Principles of Animal Physiology

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
About the Author Team......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Instructor Supplements......Page 23
Acknowledgments......Page 24
Contents......Page 31
  1.1 How to Succeed in Your Anatomy and Physiology Course......Page 46
   How to Develop Study Skills......Page 47
   How to Use This Book and Its Associated Materials......Page 49
  1.2 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology......Page 52
   Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems......Page 53
   Types of Anatomy and Physiology......Page 54
   The Anatomical Position and Directional Terms......Page 57
   Regional Terms......Page 58
   Concept Boost Putting Anatomical Terms Together......Page 60
   The Dorsal Body Cavity......Page 61
   The Ventral Body Cavity......Page 62
   Core Principle One: Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis......Page 66
   Core Principle Two: Structure and Function Are Related at All Levels of Organization......Page 70
   A&P in the Real World Childbirth, Pitocin, and Positive Feedback Loops......Page 71
   Core Principle Four: Cell-Cell Communication Is Required to Coordinate Body Functions......Page 72
   Concept Boost Debunking Some Common Misconceptions about Homeostasis......Page 69
   A&P in the Real World Medical Imaging......Page 65
  2.1 Atoms and Elements......Page 76
   Elements in the Periodic Table and the Human Body......Page 77
   Isotopes and Radioactivity......Page 78
   A&P in the Real World Nuclear Medicine......Page 79
   Chemical Bonds......Page 80
   Ions and Ionic Bonds......Page 81
   Covalent Bonds......Page 82
   Energy and Chemical Reactions......Page 86
   Homeostasis and Types of Chemical Reactions......Page 87
   Reaction Rates and Enzymes......Page 88
  2.4 Inorganic Compounds: Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts......Page 90
   Water......Page 91
   Acids and Bases......Page 92
   Concept Boost Making Sense of the pH Scale......Page 94
   Carbohydrates......Page 95
   Lipids......Page 97
   Proteins......Page 100
   Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids......Page 103
   Concept Boost Determining the type of Bonds in a Molecule......Page 85
   A&P in the Real World Enzyme Deficiencies......Page 89
   A&P in the Real World the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Fatty Acids......Page 101
   Basic Processes of Cells......Page 113
   Overview of Cell Structure......Page 114
  3.2 Structure of the Plasma Membrane......Page 115
   The Phospholipid Bilayer......Page 116
   The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane......Page 117
   A&P in the Real World Drugs and Membrane Receptors......Page 119
   Passive Transport Processes......Page 120
   A&P in the Real World Dehydration, Sports Drinks, and Water......Page 124
   Active Transport via Vesicles......Page 127
  3.4 Cytoplasmic Organelles......Page 132
   Mitochondria......Page 133
   Peroxisomes......Page 134
   The Endomembrane System......Page 135
   A&P in the Real World Lysosomal Storage Diseases......Page 140
   Cellular Extensions......Page 142
   Chromatin and Chromosomes......Page 145
  3.7 Protein Synthesis......Page 147
   Transcription......Page 148
   Translation......Page 151
   Regulation of Gene Expression......Page 153
   Phases of the Cell Cycle......Page 155
   Cell Cycle Control and Cancer......Page 158
   Concept Boost Understanding Water Movement in Osmosis......Page 122
   Concept Boost Connecting a DNa Triplet to a Particular Amino Acid......Page 152
   The Big Picture of Protein Synthesis......Page 154
   A&P in the Real World Cystic Fibrosis......Page 137
   A&P in the Real World Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia......Page 144
   A&P in the Real World Toxicity of the “Death Cap” Mushroom......Page 149
   A&P in the Real World Spindle Poisons......Page 156
 4 Histology......Page 168
   The Extracellular Matrix......Page 169
   A&P in the Real World Diseases of Collagen and Elastic Fibers......Page 171
  4.2 Epithelial Tissues......Page 172
   Concept Boost “But It All Looks Pink!” Part 1......Page 173
   Covering and Lining Epithelia......Page 174
   Glandular Epithelia......Page 180
   Connective Tissue Proper......Page 182
   A&P in the Real World Adipose Tissue and Obesity......Page 187
  4.4 Muscle Tissues......Page 191
   Components of Muscle Tissue......Page 192
  4.5 Nervous Tissue......Page 193
   The Big Picture of Tissues in Organs......Page 196
   True Membranes......Page 197
   Membrane-like Structures......Page 198
   A&P in the Real World Friction Rubs......Page 199
   Other Factors Affecting Tissue Repair......Page 200
   Concept Boost “But It all Looks Pink!” Part 2......Page 195
   A&P in the Real World Carcinogens and Epithelial Tissues......Page 175
   A&P in the Real World Osteoarthritis and Glucosamine Supplements......Page 189
   Skin Structure......Page 205
   Functions of the Integumentary System......Page 206
   Keratinocytes......Page 209
   Thick and Thin Skin......Page 212
   Papillary Layer......Page 213
   Skin Markings......Page 214
   Melanin......Page 216
   A&P in the Real World Tanning and a “Healthy Tan”......Page 217
   Hair......Page 218
   Nails......Page 220
   Glands......Page 221
   A&P in the Real World Acne......Page 222
   Burns......Page 223
   Skin Cancer......Page 224
   A&P in the Real World Topical Medications......Page 211
   A&P in the Real World Cellulite......Page 207
   A&P in the Real World Skin Wrinkles......Page 215
  6.1 Introduction to Bones as Organs......Page 228
   Functions of the Skeletal System......Page 229
   Bone Structure......Page 230
   The Extracellular Matrix of Bone......Page 233
   Bone Cells......Page 234
   Histology of Bone Tissue......Page 236
   Intramembranous Ossification......Page 238
   A&P in the Real World Osteoporosis and Healthy Bones......Page 239
   Growth in Length......Page 243
   A&P in the Real World Gigantism and Acromegaly......Page 245
   Bone Remodeling......Page 246
   Bone Repair......Page 250
   A&P in the Real World Bone Marrow Transplantation......Page 232
   A&P in the Real World Osteopetrosis......Page 237
   A&P in the Real World Achondroplasia......Page 244
   Structure of the Skeleton and Skeletal Cartilages......Page 255
   Bone Markings......Page 257
   Overview of Skull Structure......Page 259
   Cavities of the Skull......Page 271
   Fetal Skull......Page 273
   A&P in the Real World Forensic Skull Anatomy......Page 274
   Overview of the Vertebral Column......Page 275
   Structure of the Vertebrae......Page 277
   The Thoracic Cage......Page 282
   The Pectoral Girdle......Page 285
   The Humerus......Page 287
   Bones of the Forearm: The Radius and Ulna......Page 288
   Bones of the Hand and Fingers: Metacarpals and Phalanges......Page 290
   The Pelvis and Bones of the Pelvic Girdle......Page 291
   The Femur and Patella......Page 295
   Bones of the Leg: The Tibia and Fibula......Page 296
   Study Boost Remembering Bones of the Arm and Leg......Page 298
   Study Boost Remembering Skull Bones and Vertebrae......Page 281
   Concept Boost Understanding How Skull Bones Relate to Each Other......Page 270
   A&P in the Real World Vertebral Compression Fractures......Page 280
   A&P in the Real World Herniated Disc......Page 283
   A&P in the Real World the Sternum and CPR......Page 284
   A&P in the Real World Wrist Fractures......Page 292
  8.1 Classification of Joints......Page 302
   Gomphoses......Page 303
  8.3 Structural Classification: Cartilaginous Joints......Page 304
   A&P in the Real World Epiphyseal Plate Fractures......Page 305
   Structural Elements......Page 306
   Arthritis......Page 308
   A&P in the Real World Bursitis......Page 309
   Movements at Synovial Joints......Page 311
   Study Boost Keeping Synovial Joint Movements Straight......Page 315
   Ball-and-Socket Joint......Page 316
   The Big Picture of Joint Classifications and Stability versus Mobility......Page 317
   Specific Hinge Joints: The Elbow and the Knee......Page 319
   A&P in the Real World Knee Injuries and the Unhappy Triad......Page 321
   Concept Boost Understanding Axes of Motion......Page 310
   A&P in the Real World Hip Joint Replacement Surgery......Page 323
  9.1 Overview of Skeletal Muscles......Page 328
   Structure of a Skeletal Muscle......Page 329
   Functions of Skeletal Muscles......Page 332
   Studying Muscles......Page 337
   Muscles of Facial Expression......Page 339
   Extrinsic Eye Muscles......Page 342
   Muscles of the Head and Neck......Page 343
   Muscles of the Vertebral Column......Page 347
   Muscles of the Trunk......Page 352
   Muscles of the Pelvic Floor, Urogenital Diaphragm, and Perineum......Page 355
   Muscles of the Shoulder and Arm......Page 358
   Muscles of the Arm, Forearm, and Hand......Page 362
   A&P in the Real World Rotator Cuff Injuries......Page 367
   A&P in the Real World Calcaneal Tendon Injuries......Page 371
  9.6 Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Muscle Movement......Page 377
   Concept Boost Understanding Lever Systems and Mechanical Advantage......Page 335
   A&P in the Real World Back Pain......Page 350
   Concept Boost Demystifying Muscle Actions......Page 359
   The Big Picture of Muscle Movement......Page 378
   A&P in the Real World Muscle Knots......Page 333
   A&P in the Real World Kegel Exercises......Page 357
  10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue......Page 384
   Properties of Muscle Cells......Page 385
   Structure of Muscle Cells......Page 386
   Structure of the Myofibril......Page 387
   Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Skeletal Muscle Structure......Page 389
   Myofilament Arrangement and the Sarcomere......Page 391
   Study Boost Remembering the Bands of the Sarcomere......Page 392
  10.3 Skeletal Muscle Fibers as Electrically Excitable Cells......Page 393
   The Na+/K+ ATPase Pump and the Sodium and Potassium Ion Concentration Gradients......Page 394
   Action Potentials......Page 395
   The Neuromuscular Junction......Page 397
   Skeletal Muscle Contraction......Page 398
   A&P in the Real World Rigor Mortis......Page 403
   Glycolytic Energy Sources......Page 406
   A&P in the Real World Creatine Supplementation......Page 408
   Tension Production and the Timing and Frequency of Stimulation......Page 409
   The Length-Tension Relationship......Page 410
   Concept Boost Understanding How Events at the Myofilaments Produce Tension of a Whole Muscle......Page 412
   Motor Units......Page 413
   Types of Muscle Contractions......Page 414
   Changes Caused by Physical Training......Page 416
   Muscular Fatigue......Page 417
  10.9 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle......Page 418
   Smooth Muscle......Page 419
   Cardiac Muscle......Page 421
   The Big Picture of Levels of Organization within a Skeletal Muscle......Page 390
   The Big Picture of Skeletal Muscle Contraction......Page 405
   A&P in the Real World Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy......Page 388
   A&P in the Real World Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness......Page 415
   Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 426
   Functional Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 427
   Neurons......Page 429
   Neuroglia......Page 433
   The Myelin Sheath......Page 434
   Regeneration of Nervous Tissue......Page 437
   Principles of Electrophysiology......Page 438
   Local Potentials......Page 442
   Action Potentials......Page 443
   A&P in the Real World Local Anesthetic Drugs......Page 445
   Propagation of Action Potentials......Page 446
   Concept Boost How Does Myelin Insulate an Axon and Increase Its Speed of Propagation?......Page 449
   A&P in the Real World Multiple Sclerosis......Page 451
   Chemical Synapses......Page 452
   A&P in the Real World Arthropod Venom......Page 455
   Concept Boost How Summation Connects Local Potentials and Action Potentials......Page 457
  11.5 Neurotransmitters......Page 458
   Major Neurotransmitters......Page 459
   Neuronal Pools......Page 462
   Neural Circuits......Page 463
   Concept Boost How Do Positive Ions Create a Negative Resting Membrane Potential?......Page 440
   The Big Picture of Action Potentials......Page 450
   The Big Picture of Chemical Synaptic Transmission......Page 456
   A&P in the Real World Poliovirus and Retrograde Axonal Transport......Page 431
   A&P in the Real World Gliomas and Astrocytomas......Page 436
   A&P in the Real World Psychiatric Disorders and Treatments......Page 461
   A&P in the Real World Epileptic Seizures......Page 464
 12 The Central Nervous System......Page 469
   Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord......Page 470
   Overview of CNS Development......Page 472
   The Cerebrum......Page 473
   The Diencephalon......Page 478
   The Brainstem......Page 480
   The Big Picture of Brain Anatomy......Page 486
   The Cranial Meninges......Page 488
   The Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 490
   Concept Boost Where Exactly Is the Blood-Brain Barrier?......Page 492
   A&P in the Real World Infectious Meningitis......Page 493
   External Spinal Cord Anatomy......Page 495
   Internal Spinal Cord Anatomy......Page 496
   General Somatic Senses......Page 498
   A&P in the Real World Phantom Limb Pain......Page 501
   Motor Pathways from the Brain through the Spinal Cord......Page 502
   Role of the Brain in Voluntary Movement......Page 503
   The Big Picture of CNS Control of Voluntary Movement......Page 507
   Body Temperature and Feeding......Page 508
   Sleep and Wakefulness......Page 509
   Cognition and Language......Page 512
   A&P in the Real World Aphasias......Page 514
   Emotion......Page 516
   The Big Picture of Major Brain Structures and Their Functions......Page 487
   A&P in the Real World Locked-In Syndrome......Page 485
   A&P in the Real World Epidural Anesthesia and Lumbar Punctures......Page 494
   A&P in the Real World Parkinson’s Disease......Page 506
   A&P in the Real World States of Altered Consciousness Mimicking Sleep......Page 511
   A&P in the Real World Dementia......Page 513
  13.1 Overview of the Peripheral Nervous System......Page 522
   Divisions of the PNS......Page 523
   Overview of Peripheral Nerves and Associated Ganglia......Page 524
   Functional Overview of the PNS......Page 525
   Study Boost remembering the Cranial Nerves......Page 526
   The Motor Cranial Nerves......Page 529
   The Mixed Cranial Nerves......Page 530
  13.3 The Spinal Nerves......Page 535
   Cervical Plexuses......Page 536
   Brachial Plexuses......Page 537
   Lumbar Plexuses......Page 539
   A&P in the Real World a hiccups Cure That Really Works......Page 541
   Summary of the Distribution of Spinal Nerve Branches......Page 543
   Sensory Receptors......Page 544
   Sensory Neurons......Page 547
   Dermatomes and Referred Pain......Page 549
   The Big Picture of Detection and Interpretation of Somatic Sensation by the Nervous System......Page 550
   Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Control of Movement by the Nervous System......Page 551
   The Role of Stretch Receptors in Skeletal Muscles......Page 553
   Types of Reflexes......Page 554
   Sensory and Motor Neuron Disorders......Page 557
   The Big Picture of Control of Movement by the Nervous System......Page 552
   A&P in the Real World Bell’s palsy......Page 534
   A&P in the Real World Capsaicin......Page 546
   A&P in the Real World Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis......Page 558
  14.1 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 563
   Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems......Page 564
   Divisions of the ANS......Page 565
   Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 566
   Sympathetic Neurotransmitters and Receptors......Page 568
   Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System on Target Cells......Page 569
   Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System......Page 573
   Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System on Target Cells......Page 574
   Interactions of Autonomic Divisions......Page 577
   Summary of Nervous System Control of Homeostasis......Page 578
   A&P in the Real World the Sympathetic Nervous System and Weight Loss Supplements......Page 572
   A&P in the Real World Side Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs......Page 576
   A&P in the Real World Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome......Page 579
  15.1 Comparison of General and Special Senses......Page 582
   Concept Boost Understanding Transduction......Page 583
   Physiology of Olfaction......Page 585
   A&P in the Real World Anosmia......Page 587
   Physiology of Gustation......Page 588
   Accessory Structures of the Eye......Page 591
   The Eyeball......Page 594
   Focusing Light on the Retina......Page 597
   Photoreceptors and the Retina......Page 600
   A&P in the Real World Color Blindness......Page 605
   Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Vision......Page 607
   Outer Ear......Page 609
   A&P in the Real World Otitis Media......Page 610
   Inner Ear......Page 611
   Principles of Sound......Page 613
   Processing of Sound in the Inner Ear......Page 614
   A&P in the Real World Tinnitus......Page 617
   A&P in the Real World Cochlear Implants......Page 618
   The Utricle and Saccule......Page 620
   A&P in the Real World Motion Sickness......Page 622
  15.9 How the Special Senses Work Together......Page 624
   The Big Picture of Vision......Page 608
   The Big Picture of Hearing......Page 619
   A&P in the Real World are You a Supertaster?......Page 589
   A&P in the Real World Glaucoma......Page 596
  16.1 Overview of the Endocrine System......Page 631
   Types of Chemical Signals......Page 632
   Hormones......Page 633
   Structure of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland......Page 638
   Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary......Page 639
   Functional Relationship of the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary......Page 641
   Structure of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands......Page 646
   Thyroid Hormones: Metabolic Regulators......Page 647
   Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin: Calcium Ion Homeostasis......Page 651
   A&P in the Real World Calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone, and Osteoporosis......Page 653
   Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla: Messengers of the Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 658
   A&P in the Real World HPA Axis Suppression and Corticosteroid Therapy......Page 659
   Hormones of the Endocrine Pancreas: Glucose Homeostasis......Page 660
   Blood Glucose Regulation......Page 662
   The Gonads: Sex Hormones......Page 664
   A&P in the Real World Leptin and Obesity......Page 665
   Hormonal Control of Metabolic Homeostasis......Page 667
   Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of the Hormonal Response to Stress......Page 668
   Concept Boost Understanding the Relationship between Negative Feedback Loops and Thyroid Function......Page 650
   The Big Picture of the Hormonal Response to Stress......Page 669
   A&P in the Real World Paraneoplastic Syndrome......Page 634
   A&P in the Real World Human Growth Hormone and the “Fountain of Youth”......Page 644
   Location and Basic Structure of the Heart......Page 676
   Functions of the Heart......Page 677
   The Pericardium, Heart Wall, and Heart Skeleton......Page 679
   A&P in the Real World Cardiac Tamponade......Page 680
   The Great Vessels, Chambers, and Valves of the Heart......Page 683
   A&P in the Real World Valvular Heart Diseases......Page 688
   Histology of Cardiac Muscle Tissue and Cells......Page 689
   Electrophysiology of Cardiac Muscle Tissue......Page 692
   The Electrocardiogram......Page 695
   The Relationship between Pressure Changes, Blood Flow, and Valve Function......Page 698
   A&P in the Real World Heart Murmurs and Extra Heart Sounds......Page 699
   Connecting the Electrical and Mechanical Events in the Heart......Page 701
   Factors That Influence Stroke Volume......Page 705
   A&P in the Real World Ventricular Hypertrophy......Page 707
   Heart Failure......Page 708
   Study Boost Revisiting Electrophysiology......Page 690
   Concept Boost Deconstructing the Wigger’s Diagram......Page 703
   Concept Boost Understanding How Changes in Preload, Contractility, and Afterload Affect Stroke Volume......Page 706
   The Big Picture of Blood Flow through the Heart......Page 687
   A&P in the Real World Dysrhythmias......Page 697
  18.1 Overview of Arteries and Veins......Page 714
   Structure and Function of Arteries and Veins......Page 715
   Vascular Anastomoses......Page 718
   Introduction to Hemodynamics......Page 719
   Concept Boost a Closer Look at Cross-Sectional Area and Velocity......Page 720
   Blood Pressure in Different Portions of the Circulation......Page 722
   A&P in the Real World Varicose Veins......Page 724
   Summary of Blood Pressure Maintenance......Page 728
   A&P in the Real World Carotid Sinus Massage......Page 729
   Capillary Structure and Function......Page 730
   Local Regulation of Tissue Perfusion......Page 732
   Tissue Perfusion in Special Circuits......Page 734
   Pressures at Work in a Capillary......Page 735
   Concept Boost Understanding the Pulling Force of Osmotic Pressure......Page 737
   Edema......Page 738
   Arteries of the Head and Neck......Page 739
   A&P in the Real World Cerebrovascular Accident......Page 742
   Arteries of the Abdominal Organs......Page 743
   Arteries of the Lower Limb......Page 745
   Pulse Points......Page 747
   Veins of the Head and Neck......Page 750
   Veins of the Thorax and Abdomen......Page 751
   Veins of the Upper Limb......Page 754
   A&P in the Real World Vein Grafting......Page 756
  18.8 Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Blood Vessel Anatomy......Page 758
   The Big Picture of Systemic Blood Flow in the Body......Page 761
   A&P in the Real World Atherosclerosis......Page 717
  19.1 Overview of Blood......Page 768
   Plasma......Page 769
   A&P in the Real World Cirrhosis......Page 770
   Erythrocyte Structure......Page 771
   Lifespan of an Erythrocyte......Page 772
   Anemia......Page 775
  19.3 Leukocytes and Immune Function......Page 776
   A&P in the Real World Complete Blood Count......Page 777
   A&P in the Real World Leukemias......Page 778
   Platelet Characteristics......Page 780
   Hemostasis Part 2: Platelet Plug Formation......Page 781
   Hemostasis Part 3: Coagulation......Page 784
   Hemostasis Part 5: Thrombolysis......Page 786
   Disorders of Clotting......Page 787
   A&P in the Real World Anticlot Medications......Page 789
   Blood Transfusions......Page 791
   Concept Boost Making Sense of the Coagulation Cascade......Page 785
   Concept Boost What About the Donor’s Antibodies?......Page 793
   The Big Picture of Hemostasis......Page 788
   A&P in the Real World Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, or Erythroblastosis Fetalis......Page 792
 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity......Page 797
   Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation......Page 798
   Lymphoid Tissues and Organs......Page 801
  20.2 Overview of the Immune System......Page 805
   Surface Barriers......Page 806
   A&P in the Real World How Pathogens Can Evade Surface Barriers......Page 807
   Cells of Innate Immunity......Page 808
   Antimicrobial Proteins......Page 809
   Inflammatory Response......Page 811
   Fever......Page 814
  20.4 Adaptive Immunity: Cell-Mediated Immunity......Page 815
   T Cell Response to Antigen Exposure......Page 816
   Effects of T Cells......Page 819
   Organ and Tissue Transplantation and Rejection......Page 821
   Phase 1: B Cell Activation, Clonal Selection, and Differentiation......Page 822
   Phase 2: Antibodies and Their Effects......Page 824
   Phase 3: Immunological Memory......Page 826
   A&P in the Real World the Myth of Vaccines and Autism......Page 829
   Scenario 3: Cancer......Page 831
   A&P in the Real World Complete Blood Count with Differential......Page 833
   Hypersensitivity Disorders......Page 835
   A&P in the Real World the Tuberculin Skin Test......Page 837
   Autoimmune Disorders......Page 838
   Concept Boost Why Do We Need Both Class I and Class II MHC Molecules?......Page 817
   The Big Picture of the Immune Response to the Common Cold......Page 830
   The Big Picture of the Immune Response to a Bacterial Infection......Page 832
   The Big Picture of the Immune Response to Cancer Cells......Page 834
   A&P in the Real World Lymphedema......Page 800
   A&P in the Real World Anti-inflammatory Medications......Page 813
   A&P in the Real World Treatments for Allergies......Page 836
   Anatomy of the Respiratory System: An Overview......Page 844
   Basic Functions of the Respiratory System......Page 846
   The Nose and Nasal Cavity......Page 847
   The Larynx......Page 849
   The Trachea......Page 852
   A&P in the Real World Smoker’s Cough......Page 853
   Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane......Page 855
   The Lungs and Pleurae......Page 856
   The Pressure-Volume Relationship......Page 859
   The Process of Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 860
   The Big Picture of Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 863
   Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 864
   A&P in the Real World Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 865
  21.4 Gas Exchange......Page 867
   A&P in the Real World Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy......Page 868
   Factors Affecting Efficiency of Pulmonary Gas Exchange......Page 869
   A&P in the Real World V/Q Mismatch......Page 871
   Oxygen Transport......Page 872
   Carbon Dioxide Transport......Page 875
   Concept Boost Relating Ventilation and Blood pH......Page 878
   Control of the Basic Pattern of Ventilation......Page 880
   Control of the Rate and Depth of Ventilation......Page 881
   A&P in the Real World High-Altitude Acclimatization......Page 884
   Concept Boost Making Sense of the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve......Page 874
   The Big Picture of Respiration......Page 879
   A&P in the Real World Tuberculosis......Page 857
   A&P in the Real World Pleuritis and Pleural Friction Rub......Page 861
   A&P in the Real World Carbon Monoxide Poisoning......Page 876
  22.1 Overview of the Digestive System......Page 891
   Basic Digestive Functions and Processes......Page 892
   Histology of the Alimentary Canal......Page 893
   A&P in the Real World Peritonitis......Page 895
   Structure of the Oral Cavity......Page 897
   The Teeth and Mastication......Page 898
   A&P in the Real World Dental Caries......Page 900
   The Salivary Glands......Page 901
   The Pharynx......Page 902
   The Esophagus......Page 903
   Swallowing......Page 904
   Histology of the Stomach......Page 905
   Functions of the Stomach......Page 908
   Divisions of the Small Intestine......Page 912
   Structure and Functions of the Small Intestine......Page 913
   Motility of the Small Intestine......Page 914
   A&P in the Real World Appendicitis......Page 915
   Motility of the Large Intestine and Defecation......Page 917
  22.6 The Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder......Page 919
   The Pancreas......Page 920
   The Liver and Gallbladder......Page 921
  22.7 Nutrient Digestion and Absorption......Page 926
   Concept Boost Understanding Absorption in the Alimentary Canal......Page 927
   Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates......Page 928
   A&P in the Real World Lactose Intolerance......Page 929
   Digestion and Absorption of Lipids......Page 930
   A&P in the Real World Intrinsic Factor and Vitamin B12 Deficiency......Page 934
  22.8 Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Digestion......Page 935
   The Big Picture of Digestion......Page 936
   A&P in the Real World Vomiting......Page 910
   A&P in the Real World Do We Really Need to “Detox”?......Page 925
  23.1 Overview of Metabolism and Nutrition......Page 942
   Energy Requirements of Metabolic Reactions......Page 943
   Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Phosphorylation......Page 944
   Nutrients and ATP Generation......Page 945
   Overview of Glucose Catabolism and ATP Synthesis......Page 947
   Glucose Catabolism Part 1: Glycolysis......Page 948
   Glucose Catabolism Part 2: The Citric Acid Cycle......Page 950
   ATP Synthesis: The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation......Page 952
   Study Boost ATP Yield from Glucose Catabolism and ATP Synthesis......Page 954
   Fatty Acid Catabolism......Page 956
   Amino Acid Catabolism......Page 957
   The Big Picture of Nutrient Catabolism......Page 959
   Glucose Anabolism......Page 960
   A&P in the Real World Fatty Liver Disease......Page 961
   The Big Picture of Nutrient Anabolism......Page 962
   Metabolic States......Page 963
   A&P in the Real World Fasting and Protein Wasting......Page 965
   Metabolic Rate......Page 966
   Heat Exchange between the Body and the Environment......Page 967
   A&P in the Real World “Rev” Your Metabolism......Page 968
  23.7 Nutrition and Body Mass......Page 971
   Macronutrients......Page 972
   Structural Lipid: Cholesterol......Page 974
   Diet and Body Mass......Page 979
   Concept Boost How Electron Movement Can Be Harnessed to Do Work......Page 946
   Concept Boost Why Do We Breathe?......Page 953
   A&P In the Real World Cyanide and the ETC......Page 955
   A&P in the Real World Phenylketonuria......Page 958
   A&P in the Real World Vitamin and Mineral Megadoses......Page 977
   Overview of Urinary System Structures......Page 986
   Overview of Kidney Function......Page 987
   External Anatomy of the Kidneys......Page 988
   Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys......Page 989
   Blood Supply of the Kidneys......Page 990
   Microanatomy of the Kidney: The Nephron and Collecting System......Page 991
   Types of Nephrons......Page 993
  24.4 Renal Physiology I: Glomerular Filtration......Page 996
   The Filtration Membrane and the Filtrate......Page 997
   The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)......Page 998
   Concept Boost how Changes in Arteriolar Diameter Influence the GFR......Page 999
   Renal Failure......Page 1003
   Principles of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion......Page 1005
   Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Tubule......Page 1007
   Reabsorption and Secretion in the Distal Tubule and Collecting System......Page 1010
   Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion......Page 1011
   Production of Dilute Urine......Page 1013
   The Countercurrent Mechanism and the Production of Concentrated Urine......Page 1014
   A&P in the Real World SIADH......Page 1019
  24.9 Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination......Page 1021
   Anatomy of the Urinary Tract......Page 1022
   Micturition......Page 1024
   Concept Boost Demystifying the Countercurrent Multiplier......Page 1016
   The Big Picture of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion......Page 1012
   The Big Picture of Renal PPphysiology......Page 1020
   A&P in the Real World Nephrolithiasis......Page 994
   A&P in the Real World Glomerulonephritis......Page 1000
   A&P in the Real World the RAAS and Hypertension......Page 1004
   A&P in the Real World Glycosuria......Page 1006
   A&P in the Real World Interstitial Cystitis......Page 1023
   Body Fluids......Page 1030
   Acids, Bases, and pH......Page 1031
   Fluid Compartments: Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids......Page 1032
   Osmotic Movement of Water between Compartments......Page 1033
   Water Losses and Gains......Page 1035
   A&P in the Real World Intravenous Fluids......Page 1037
   Imbalances of Fluid Homeostasis......Page 1038
   Sodium Ions......Page 1039
   Potassium Ions......Page 1041
   Calcium and Phosphate Ions......Page 1042
  25.4 Acid-Base Homeostasis......Page 1044
   Chemical Buffer Systems......Page 1045
   Physiological Buffer Systems: Respiratory and Renal Regulation of Blood pH......Page 1047
   Acid-Base Imbalances......Page 1049
  25.5 An Example of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis......Page 1052
   Concept Boost Why Does the Amount of Water in the Body Affect the Sodium Ion Concentration?......Page 1040
   Concept Boost How Can Respiratory Changes Compensate for Metabolic Acidosis?......Page 1050
   A&P in the Real World Digoxin Toxicity and Hyperkalemia......Page 1043
  26.1 Overview of the Reproductive System and Meiosis......Page 1058
   Meiosis I (First Meiotic Division)......Page 1059
   Meiosis II (Second Meiotic Division)......Page 1061
   Testes......Page 1063
   Duct System......Page 1064
   Accessory Sex Glands......Page 1066
   A&P in the Real World Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and Prostate Cancer......Page 1067
   Support Structures: Scrotum and Spermatic Cord......Page 1068
   Spermatogenesis......Page 1069
   A&P in the Real World Male Infertility......Page 1073
   A&P in the Real World Erectile Dysfunction......Page 1074
   Sustentacular Cells......Page 1070
   Spermiogenesis......Page 1071
   Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction......Page 1072
  26.4 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System......Page 1075
   Ovaries......Page 1076
   Vagina......Page 1077
   Mammary Glands......Page 1078
   A&P in the Real World Breast Cancer......Page 1080
   Concept Boost Spermatogenesis versus Oogenesis......Page 1082
   Puberty and Menopause......Page 1089
   Effects of Aging: Menopause......Page 1091
   Barrier Methods......Page 1092
   Hormonal Methods......Page 1093
   Permanent Methods......Page 1094
   Bacterial and Parasitic STIs......Page 1095
   A&P in the Real World Cervical Cancer......Page 1096
   Concept Boost Understanding Diploid and Haploid Cells......Page 1060
   Concept Boost Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis......Page 1062
   The Big Picture of Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles......Page 1090
   A&P in the Real World Female Infertility......Page 1085
  27.1 Overview of Human Development......Page 1102
   The Postnatal Period......Page 1103
   Fertilization......Page 1104
   Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation......Page 1107
   A&P in the Real World Assisted Reproductive Technology......Page 1108
   Development of Extraembryonic Membranes......Page 1110
   A&P in the Real World Ectopic Pregnancy......Page 1111
   Gastrulation and Formation of Germ Layers......Page 1112
   Organogenesis......Page 1113
   Placentation......Page 1115
   Fetal Development......Page 1116
   A&P in the Real World Premature Infants......Page 1120
   Maternal Changes during Pregnancy......Page 1121
   Childbirth (Parturition)......Page 1124
   Changes in the Newborn......Page 1126
   A&P in the Real World Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Patent Foramen Ovale......Page 1127
   Introduction to Heredity......Page 1129
   Patterns of Inheritance......Page 1130
   The Big Picture of Prenatal Development......Page 1119
   A&P in the Real World Pre-eclampsia......Page 1123
   A&P in the Real World Prenatal and Newborn Genetic Screening......Page 1133
APPENDIX A: Answers to Apply What You Learned and Assess What You Learned......Page 1138
APPENDIX B: The Metric System......Page 1178
APPENDIX C: Laboratory Reference Values......Page 1180
Credits......Page 1182
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