6.1 Minimum Work of Circulation
		Problems
		References
		Selected Bibliography
	CHAPTER 5 Biomechanics
		5.1 Overview
		5.2 Conservation of Momentum in Solids
			5.2.1 Different Forces Acting on the Body
			5.2.2 Angular Motion
			5.2.3 Impulse-Momentum Relation
			5.2.4 Gait Analysis (Motion Analysis)
		5.3 Ideal Stress-Strain Characteristics
			5.3.1 Structural Parameters and Material Parameters
			5.3.2 Axial Stress and Strain
			5.3.3 Shear Stress
			5.3.4 Bending
			5.3.5 Torsion
		5.4 Nonidealities in Stress-Strain Characterization
			5.4.1 Failure Under Combined Loading
			5.4.2 Viscoelastic Characteristics
			5.4.3 Dynamic Loading
		5.5 Conservation of Energy in Solids
			5.5.1 Work-Energy Relation
			5.5.2 Energy Absorption
		Problems
		References
		Selected Bibliography
	CHAPTER 6
Biomaterials
		6.1 Overview
		6.2 Types of Biomaterials
			6.2.1 Metals and Alloys
			6.2.2 Ceramics
			6.2.3 Polymers
			6.2.4 Biological Materials
			6.2.5 Composites
		6.3 Material Characteristics
			6.3.1 Mechanical Performance
			6.3.2 Mechanical Durability
			6.3.3 Corrosion and Degradation
			6.3.4 Surface Roughness
			6.3.5 Sterilization Techniques
		6.4 Physiological Responses to Biomaterials
			6.4.1 Toxicity Analysis
			6.4.2 Surface Adhesion
			6.4.3 Blood-Material Interactions
			6.4.4 Inflammatory Response
			6.4.5 Infection
		6.5 Tissue Engineering
			6.5.1 Material Used in Tissue Regeneration
			6.5.2 Scaffold Formation Techniques
		Problems
		References
		Selected Bibliography
	CHAPTER 7
Cellular Engineering
		7.1 Overview
		7.2 Cell Culture
			7.2.1 Microenvironment
			7.2.2 Proliferation and Differentiation
			7.2.3 Bioreactors
			7.2.4 Different Modes of Operation
		7.3 Characterization and Utilization of Products
			7.3.1 Purification of Products
			7.3.2 Soluble Factor Interactions
			7.3.3 Enzyme-Based Biosensors
			7.3.4 Antibody-Based Biosensors
			7.3.5 Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors
			7.3.6 Immobilization Strategies
		7.4 Cellular Processes
			7.4.1 Cell-Matrix Interactions
			7.4.2 Cell-Cell Interactions
			7.4.3 Metabolism
			7.4.4 Intracellular Degradation
		7.5 Storage of Cells and Tissues
			7.5.1 Long-Term Storage of Cells
			7.5.2 Storage of Tissues
			7.5.3 Microarray Technology
		7.6 Bioinformatics
		Problems
		References
		Selected Bibliography
	CHAPTER 8 Biomedical Imaging
		8.1 Overview
		8.2 Properties of Light
			8.2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
			8.2.2 Energy in an EM Wave
			8.2.3 Generation of EM Radiation
		8.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter
			8.3.1 Absorption of EM Waves
			8.3.2 Scattering of EM Waves
			8.3.3 Transmission Imaging
		8.4 Basics of Imaging
			8.4.1 Image Acquisition
			8.4.2 Digitizing Images
			8.4.3 The 3-D Image Reconstruction
			8.4.4 Image Quality
		8.5 Imaging Devices
			8.5.1 X-Ray Imaging
			8.5.2 PET
			8.5.3 MRI
			8.5.4 Ultrasound Imaging
			8.5.5 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
			8.5.6 Endoscopes
			8.5.7 Fluorescence Imaging
		Problems
		References
		Selected Bibliography
	CHAPTER 9
Modeling Complex Systems
		9.1 Overview
		9.2 Compartmental Modeling
			9.2.1 Chemical Compartmental Model
			9.2.2 The Apparent Volume of Distribution
			9.2.3 Other Single Compartmental Systems
			9.2.4 Multicompartmental Models
		9.3 Special Cases of Compartmental Modeling
			9.3.1 Modeling Dialysis
			9.3.2 Cable Theory
		9.4 Modeling Diffusion-Limited Processes
			9.4.1 Case 1: Reaction-Diffusion in Cartesian coordinates.
			9.4.2 Case 2: The Krogh Tissue Cylinder
			9.4.3 Case 3: A 1-D Radial Diffusion in Spherical Coordinates
			9.4.4 Case 4: Cell Migration
			9.4.5 Complex Model Systems
		Problems
		References
		Selected Bibliography
	CHAPTER 10
Ethics and Regulatory Affairs
		10.1 Overview
		10.2 Complexities of Bioethics
			10.2.1 Bioethics in the Context of Ethical Theories
			10.2.2 The Difference Between Ethics and Law
			10.2.3 Influence of Religion and Culture
		10.3 Research Testing
			10.3.1 The Declaration of Helsinki
			10.3.2 Belmont Report
			10.3.3 Institutional Review Board (IRB)
			10.3.4 Informed Consent
		10.4 Safety Standards
			10.4.1 Standards and Guidelines
			10.4.2 International Electromedical Commission (IEC)
			10.4.3 ISO
		10.5 Regulatory Agencies
			10.5.1 The FDA
			10.5.2 Device Classification
			10.5.3 Compliance Requirements
		Problems
		Reference
		Selected Bibliography
	About the Author
	Index