Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (Tortora,Principles of Anatomy and Physiology)

Cover Page\r......Page 1
Title Page\r......Page 3
Copyright Page\r......Page 4
ABOUT THE AUTHORS\r......Page 5
PREFACE\r......Page 6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\r......Page 10
BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS\r......Page 15
CONTENTS\r......Page 16
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY\r......Page 29
Levels of Structural Organization\r......Page 30
Basic Life Processes......Page 33
Autopsy......Page 36
Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 39
Diagnosis of Disease......Page 40
Planes and Sections......Page 44
Body Cavities......Page 45
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants......Page 48
Medical Imaging......Page 49
Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques......Page 32
Study Outline......Page 52
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 54
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 55
2 THE CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION......Page 56
Chemical Elements......Page 57
Atomic Number and Mass Number......Page 58
Harmful and Beneficial Effects of Radiation......Page 59
Free Radicals and Their Effects on Health......Page 60
Ionic Bonds......Page 61
Covalent Bonds......Page 62
Hydrogen Bonds......Page 63
Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions......Page 64
Types of Chemical Reactions......Page 66
Water......Page 67
Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions......Page 68
Maintaining pH: Buffer Systems......Page 69
Carbon and Its Functional Groups......Page 71
Carbohydrates......Page 72
Lipids......Page 74
Proteins......Page 78
Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)......Page 82
DNA Fingerprinting......Page 84
Fatty Acids in Health and Disease......Page 76
Study Outline......Page 85
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 86
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 87
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 88
3 THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION......Page 89
Parts of a Cell......Page 90
Structure of the Plasma Membrane......Page 91
Functions of Membrane Proteins......Page 92
Membrane Fluidity 64 Membrane Permeability......Page 93
Passive Processes......Page 94
Medical Uses of Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic Solutions......Page 99
rganelles......Page 104
Nucleus......Page 115
Genomics......Page 116
Transcription......Page 118
Recombinant DNA......Page 119
Somatic Cell Division......Page 121
Spindle and Cancer......Page 124
Tumor-Suppressor Genes......Page 125
Cellular Diversity 100 Aging and Cells......Page 128
Digitalis Increases Ca2+ in Heart Muscle Cells......Page 101
Viruses and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis......Page 102
Smooth ER and Drug Tolerance......Page 110
Tay-Sachs Disease......Page 112
Mitotic\r......Page 122
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 129
Study Outline......Page 131
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 134
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 136
4 THE TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION......Page 137
Hemidesmosomes......Page 138
Gap Junctions......Page 139
Basement Membranes and Disease......Page 140
Covering and Lining Epithelium......Page 141
Papanicolaou Test......Page 148
Connective Tissue Cells......Page 151
Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix......Page 152
Marfan Syndrome......Page 153
Liposuction......Page 155
Epithelial Membranes......Page 163
Muscular Tissue......Page 165
Nervous Tissue......Page 167
Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis......Page 168
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 169
Tissue Engineering......Page 162
Study Outline......Page 170
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 172
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 174
5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM......Page 175
Structure of the Skin......Page 176
Epidermis......Page 177
Psoriasis......Page 180
Lines of Cleavage and Surgery......Page 181
Skin Color as a Diagnostic Clue......Page 182
Hair Removal......Page 183
Hair and Hormones......Page 185
Impacted Cerumen......Page 187
Thermoregulation......Page 188
Transdermal Drug Administration......Page 189
Development of the Integumentary System......Page 190
Aging and the Integumentary System......Page 192
Skin Grafts......Page 178
Acne......Page 186
Sun Damage,Sunscreens, and Sunblocks......Page 194
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM......Page 195
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 169 Medical Terminology......Page 198
Study Outline......Page 199
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 200
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 201
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 202
6 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE TISSUE......Page 203
Histology of Bone Tissue......Page 204
Bone Scan......Page 207
Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone......Page 209
Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo and Fetus......Page 210
Bone Growth During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence......Page 213
Remodeling and Orthodontics......Page 214
Hormonal Abnormalities That Affect Height......Page 215
Treatments for Fractures......Page 218
Aging and Bone Tissue......Page 219
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 221
Study Outline......Page 222
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 223
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 225
7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON......Page 226
Types of Bones......Page 227
Bone Surface Markings......Page 229
General Features and Functions......Page 230
Cranial Bones......Page 231
Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip......Page 239
Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome......Page 240
Unique Features of the Skull......Page 242
Vertebral Column......Page 244
Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column......Page 245
Parts of a Typical Vertebra......Page 247
Regions of the Vertebral Column......Page 248
Caudal Anesthesia......Page 254
Black Eye......Page 232
Sinusitis......Page 243
Rib Fractures, Dislocations, and Separations......Page 255
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 257
Study Outline......Page 259
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 260
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 262
8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON......Page 263
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle......Page 264
Fractured Clavicle......Page 265
Humerus......Page 267
Ulna and Radius......Page 269
Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges......Page 270
Pelvic (hip) Girdle......Page 273
Ilium......Page 274
Pubis......Page 275
False and True Pelves......Page 276
Pelvimetry......Page 277
Femur......Page 279
Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome......Page 281
Tibia and Fibula......Page 282
Fractures of the Metatarsals......Page 283
Flatfoot and Clawfoot......Page 285
Development of the Skeletal System......Page 286
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM......Page 288
Study Outline......Page 289
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 290
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 291
9 JOINTS......Page 292
Sutures......Page 293
Interosseous Membranes......Page 294
Structure of Synovial Joints......Page 295
Sprain and Strain......Page 297
Bursitis......Page 298
Rotation......Page 301
Special Movements......Page 302
Hinge Joints......Page 304
Ball-and-Socket Joints......Page 305
Selected Joints of the Body......Page 307
Knee Replacements......Page 322
Discolated Mandible......Page 310
Rotator Cuff Injury and Dislocated and Separated Shoulder......Page 314
Tennis Elbow, Little-League Elbow, and Dislocation of the Radial Head......Page 315
Knee Injuries......Page 320
Medical Terminology......Page 324
Study Outline......Page 325
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 326
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 328
10 MUSCULAR TISSUE......Page 329
Properties of Muscular Tissue......Page 330
Nerve and Blood Supply......Page 331
Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy......Page 333
Muscle Proteins......Page 338
The Sliding Filament Mechanism......Page 339
The Neuromuscular Junction......Page 343
Creatine Supplementation......Page 346
Control of Muscle Tension......Page 348
Twitch Contraction......Page 349
Frequency of Stimulation......Page 350
Hypotonia and Hypertonia......Page 351
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers......Page 352
Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue......Page 353
Smooth Muscle Tissue......Page 355
Physiology of Smooth Muscle......Page 356
Development of Muscle......Page 357
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 359
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage......Page 336
Rigor Mortis......Page 342
Anabolic Steroids......Page 354
Study Outline......Page 360
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 362
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 364
11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM......Page 365
Tenosynovitis......Page 366
Effects of Fascicle Arrangement......Page 367
Intramuscular Injections......Page 368
Principal Skeletal Muscles......Page 371
Benefits of Stretching......Page 370
Bell’s Palsy......Page 376
Strabismus......Page 378
Intubation During Anesthesia......Page 383
Inguinal Hernia......Page 389
Injury of Levator Ani and Urinary Stress Incontinence......Page 395
Impingement Syndrome......Page 400
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 412
Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting......Page 420
Groin Pull......Page 421
Pulled Hamstrings and Charley Horse......Page 427
Shin Splint Syndrome......Page 430
Plantar Fasciitis......Page 436
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM......Page 438
Study Outline......Page 439
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 440
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 442
12 NERVOUS TISSUE......Page 443
Structures of the Nervous System......Page 444
Neurons......Page 445
Demyelination......Page 451
Collections of Nervous Tissue......Page 452
Peripheral Nervous System......Page 453
Electrical Signals in Neurons......Page 454
Ion Channels......Page 456
Resting Membrane Potential......Page 458
Graded Potentials......Page 460
Generation of Action Potentials......Page 462
Neurotoxins and Local Anesthetics......Page 466
Comparison of Electrical Signals Produced by Excitable Cells......Page 468
Chemical Synapses......Page 469
Removal of Neurotransmitter......Page 471
Spatial and Temporal Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials......Page 473
Excitotoxicity......Page 476
Depression......Page 478
Modifying the Effects of Neurotransmitters......Page 479
Neurogenesis in the CNS......Page 480
Damage and Repair in the PNS......Page 481
Strychnine Poisoning......Page 475
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 482
Study Outline......Page 483
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 484
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 486
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 487
13 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES......Page 488
Spinal Tap......Page 489
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord......Page 492
Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves......Page 496
Distribution of Spinal Nerves......Page 497
Sensory and Motor Tracts......Page 508
Reflexes and Reflex Arcs......Page 510
Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves......Page 498
Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus......Page 500
Lumbar Plexus Injuries......Page 504
Sciatic Nerve Injury......Page 506
Reflexes and Diagnosis......Page 515
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 517
Study Outline......Page 518
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 519
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 522
14 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES......Page 523
Protective Coverings of the Brain......Page 524
Brain Blood Flow and the Blood–Brain Barrier......Page 526
Breaching the Blood–Brain Barrier......Page 527
Circulation of CSF......Page 528
Medulla Oblongata......Page 531
Injury of the Medulla......Page 533
The Cerebellum......Page 535
Ataxia......Page 538
Hypothalamus......Page 540
The Cerebrum......Page 541
Cerebral Cortex......Page 542
Lobes of the Cerebrum......Page 543
Cerebral White Matter......Page 544
The Limbic System......Page 545
Brain Injuries......Page 546
Sensory Areas......Page 547
Association Areas......Page 548
Aphasia......Page 549
Cranial Nerves......Page 550
Olfactory (I) Nerve......Page 551
Optic (II) Nerve......Page 552
Oculomotor (III) Nerve\r......Page 553
Dental Anesthesia......Page 554
Facial (VII) Nerve......Page 555
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve......Page 556
Vagus (X) Nerve......Page 558
Accessory (XI) Nerve......Page 559
Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve......Page 560
Development of the Nervous System......Page 565
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 567
Hydrocephalus......Page 530
Medical Terminology......Page 568
Study Outline......Page 569
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 570
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 573
15 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 574
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems......Page 575
Anatomical Components......Page 577
Structure of the Sympathetic Division......Page 582
• CLINICAL CONNECTION Horner’s Syndrome......Page 584
Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors......Page 586
Sympathetic Responses......Page 588
Parasympathetic Responses......Page 589
Autonomic Reflexes......Page 590
Autonomic Control by Higher Centers......Page 591
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 592
Medical Terminology......Page 593
Study Outline......Page 594
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 595
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 596
16 SENSORY, MOTOR, AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS......Page 597
Sensory Receptors......Page 598
Tactile Sensations......Page 601
Phantom Limb Sensation......Page 602
Analgesia: Relief from Pain......Page 604
Somatic Sensory Pathways......Page 606
Anterolateral Pathway to the Cortex......Page 607
Trigeminothalamic Pathway to the Cortex......Page 608
Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area......Page 609
Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum......Page 610
Syphilis......Page 611
Paralysis......Page 612
Disorders of the Basal Ganglia......Page 616
Wakefulness and Sleep......Page 618
Learning and Memory......Page 619
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis......Page 615
Amnesia......Page 620
Medical Terminology\r......Page 621
Study Outline......Page 622
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 623
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 625
17 THE SPECIAL SENSES......Page 626
Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors......Page 627
Odor Thresholds and Adaptation......Page 628
Hyposmia......Page 629
Taste Thresholds and Adaptation......Page 630
Taste Aversion......Page 632
Accessory Structures of the Eye......Page 633
Anatomy of the Eyeball......Page 634
Image Formation......Page 641
Physiology of Vision......Page 643
Anatomy of the Ear......Page 648
Loud Sounds and Hair Cell Damage......Page 654
The Auditory Pathway......Page 655
Cochlear Implants......Page 656
Equilibrium Pathways......Page 659
Eyes......Page 661
Ears......Page 663
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 664
Age-related Macular Disease......Page 638
LASIK......Page 642
Color Blindness and Night Blindness......Page 646
Medical Terminology......Page 665
Study Outline......Page 666
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 667
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 669
18 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM......Page 670
Endocrine Glands......Page 671
The Role of Hormone Receptors......Page 672
Blocking Hormone Receptors......Page 673
Administering Hormones......Page 674
Action of Water-soluble Hormones......Page 676
Hormone Interactions......Page 677
Anterior Pituitary......Page 678
Posterior Pituitary......Page 684
Formation, Storage, and Release of Thyroid Hormones......Page 686
Actions of Thyroid Hormones......Page 688
Calcitonin......Page 689
Parathyroid Hormone......Page 690
Adrenal Cortex......Page 693
Pancreatic Islets......Page 697
Regulation of Glucagon and Insulin Secretion......Page 699
Pineal Gland......Page 701
Seasonal Affective Disorder and Jet Lag......Page 702
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs......Page 703
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 704
Aging and the Endocrine System......Page 706
Diabetogenic Effect of hGH......Page 682
Oxytocin and Childbirth......Page 685
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia......Page 696
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM......Page 708
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 709
Medical Terminology......Page 711
Study Outline......Page 712
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 714
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 716
19 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD......Page 717
Withdrawing Blood......Page 718
Formation of Blood Cells......Page 721
Medical Uses of Hemopoietic Growth Factors......Page 723
RBC Physiology......Page 724
Reticulocyte Count......Page 727
Functions of WBCs......Page 728
Platelets......Page 729
Platelet Plug Formation......Page 731
Blood Clotting......Page 732
Hemostatic Control Mechanisms......Page 734
Aspirin and Thrombolytic Agents......Page 735
Transfusions......Page 736
Rh Blood Group......Page 737
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn......Page 738
Bone Marrow Examination......Page 722
Iron Overload and Tissue Damage......Page 726
Complete Blood Count......Page 730
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 739
Medical Terminology......Page 740
Study Outline......Page 741
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 742
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 744
20 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART......Page 745
Location of the Heart......Page 746
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation......Page 747
Myocarditis and Endocarditis......Page 748
Myocardial Thickness and Function......Page 752
Operation of the Atrioventricular Valves......Page 753
Heart Valve Disorders......Page 755
Coronary Circulation......Page 756
Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction......Page 758
Histology of Cardiac Muscle Tissue......Page 759
Regeneration of Heart Cells......Page 760
Artificial Pacemakers......Page 762
Electrocardiogram......Page 763
Correlation of ECG Waves with Atrial and Ventricular Systole......Page 764
Pressure and Volume Changes During the Cardiac Cycle......Page 766
Heart Murmurs......Page 768
Regulation of Stroke Volume......Page 769
Congestive Heart Failure......Page 770
Help for Failing Hearts......Page 773
Development of the Heart......Page 776
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 778
Medical Terminology......Page 783
Study Outline......Page 784
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 785
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 787
21 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND HEMODYNAMICS......Page 788
Angiogenesis and Disease......Page 789
Arteries......Page 791
Capillaries......Page 792
Venules......Page 794
Veins......Page 795
Diffusion......Page 797
Bulk Flow: Filtration and Reabsorption......Page 798
Edema......Page 800
Venous Return......Page 801
Syncope......Page 802
Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow......Page 803
Role of the Cardiovascular Center......Page 804
Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure......Page 805
Carotid Sinus Massage and Carotid Sinus Syncope......Page 806
Autoregulation of Blood Pressure......Page 807
Measuring Blood Pressure......Page 808
Types of Shock......Page 809
Homeostatic Responses to Shock......Page 810
The Systemic Circulation......Page 811
The Hepatic Portal Circulation......Page 846
The Fetal Circulation......Page 847
Development of Blood Vessels and Blood......Page 850
Aging and the Cardiovascular System......Page 851
Varicose Veins......Page 796
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM......Page 852
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 853
Study Outline......Page 854
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 856
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 857
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 858
22 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY......Page 859
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation......Page 860
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues......Page 864
Ruptured Spleen......Page 869
First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes......Page 870
Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis......Page 871
Abscesses and Ulcers......Page 874
Maturation of T Cells and B Cells......Page 875
Clonal Selection: The Principle......Page 876
Antigens and Antigen Receptors......Page 877
Pathways of Antigen Processing......Page 878
Cytokine Therapy......Page 880
Activation and Clonal Selection of Helper T Cells......Page 881
Elimination of Invaders......Page 882
Graft Rejection and Tissue Typing......Page 884
Antibodies......Page 885
Immunological Memory......Page 889
Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance......Page 890
Aging and the Immune System......Page 892
Metastasis Through Lymphatic Vessels......Page 868
Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 887
Cancer Immunology......Page 891
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY......Page 893
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 894
Medical Terminology......Page 896
Study Outline......Page 897
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 899
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 901
23 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM......Page 902
Rhinoplasty......Page 903
Pharynx......Page 906
Tonsillectomy......Page 907
The Structures of Voice Production......Page 909
Tracheotomy and Intubation......Page 910
Bronchi......Page 911
Pneumothorax and Hemothorax......Page 913
Pressure Changes During Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 918
Other Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 921
Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 922
Gas Laws: Dalton’s Law and Henry’s Law......Page 924
Hyperbaric Oxygenation......Page 925
Oxygen Transport......Page 928
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning......Page 931
Respiratory Center......Page 933
Regulation of the Respiratory Center......Page 934
The Effect of Smoking on Respiratory Efficiency......Page 938
Aging and the Respiratory System......Page 939
Hypoxia......Page 936
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM......Page 940
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 941
Medical Terminology......Page 943
Study Outline......Page 944
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 946
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 948
24 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM......Page 949
Overview of the Digestive System......Page 950
Mucosa......Page 952
Autonomic Nervous System......Page 953
Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathways......Page 954
Peritoneum......Page 955
Peritonitis......Page 956
Salivary Glands......Page 957
Mumps......Page 959
Root Canal Therapy......Page 960
Esophagus......Page 962
Deglutition......Page 963
Pylorospasm and Pyloric Stenosis......Page 965
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the Stomach......Page 967
Vomiting......Page 970
Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer......Page 972
Histology of the Liver and Gallbladder......Page 973
Gallstones......Page 976
Histology of the Small Intestine......Page 977
Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine......Page 981
Lactose Intolerance......Page 982
Absorption in the Small Intestine......Page 984
Absorption of Alcohol......Page 987
Polyps in the Colon......Page 989
Mechanical Digestion in the Large Intestine......Page 990
Occult Blood......Page 991
Gastric Phase......Page 993
Intestinal Phase......Page 994
Aging and the Digestive System......Page 995
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease......Page 964
Appendicitis......Page 988
Dietary Fiber......Page 992
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM......Page 996
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 997
Medical Terminology......Page 998
Study Outline......Page 999
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 1001
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 1003
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 1004
25 METABOLISM AND NUTRITION......Page 1005
Coupling of Catabolism and Anabolism by ATP......Page 1006
Mechanisms of ATP Generation......Page 1007
Glucose Catabolism......Page 1008
Glucose Anabolism......Page 1016
Transport of Lipids by Lipoproteins......Page 1018
Triglyceride Storage......Page 1019
Lipid Catabolism: Lipolysis......Page 1020
Ketosis......Page 1021
Protein Anabolism......Page 1022
Phenylketonuria......Page 1023
The Role of Acetyl Coenzyme A......Page 1024
Metabolism During the Absorptive State......Page 1025
Metabolism During the Postabsorptive State......Page 1027
Heat and Energy Balance......Page 1029
Body Temperature Homeostasis......Page 1030
Emotional Eating......Page 1033
Guidelines for Healthy Eating......Page 1034
Vitamins......Page 1035
Carbohydrate Loading......Page 1017
Hypothermia......Page 1032
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements......Page 1036
Medical Terminology......Page 1040
Study Outline......Page 1041
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 1043
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 1045
26 THE URINARY SYSTEM......Page 1046
External Anatomy of the Kidneys......Page 1048
Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney)......Page 1050
Kidney Transplant......Page 1052
Overview of Renal Physiology......Page 1057
Net Filtration Pressure......Page 1058
Loss of Plasma Proteins in Urine Causes Edema......Page 1060
Principles of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion......Page 1062
Glucosuria......Page 1064
Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle......Page 1066
Reabsorption and Secretion in the Late Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct......Page 1067
Hormonal Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion......Page 1068
Formation of Dilute Urine......Page 1070
Formation of Concentrated Urine......Page 1071
Renal Plasma Clearance......Page 1075
Ureters......Page 1077
Cystoscopy......Page 1078
Urinary Incontinence......Page 1080
Aging and the Urinary System......Page 1081
Diuretics......Page 1073
Dialysis......Page 1076
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE URINARY SYSTEM......Page 1083
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 1084
Study Outline......Page 1085
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 1087
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 1089
27 FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID–BASE HOMEOSTASIS......Page 1090
Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance......Page 1091
Regulation of Body Water Gain......Page 1092
Regulation of Water and Solute Loss......Page 1093
Enemas and Fluid Balance......Page 1095
Sodium......Page 1096
Indicators of Na+ Imbalance......Page 1097
Acid–Base Balance......Page 1098
The Actions of Buffer Systems......Page 1100
Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide......Page 1101
Kidney Excretion of H+......Page 1102
Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 1103
Study Outline......Page 1105
Diagnosis of Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 1104
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 1107
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 1108
28 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS......Page 1109
Scrotum......Page 1110
Testes......Page 1111
Reproductive System Ducts in Males......Page 1118
Penis......Page 1121
Premature Ejaculation......Page 1123
Ovaries......Page 1125
Uterine Tubes......Page 1130
Uterus......Page 1132
Hysterectomy......Page 1135
Episiotomy......Page 1138
Fibrocystic Disease of the Breasts......Page 1140
Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and Premature Osteoporosis......Page 1145
Hormonal Methods......Page 1146
Development of the Reproductive Systems......Page 1147
Aging and the Reproductive Systems......Page 1150
Cryptorchidism......Page 1115
Vasectomy......Page 1119
Ovarian Cysts......Page 1129
Uterine Prolapse......Page 1133
Breast Augmentation and Reduction......Page 1139
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS......Page 1151
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 1152
Medical Terminology......Page 1154
Study Outline......Page 1155
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 1157
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 1159
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 1160
29 DEVELOPMENT AND INHERITANCE......Page 1161
First Week of Development......Page 1162
Ectopic Pregnancy......Page 1166
Third Week of Development......Page 1168
Placenta Previa......Page 1175
Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development......Page 1177
Fetal Period......Page 1178
Amniocentesis......Page 1181
Noninvasive Prenatal Tests......Page 1182
Early Pregnancy Tests......Page 1183
Changes During Pregnancy......Page 1185
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension......Page 1186
Dystocia and Cesarean Section......Page 1188
Premature Infants......Page 1189
Genotype and Phenotype......Page 1191
Variations on Dominant–Recessive Inheritance......Page 1192
Autosomes, Sex Chromosomes, and Sex Determination......Page 1194
Sex-Linked Inheritance......Page 1195
Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Cloning......Page 1164
Anencephaly......Page 1172
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances......Page 1196
Medical Terminology......Page 1197
Study Outline......Page 1198
Self-Quiz Questions......Page 1199
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 1202
APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS......Page 1203
APPENDIX B: PERIODIC TABLE......Page 1205
APPENDIX C: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED BLOOD TESTS......Page 1206
APPENDIX D: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED URINE TESTS......Page 1208
APPENDIX E: ANSWERS......Page 1210
GLOSSARY......Page 1217
CREDITS......Page 1245
INDEX......Page 1247