Principles of Biology

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
About the Authors
A Note about Principles of Biology . . .
Guiding You Through Principles of Biology
CONTENTS (with direct page links)
1. An Introduction to Biology
	1.1 Principles of Biology and the Levels of Biological Organization
	1.2 Unity and Diversity of Life
		Evolutionary Connections: The Study of Evolution Allows Us to Appreciate the Unity and Diversity Among Different Species
	1.3 Biology as a Scientific Discipline
	Assess and Discuss
UNIT I: Chemistry
	2. The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water
		2.1 Atoms
		2.2 Chemical Bonds and Molecules
		2.3 Chemical Reactions
		2.4 Properties of Water
			Quantitative Analysis: Concentrations of Molecules in Solution Can Be Defined by Mass and Moles
		2.5 pH and Buffers
		Assess and Discuss
	3. The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules
		3.1 The Carbon Atom and Carbon-Containing Molecules
		3.2 Synthesis and Breakdown of Organic Molecules
		3.3 Overview of the Four Major Classes of Organic Molecules Found in Living Cells
		3.4 Carbohydrates
		3.5 Lipids
		3.6 Proteins
			Feature Investigation: Anfinsen Showed That the Primary Structure of Ribonuclease Determines Its Three-Dimensional Structure
			Evolutionary Connections: Proteins Contain Functional Domains
		3.7 Nucleic Acids
		Assess and Discuss
UNIT II: Cells
	4. Evolutionary Origin of Cells and Their General Features
		4.1 Origin of Living Cells on Earth
		4.2 Microscopy
		4.3 Overview of Cell Structure and Function
		4.4 The Cytosol
		4.5 The Nucleus and Endomembrane System
		4.6 Semiautonomous Organelles
			Evolutionary Connections: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Derived from Ancient Symbiotic Relationships
		4.7 Protein Sorting to Organelles
		4.8 Extracellular Matrix and Plant Cell Walls
		4.9 Systems Biology of Cells: A Summary
		Assess and Discuss
	5. Membranes: The Interface Between Cells and Their Environment
		5.1 Membrane Structure
		5.2 Fluidity of Membranes
		5.3 Overview of Membrane Transport
		5.4 Transport Proteins
			Feature Investigation: Agre Discovered That Osmosis Occurs More Quickly in Cells with a Channel That Allows the Facilitated Diffusion of Water
		5.5 Intercellular Channels
		5.6 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
		5.7 Cell Junctions
		Assess and Discuss
	6. How Cells Utilize Energy
		6.1 Energy and Chemical Reactions
		6.2 Enzymes
			Quantitative Analysis: Enzyme Function Is Influenced by Substrate Concentration and by Inhibitors
		6.3 Overview of Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
		6.4 Glycolysis
		6.5 Breakdown of Pyruvate
		6.6 Citric Acid Cycle
		6.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation
			Feature Investigation: Yoshida and Kinosita Demonstrated That the γ Subunit of ATP Synthase Spins
		6.8 Connections Among Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism
		Assess and Discuss
	7. How Cells Capture Light Energy via Photosynthesis
		7.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
		7.2 Reactions That Harness Light Energy
		7.3 Molecular Features of Photosystems
		7.4 Synthesizing Carbohydrates via the Calvin Cycle
			Feature Investigation: The Calvin Cycle Was Determined by Isotope-Labeling Methods
		7.5 Variations in Photosynthesis
			Evolutionary Connections: C[sup(4)] and CAM Plants Have Evolved a Mechanism to Minimize Photorespiration
		Assess and Discuss
	8. How Cells Communicate with Each Other and with the Environment
		8.1 General Features of Cell Communication
		8.2 Receptor Activation
			Quantitative Analysis: Receptors Have a Measurable Affinity for Their Ligands
		8.3 Cell Surface Receptors
		8.4 Intracellular Receptors
		8.5 Signal Transduction and Cellular Response via an Enzyme-Linked Receptor
			Evolutionary Connections: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Are Found in Choanoflagellates and Animals
		8.6 Signal Transduction and Cellular Response via a G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
		Assess and Discuss
UNIT III: Genetics
	9. The Information of Life: DNA and RNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure
		9.1 Properties and Identification of the Genetic Material
			Feature Investigation: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Used Purification Methods to Reveal That DNA Is the Genetic Material
		9.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
		9.3 Discovery of the Double-Helix Structure of DNA
		9.4 Overview of DNA Replication
		9.5 Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication
		9.6 Molecular Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
		Assess and Discuss
	10. The Expression of Genetic Information via Genes I: Transcription and Translation
		10.1 Overview of Gene Expression
		10.2 Transcription
		10.3 RNA Modifications in Eukaryotes
		10.4 Translation and the Genetic Code
			Feature Investigation: Nirenberg and Leder Found That RNA Triplets Can Promote the Binding of tRNA to Ribosomes
		10.5 The Machinery of Translation
			Evolutionary Connections: Comparisons of Small Subunit rRNAs Among Different Species Provide a Basis for Establishing Evolutionary Relationships
		10.6 The Stages of Translation
		Assess and Discuss
	11. The Expression of Genetic Information via Genes II: Non-coding RNAs
		11.1 Overview of Non-coding RNAs
		11.2 Role of Non-coding RNAs in Eukaryotic DNA Replication
		11.3 Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Chromatin Structure and Transcription
		11.4 Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Translation, mRNA Degradation, and RNA Modification
			Feature Investigation: Fire and Mello Show That Double-Stranded RNA Is More Potent Than Antisense RNA at Silencing mRNA
		11.5 Non-coding RNAs and Protein Targeting
		11.6 Non-coding RNAs and Genome Defense
		11.7 Role of Non-coding RNAs in Human Disease and Plant Health
		Assess and Discuss
	12. The Control of Genetic Information via Gene Regulation
		12.1 Overview of Gene Regulation
		12.2 Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria
		12.3 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes: Roles of Transcription Factors
		12.4 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes: Changes in Chromatin Structure and DNA Methylation
		12.5 Regulation of RNA Splicing and Translation in Eukaryotes
			Quantitative Analysis: Alternative Splicing Is More Prevalent in Complex Eukaryotic Species
		Assess and Discuss
	13. Altering the Genetic Material: Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer
		13.1 Consequences of Mutations
		13.2 Causes of Mutations
			Feature Investigation: The Lederbergs Used Replica Plating to Show That Mutations Are Random Events
			Quantitative Analysis: Testing Methods Determine If an Agent Is a Mutagen
		13.3 DNA Repair
		13.4 Cancer
		Assess and Discuss
	14. How Eukaryotic Cells Sort and Transmit Chromosomes: Mitosis and Meiosis
		14.1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
		14.2 Mitotic Cell Division
			Evolutionary Connections: Cell Division in Bacteria Involves FtsZ, a Protein Related to Eukaryotic Tubulin
		14.3 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
			Quantitative Analysis: Meiosis Enhances Genetic Diversity
		14.4 Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
		Assess and Discuss
	15. Transmission of Genetic Information from Parents to Offspring I: Patterns that Follow Mendel\'s Laws
		15.1 Mendel\'s Laws of Inheritance
			Quantitative Analysis: A Punnett Square Is Used to Predict the Outcome of Crosses
		15.2 Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
		15.3 Pedigree Analysis of Human Traits
		15.4 Variations in Inheritance Patterns and Their Molecular Basis
		15.5 Sex Chromosomes and X-Linked Inheritance Patterns 3
		Assess and Discuss
	16. Transmission of Genetic Information from Parents to Offspring II: Epigenetics, Linkage, and Extranuclear Inheritance
		16.1 Overview of Epigenetics
		16.2 Epigenetics: Genomic Imprinting
		16.3 Epigenetics: X-Chromosome Inactivation
		16.4 Epigenetics: Effects of Environmental Agents
		16.5 Extranuclear Inheritance: Organelle Genomes
			Evolutionary Connections: Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genomes Are Relatively Small but Contain Genes That Encode Important Proteins
		16.6 Linkage of Genes on the Same Chromosome
			Feature Investigation: Bateson and Punnett\'s Crosses of Sweet Peas Showed That Genes Do Not Always Assort Independently
		Assess and Discuss
	17. The Simpler Genetic Systems of Viruses and Bacteria
		17.1 Genetic Properties of Viruses
		17.2 Genetic Properties of Bacteria
		17.3 Gene Transfer Between Bacteria
			Evolutionary Connections: Horizontal Gene Transfer Is the Transfer of Genes Between the Same or Different Species
		Assess and Discuss
	18. Genetic Technologies: How Biologists Study Genes and Genomes
		18.1 Gene Cloning
			Quantitative Analysis: A DNA Library Is a Collection of Many Different DNA Fragments Cloned into Vectors
		18.2 Genomics: Techniques for Studying and Altering Genomes
		18.3 Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes
		18.4 Eukaryotic Genomes
			Evolutionary Connections: Gene Duplications Provide Additional Material for Genome Evolution, Sometimes Leading to the Formation of Gene Families
		18.5 Repetitive Sequences and Transposable Elements
		Assess and Discuss
UNIT IV: Evolution
	19. Evolution of Life I: How Populations Change from Generation to Generation
		19.1 Overview of Evolution
		19.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change
		19.3 Genes in Populations
			Evolutionary Connections: Genes Are Usually Polymorphic
			Quantitative Analysis: The Hardy-Weinberg Equation Relates Allele and Genotype Frequencies in a Population
		19.4 Natural Selection
			Feature Investigation: The Grants Observed Natural Selection in Galápagos Finches
		19.5 Genetic Drift
		19.6 Migration and Nonrandom Mating
		Assess and Discuss
	20. Evolution of Life II: The Emergence of New Species
		20.1 Identification of Species
		20.2 Reproductive Isolation
		20.3 Mechanisms of Speciation
			Feature Investigation: Podos Found That an Adaptation for Feeding May Have Promoted Reproductive Isolation in Finches
		20.4 Evo-Devo: Evolutionary Developmental Biology
			Evolutionary Connections: The Hox Genes Have Been Important in the Evolution of a Variety of Body Patterns
		Assess and Discuss
	21. How Biologists Classify Species and Study Their Evolutionary Relationships
		21.1 Taxonomy
			Evolutionary Connections: Every Species Is Placed into a Taxonomic Hierarchy
		21.2 Phylogenetic Trees
		21.3 Cladistics
			Quantitative Analysis: The Principle of Parsimony Is Used to Choose from Among Possible Cladograms
		21.4 Molecular Clocks
		21.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer
		Assess and Discuss
	22. The History of Life on Earth and Human Evolution
		22.1 The Fossil Record
			Quantitative Analysis: Radioisotopes Provide a Way to Date Fossils
		22.2 History of Life on Earth
			Evolutionary Connections: The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Is Hypothesized to Involve a Union Between Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
		22.3 Human Evolution
			Evolutionary Connections: Comparing the Genomes of Humans and Chimpanzees
		Assess and Discuss
UNIT V: Diversity
	23. Diversity of Microbial Life: Archaea, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
		23.1 Introduction to Microorganisms
		23.2 Diversity and Ecological Importance of Archaea
		23.3 Diversity and Ecological Importance of Bacteria
		23.4 Diversity in Bacterial Cell Structure and Metabolism
		23.5 Diversity and Ecological Importance of Protists
			Evolutionary Connections: Primary Plastids and Primary Endosymbiosis
		23.6 Diversity and Ecological Importance of Fungi
		23.7 Technological Applications of Microorganisms
		Assess and Discuss
	24. Microbiomes: Microbial Systems on and Around Us
		24.1 Microbiomes: Diversity of Microbes and Functions
		24.2 Microbiomes of Physical Systems
		24.3 Host-Associated Microbiomes
			Feature Investigation: Blanton, Gordon, and Associates Found That Gut Microbiomes Affect the Growth of Malnourished Children
		24.4 Engineering Animal and Plant Microbiomes
		Assess and Discuss
	25. Plant Evolution: How Plant Diversification Changed Planet Earth
		25.1 Ancestry and Diversity of Land Plants
		25.2 An Evolutionary History of Land Plants
		25.3 Diversity of Modern Gymnosperms
		25.4 Diversity of Modern Angiosperms
			Evolutionary Connections: Flower Organs Evolved from Leaf like Structures
			Feature Investigation: Hillig and Mahlberg Analyzed Secondary Metabolites to Explore Species Diversification in the Genus Cannabis
		25.5 Human Influences on Angiosperm Diversification
		Assess and Discuss
	26. Invertebrates: The Vast Array of Animal Life Without a Backbone
		26.1 Characteristics of Animals
		26.2 Animal Classification
			Evolutionary Connections: The Protostomes Consist of Two Major Clades—the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa
		26.3 Ctenophores: The Earliest Animals
		26.4 Porifera: The Sponges
		26.5 Cnidaria: Jellyfish and Other Radially Symmetric Animals
		26.6 Lophotrochozoa: The Flatworms, Rotifers, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Mollusks, and Annelids
			Quantitative Analysis: How Many Flukes?
		26.7 Ecdysozoa: The Nematodes and Arthropods
		26.8 Deuterostomia: The Echinoderms and Chordates
		Assess and Discuss
	27. Vertebrates: Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals
		27.1 Vertebrates: Chordates with a Backbone
		27.2 Gnathostomes: Jawed Vertebrates
		27.3 Tetrapods: Gnathostomes with Four Limbs
			Feature Investigation: Davis and Colleagues Provide a Genetic-Developmental Explanation for Limb Length in Tetrapods
		27.4 Amniotes: Tetrapods with a Desiccation-Resistant Egg
		27.5 Mammals: Milk-Producing Amniotes
		Assess and Discuss
UNIT VI: Flowering Plants
	28. An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function
		28.1 From Seed to Seed: The Life of a Flowering Plant
		28.2 Plant Growth and Development
		28.3 The Shoot System: Stem and Leaf Adaptations
			Feature Investigation: Lawren Sack and Colleagues Showed That Palmate Venation Confers Tolerance of Leaf Vein Breakage
		28.4 Root System Adaptations
		Assess and Discuss
	29. How Flowering Plants Sense and Interact with Their Environments
		29.1 Overview of Plant Behavioral Responses
		29.2 Plant Hormones
			Evolutionary Connections: Plant Gibberellin Responses Evolved in a Stepwise Manner
		29.3 Plant Responses to Light
		29.4 Plant Responses to Gravity and Touch
		29.5 Plant Responses to Attack
		Assess and Discuss
	30. How Flowering Plants Obtain and Transport Nutrients
		30.1 Plant Nutritional Requirements
		30.2 The Roles of Soil in Plant Nutrition
		30.3 Transport at the Cellular Level
			Quantitative Analysis: The Water Potential Equation Can Be Used to Predict Cellular Water Status
			Evolutionary Connections: Relative Water Content Measurements Reveal Plant Adaptation to Water Stress
		30.4 Plant Transport at the Tissue Level
		30.5 Long-Distance Transport in Plants
		Assess and Discuss
	31. How Flowering Plants Reproduce and Develop
		31.1 An Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
		31.2 Flower Production, Structure, and Development
			Feature Investigation: Liang and Mahadevan Used Time-Lapse Video and Mathematical Modeling to Explain How Flowers Bloom
		31.3 Male and Female Gametophytes and Double Fertilization
		31.4 Embryo, Seed, Fruit, and Seedling Development
		31.5 Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
			Evolutionary Connections: The Evolution of Plantlet Production in Kalanchoë
		Assess and Discuss
UNIT VII: Animals
	32. General Features of Animal Bodies, and Homeostasis as a Key Principle of Animal Biology
		32.1 Organization of Animal Bodies
			Evolutionary Connections: Organ Development and Function Are Controlled by Hox Genes
		32.2 The Relationship Between Form and Function
		32.3 Homeostasis
		32.4 Homeostatic Regulation of Body Temperature
		32.5 Principles of Homeostasis of Internal Fluids
			Feature Investigation: Cade and Colleagues Discovered Why Athletes\' Performances Wane on Hot Days
		Assess and Discuss
	33. Neuroscience I: The Structure, Function, and Evolution of Nervous Systems
		33.1 Cellular Components of Nervous Systems
		33.2 Electrical Properties of Neurons and the Resting Membrane Potential
			Quantitative Analysis: An Ion\'s Equilibrium Potential Depends on Its Concentration Gradient
		33.3 Generation and Transmission of Electrical Signals Along Neurons
		33.4 Communication at Synapses
		33.5 The Evolution and Development of Nervous Systems
		33.6 Structure and Function of the Nervous Systems of Humans and Other Vertebrates
			Feature Investigation: Gaser and Schlaug Showed That the Sizes of Certain Brain Structures Differ Between Musicians and Nonmusicians
		33.7 Impact on Public Health
		Assess and Discuss
	34. Neuroscience II: How Sensory Systems Allow Animals to Interact with the Environment
		34.1 Introduction to Sensation
		34.2 Mechanoreception
		34.3 Thermoreception and Nociception
		34.4 Photoreception
			Evolutionary Connections: Color Vision Is an Ancient Adaptation in Animals
		34.5 Chemoreception
			Feature Investigation: Buck and Axel Discovered a Family of Olfactory Receptor Proteins That Bind Specific Odor Molecules
		34.6 Impact on Public Health
		Assess and Discuss
	35. How Muscles and Skeletons Are Adaptations for Movement, Support, and Protection
		35.1 Types of Animal Skeletons
		35.2 Skeletal Muscle Structure and the Mechanism of Force Generation
			Evolutionary Connections: Did an Ancient Mutation in Myosin Play a Role in the Development of the Human Brain?
		35.3 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Their Functions
		35.4 Impact on Public Health
		Assess and Discuss
	36. Circulatory and Respiratory Systems: Transporting Solutes and Exchanging Gases
		36.1 Types of Circulatory Systems
			Evolutionary Connections: A Four-Chambered Heart Evolved from Simple Contractile Tubes
		36.2 The Composition of Blood
		36.3 The Vertebrate Heart and Its Function
		36.4 Blood Vessels
		36.5 Relationship Among Blood Pressure, Blood Flow, and Resistance
			Quantitative Analysis: Cardiac Output and Resistance Determine Blood Pressure
		36.6 Physical Properties of Gases
		36.7 Types of Respiratory Systems
		36.8 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Respiratory System
		36.9 Mechanisms of Gas Transport in Blood
			Quantitative Analysis: The Ability of Hemoglobin to Bind Oxygen is Decreased by Factors Such as Temperature, CO[sup(2)], and pH
		36.10 Control of Ventilation
		36.11 Impact on Public Health
		Assess and Discuss
	37. Digestive and Excretory Systems Help Maintain Nutrient, Water, and Energy Balance and Remove Waste Products from Animal Bodies
		37.1 Overview of Animal Nutrition
		37.2 General Principles of Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
		37.3 Vertebrate Digestive Systems
			Evolutionary Connections: Genetics Explains Lactose Intolerance
		37.4 Nutrient Use and Storage
		37.5 Regulation of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
		37.6 Excretory Systems in Different Animal Groups
		37.7 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Kidneys
		37.8 Impact on Public Health
			Feature Investigation: Barry Marshall, Robin Warren, and Coworkers Demonstrated a Link Between Bacterial Infection and Ulcers
		Assess and Discuss
	38. How Endocrine Systems Influence the Activities of All Other Organ Systems
		38.1 Types of Hormones and Their Mechanisms of Action
		38.2 Links Between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
		38.3 Hormonal Control of Metabolism and Energy Balance
			Feature Investigation: Banting, Best, Collip, and MacLeod Were the First to Isolate Active Insulin
		38.4 Hormonal Control of Mineral Balance
			Evolutionary Connections: Hormones and Receptors Evolved as Tightly Integrated Molecular Systems
		38.5 Hormonal Control of Growth and Development
		38.6 Hormonal Control of Reproduction
		38.7 Impact on Public Health
		Assess and Discuss
	39. The Production of Offspring: Reproduction and Development
		39.1 Overview of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
			Feature Investigation: Paland and Lynch Provided Evidence That Sexual Reproduction May Promote the Elimination of Harmful Mutations in Populations
		39.2 Gametogenesis and Fertilization
		39.3 Human Reproductive Structure and Function
		39.4 Pregnancy and Birth in Mammals
			Evolutionary Connections: The Evolution of the Globin Gene Family Has Been Important for Internal Gestation in Mammals
		39.5 General Events of Embryonic Development
		39.6 Impact on Public Health
		Assess and Discuss
	40. Immune Systems: How Animals Defend Against Pathogens and Other Dangers
		40.1 Types of Pathogens
		40.2 Innate Immunity
			Evolutionary Connections: Innate Immune Responses Require Proteins That Recognize Features of Many Pathogens
			Feature Investigation: Lemaitre and Colleagues Identify an Immune Function for Toll Protein in Drosophila
		40.3 Acquired Immunity
		40.4 Impact on Public Health
		Assess and Discuss
	41. Integrated Responses of Animal Organ Systems to a Challenge to Homeostasis
		41.1 Effects of Hemorrhage on Blood Pressure and Organ Function
		41.2 The Rapid Phase of the Homeostatic Response to Hemorrhage
		41.3 The Secondary Phase of the Homeostatic Response to Hemorrhage
		41.4 Impact on Public Health
		Assess and Discuss
UNIT VIII: Ecology
	42. Behavioral Ecology: The Struggle to Find Food and Mates and to Pass on Genes
		42.1 The Influence of Genetics and Learning on Behavior
			Feature Investigation: Tinbergen\'s Experiments Show That Digger Wasps Learn the Positions of Landmarks to Find Their Nests
		42.2 Communication
		42.3 Living in Groups and Optimality Theory
			Quantitative Analysis: Game Theory Establishes Whether Individuals Fight or Flee
		42.4 Altruism
		42.5 Mating Behavior
		Assess and Discuss
	43. Population Growth and Species Interactions
		43.1 Measuring Population Size and Density
			Quantitative Analysis: Mark-Recapture Can Be Used to Estimate Population Size
		43.2 Demography
		43.3 How Populations Grow
		43.4 Species Interactions
			Evolutionary Connections: Organisms Have Evolved Many Defenses Against Natural Enemies
		Assess and Discuss
	44. Communities and Ecosystems: Ecological Organization at Large Scales
		44.1 Patterns of Species Richness and Species Diversity
			Quantitative Analysis: Calculating Species Diversity
		44.2 Species Diversity and Community Stability
		44.3 Succession: Community Change
		44.4 Island Biogeography
			Feature Investigation: Simberloff and Wilson\'s Experiments Tested the Predictions of the Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography
		44.5 Food Webs and Energy Flow
		44.6 Biomass Production in Ecosystems
		Assess and Discuss
	45. How Climate Affects the Distribution of Species on Earth
		45.1 Climate
		45.2 Major Biomes
			Evolutionary Connections: Continental Drift and Biogeography Help Explain Species Distributions
		Assess and Discuss
	46. The Age of Humans
		46.1 Human Population Growth
		46.2 Global Warming and Climate Change
		46.3 Pollution and Human Influences on Biogeochemical Cycles
			Feature Investigation: Stiling and Drake\'s Experiments with Elevated CO[sub(2)] Showed an Increase in Plant Growth but a Decrease in Herbivory
		46.4 Pollution and Biomagnification
		46.5 Habitat Destruction
		46.6 Overexploitation
			Quantitative Analysis: Ecologists Make Calculations to Determine If Overexploitation Is Occurring
		46.7 Invasive Species
		Assess and Discuss
	47. Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
		47.1 Genetic, Species, and Ecosystem Diversity
		47.2 Value of Biodiversity to Human Welfare
		47.3 Conservation Strategies
		Assess and Discuss
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix B: Answers to In-Chapter and End-of-Chapter Questions
	01
	02
	03
	04
	05
	06
	07
	08 - 09
	10
	11 - 12
	13
	14
	15 - 16
	17 - 18
	19
	20
	21 - 22
	23
	24 - 25
	26
	27
	28 - 29
	30 - 31
	32
	33
	34
	35 - 36
	37
	38 - 39
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	46 - 47
INDEX
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q - R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X - Y - Z