Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease Revised Reprint, Third Edition

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Dedication\r......Page 5
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
1 - Principles of Epidemiology and Public Health......Page 19
2 - Pediatric Infection Prevention and Control......Page 27
3 - Infections Associated with Group Childcare......Page 41
4 - Infectious Diseases in Refugee and Internationally Adopted Children......Page 50
5 - Bioterrorism......Page 54
6 - Passive Immunization......Page 59
7 - Active Immunization......Page 66
8 - Chemoprophylaxis......Page 89
9 - Protection of Travelers......Page 97
10 - Immunologic Development and Susceptibility to Infection......Page 104
11 - Fever and the Inflammatory Response......Page 112
12 - The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Sepsis, and Septic Shock......Page 117
13 - Toxic Shock Syndrome......Page 128
14 - Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome......Page 131
15 - Mucocutaneous Symptom Complexes......Page 136
16 - Fever without Localizing Signs......Page 142
17 - Prolonged, Recurrent, and Periodic Fever Syndromes......Page 144
18 - Lymphatic System and Generalized Lymphadenopathy......Page 153
19 - Cervical Lymphadenitis and Neck Infections......Page 161
20 - Mediastinal and Hilar Lymphadenopathy......Page 173
21 - Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy......Page 181
22 - Localized Lymphadenitis, Lymphadenopathy, and Lymphangitis......Page 183
23 - Respiratory Tract Symptom Complexes......Page 188
24 - Abdominal Symptom Complexes......Page 197
25 - Neurologic Symptom Complexes......Page 202
26 - Musculoskeletal Symptom Complexes......Page 208
27 - Infections of the Oral Cavity......Page 216
28 - The Common Cold......Page 221
29 - Pharyngitis......Page 224
30 - Infections Related to the Upper and Middle Airways......Page 231
31 - Otitis Media......Page 239
32 - Otitis Externa and Malignant Otitis Externa......Page 248
33 - Mastoiditis......Page 250
34 - Sinusitis......Page 254
35 - Bronchiolitis......Page 259
36 - Acute Pneumonia and its Complications......Page 263
37 - Persistent and Recurrent Pneumonia......Page 275
38 - Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host......Page 283
39 - Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections......Page 287
40 - Myocarditis......Page 296
41 - Pericarditis......Page 298
42 - Acute Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period......Page 302
43 - Chronic Meningitis......Page 309
44 - Recurrent Meningitis......Page 317
45 - Aseptic and Viral Meningitis......Page 323
46 - Encephalitis, Meningoencephalitis, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, and Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy......Page 328
47 - Cerebellar Ataxia, Transverse Myelitis and Myelopathy, Guillain–Barr? Syndrome, Neuritis, and Neuropathy......Page 336
48 - Focal Suppurative Infections of the Central Nervous System......Page 342
49 - Eosinophilic Meningitis......Page 354
50 - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Slow Infections of the Nervous System......Page 357
51 - Urinary Tract Infections......Page 361
52 - Renal (Intrarenal and Perinephric) Abscess......Page 365
53 - Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes......Page 368
54 - Skin and Mucous Membrane Infections and Inguinal Lymphadenopathy......Page 372
55 - Urethritis, Vulvovaginitis, and Cervicitis......Page 375
56 - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease......Page 385
57 - Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Prostatitis......Page 389
58 - Infectious Diseases of Child Abuse......Page 391
59 - Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections......Page 395
60 - Viral Gastroenteritis......Page 401
61 - Inflammatory Enteritis......Page 405
62 - Necrotizing Enterocolitis......Page 411
63 - Foodborne and Waterborne Disease......Page 415
64 - Acute Hepatitis......Page 424
65 - Chronic Hepatitis......Page 429
66 - Granulomatous Hepatitis......Page 431
67 - Acute Pancreatitis......Page 434
68 - Cholecystitis and Cholangitis......Page 435
69 - Peritonitis......Page 438
70 - Appendicitis......Page 444
71 - Intra-abdominal, Visceral, and Retroperitoneal Abscesses......Page 447
72 - Cellulitis and Superficial Skin Infections......Page 452
73 - Erythematous Macules and Papules......Page 460
74 - Vesicles and Bullae......Page 461
75 - Purpura......Page 464
76 - Urticaria and Erythema Multiforme......Page 467
77 - Papules, Nodules, and Ulcers......Page 471
78 - Subcutaneous Tissue Infections and Abscesses......Page 475
79 - Myositis, Pyomyositis, and Necrotizing Fasciitis......Page 482
80 - Osteomyelitis......Page 492
81 - Infectious and Inflammatory Arthritis......Page 500
82 - Diskitis......Page 506
83 - Transient Synovitis......Page 509
84 - Conjunctivitis in the Neonatal Period (Ophthalmia Neonatorum)......Page 510
85 - Conjunctivitis Beyond the Neonatal Period......Page 513
86 - Infective Keratitis......Page 518
87 - Uveitis, Retinitis, and Chorioretinitis......Page 522
88 - Endophthalmitis......Page 526
89 - Periorbital and Orbital Infections......Page 529
90 - Infection Following Trauma......Page 534
91 - Infection Following Burns......Page 538
92 - Infection Following Bites......Page 543
93 - Clinical Approach to the Infected Neonate......Page 548
94 - Bacterial Infections in the Neonate......Page 550
95 - Viral Infections in the Fetus and Neonate......Page 557
96 - Nosocomial Infections in the Neonate......Page 561
97 - Infections in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients......Page 569
98 - Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients......Page 576
99 - Fever and Granulocytopenia......Page 581
100 - Infections in Children with Cancer......Page 589
101 - Healthcare-Associated Infections......Page 595
102 - Clinical Syndromes of Device-Associated Infections......Page 605
103 - Evaluation of the Child with Suspected Immunodeficiency......Page 617
104 - Infectious Complications of Antibody Deficiency......Page 625
105 - Infectious Complications of Complement Deficiencies......Page 632
106 - Infectious Complications of Dysfunction or Deficiency of Polymorphonuclear and Mononuclear Phagocytes......Page 636
107 - Infectious Complications of Cell-Mediated Immunity Other than AIDS: Primary Immunodeficiencies......Page 643
108 - Infectious Complications in Special Hosts......Page 651
109 - Epidemiology and Prevention of HIV Infection in Children and Adolescents......Page 659
110 - Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection......Page 670
111 - Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection......Page 672
112 - Infectious Complications of HIV Infection......Page 679
113 - Management of HIV Infection......Page 685
GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI......Page 694
115 - Staphylococcus aureus......Page 696
116 - Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci......Page 710
117 - Classification of Streptococci......Page 716
118 - Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)......Page 717
119 - Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)......Page 728
120 - Enterococcus Species......Page 733
121 - Viridans Streptococci, Abiotrophia and Granulicatella Species, and Streptococcus bovis......Page 736
122 - Groups C and G Streptococci......Page 740
123 - Streptococcus pneumoniae......Page 742
124 - Other Gram-Positive, Catalase-Negative Cocci: Leuconostocs and Pediococci......Page 750
125 - Neisseria meningitidis......Page 751
126 - Neisseria gonorrhoeae......Page 760
127 - Other Neisseria Species......Page 766
128 - Arcanobacterium haemolyticum......Page 768
129 - Bacillus Species (Anthrax)......Page 769
130 - Corynebacterium Diphtheriae......Page 771
131 - Other Corynebacteria......Page 776
132 - Listeria monocytogenes......Page 778
133 - Other Gram-Positive Bacilli......Page 783
134 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis......Page 787
135 - Mycobacterium Species Non-tuberculosis......Page 805
136 - Nocardia Species......Page 809
137 - Escherichia coli......Page 813
138 - Klebsiella and Raoultella Species......Page 816
139 - Klebsiella (Calymmatobacterium) granulomatis (Granuloma Inguinale)......Page 818
140 - Enterobacter and Pantoea Species......Page 820
141 - Citrobacter Species......Page 822
142 - Less Commonly Encountered Enterobacteriaceae......Page 824
143 - Plesiomonas shigelloides......Page 826
144 - Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella Species......Page 827
145 - Serratia Species......Page 828
146 - Salmonella Species......Page 829
147 - Shigella Species......Page 834
148 - Yersinia Species......Page 837
149 - Acinetobacter Species......Page 841
150 - Aeromonas Species......Page 843
151 - Less Commonly Encountered Nonenteric Gram-Negative Bacilli......Page 845
152 - Eikenella, Pasteurella, and Chromobacterium Species......Page 848
153 - Moraxella and Psychrobacter Species......Page 852
154 - Pseudomonas Species and Related Organisms......Page 853
155 - Pseudomonas aeruginosa......Page 854
156 - Burkholderia cepacia Complex and Other Burkholderia Species......Page 858
157 - Stenotrophomonas maltophilia......Page 860
158 - Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)......Page 861
159 - Other Vibrio Species......Page 866
160 - Bartonella Species (Cat-Scratch Disease)......Page 868
161 - Brucella Species (Brucellosis)......Page 872
162 - Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) and Other Species......Page 875
163 - Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli......Page 884
164 - Other Campylobacter Species......Page 889
165 - Capnocytophaga Species......Page 891
166 - Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae......Page 892
167 - Chlamydia trachomatis......Page 894
168 - Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) psittaci (Psittacosis)......Page 901
169 - Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)......Page 902
170 - Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Species......Page 904
171 - Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)......Page 907
172 - Haemophilus Influenzae......Page 909
173 - Other Haemophilus Species......Page 915
174 - Helicobacter pylori......Page 917
175 - Other Gastric and Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species......Page 924
176 - Kingella Species......Page 927
177 - Legionella Species......Page 929
178 - Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)......Page 932
179 - Other Rickettsia Species......Page 936
180 - Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-Bite Fever)......Page 944
181 - Other Gram-Negative Coccobacilli......Page 945
182 - Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)......Page 947
183 - Other Treponema Species......Page 954
184 - Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis)......Page 955
185 - Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)......Page 957
186 - Other Borrelia Species and Spirillum minus......Page 961
187 - Anaerobic Bacteria: Classification, Normal Flora, and Clinical Concepts......Page 963
188 - Clostridium Tetani (Tetanus)......Page 973
189 - Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)......Page 976
190 - Clostridium difficile......Page 983
191 - Other Clostridium Species......Page 986
192 - Bacteroides and Prevotella Species and Other Anaerobic Gram–Negative Bacilli......Page 988
193 - Fusobacterium Species......Page 991
194 - Anaerobic Cocci......Page 992
195 - Anaerobic Gram-Positive, Nonsporulating Bacilli (Including Actinomycosis)......Page 994
196 - Mycoplasma pneumoniae......Page 996
197 - Other Mycoplasma Species......Page 1001
198 - Ureaplasma urealyticum......Page 1002
199 - Kawasaki Disease......Page 1005
200 - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome......Page 1010
201 - Classification of Viruses......Page 1018
202 - Poxviridae......Page 1023
203 - Introduction to Herpesviridae......Page 1028
204 - Herpes Simplex Virus......Page 1029
205 - Varicella-Zoster Virus......Page 1038
206 - Cytomegalovirus......Page 1046
207 - Epstein–Barr Virus Infections (Mononucleosis and Lymphoproliferative Disorders)......Page 1053
208 - Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 (Roseola, Exanthem Subitum)......Page 1061
209 - Human Herpesvirus 8......Page 1067
210 - Adenoviruses......Page 1069
211 - Human Papillomaviruses......Page 1072
212 - Human Polyomaviruses......Page 1075
213 - Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Viruses......Page 1079
214 - Human Parvoviruses......Page 1089
215 - Coltivirus (Colorado Tick Fever)......Page 1093
216 - Rotaviruses......Page 1095
217 - Togaviridae: Alphaviruses......Page 1098
218 - Flaviviruses......Page 1099
219 - Bunyaviridae......Page 1104
220 - Hepatitis C Virus......Page 1106
221 - Rubella Virus......Page 1113
222 - Human Coronaviruses......Page 1118
223 - Parainfluenza Viruses......Page 1121
224 - Mumps Virus......Page 1125
225 - Respiratory Syncytial Virus......Page 1129
226 - Human Metapneumovirus......Page 1134
227 - Rubeola Virus (Measles and Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis)......Page 1137
228 - Rabies Virus......Page 1143
229 - Influenza Viruses......Page 1147
230 - Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses......Page 1155
231 - New-World Arenaviruses, Lassa Virus, and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus......Page 1157
232 - Introduction to Retroviridae......Page 0
233 - Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses......Page 1159
234 - Human Immunodeficiency Viruses......Page 1160
235 - Introduction to Picornaviridae......Page 1162
236 - Polioviruses......Page 1163
237 - Enteroviruses: Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Newer Enteroviruses......Page 1166
238 - Hepatitis A Virus......Page 1174
239 - Rhinoviruses......Page 1179
240 - Caliciviruses......Page 1180
241 - Astroviruses......Page 1183
242 - Hepatitis E Virus and Other Newly Identified Viruses......Page 1184
243 - Classification of Fungi......Page 1187
244 - Candida Species......Page 1189
245 - Aspergillus Species......Page 1195
246 - Agents of Hyalohyphomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis......Page 1202
247 - Agents of Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis)......Page 1205
248 - Malassezia Species......Page 1207
249 - Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis)......Page 1210
250 - Cryptococcus Species......Page 1211
251 - Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis)......Page 1214
252 - Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. carinii)......Page 1220
253 - Blastomyces dermatitidis (Blastomycosis)......Page 1224
254 - Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii (Coccidioidomycosis)......Page 1230
255 - Dermatophytes and Other Superficial Fungi......Page 1236
256 - Agents of Eumycotic Mycetoma: Pseudallescheria boydii (Anamorph Scedosporium apiospermum......Page 1239
257 - Classification of Parasites......Page 1243
258 - Babesia Species (Babesiosis)......Page 1245
259 - Balantidium coli......Page 1248
260 - Blastocystis hominis......Page 1249
261 - Cryptosporidium Species......Page 1250
262 - Endolimax nana......Page 1252
263 - Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)......Page 1253
264 - Other Entameba, Amebas, and Intestinal Flagellates......Page 1257
265 - Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)......Page 1258
266 - Isospora and Cyclospora Species......Page 1262
267 - Leishmania Species (Leishmaniasis)......Page 1263
268 - Microsporidia......Page 1270
269 - Naegleria fowleri......Page 1272
270 - Acanthamoeba Species......Page 1274
271 - Plasmodium Species (Malaria)......Page 1276
272 - Sarcocystis Species......Page 1283
273 - Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)......Page 1284
274 - Trichomonas Vaginalis......Page 1305
275 - Trypanosoma Species (Trypanosomiasis)......Page 1307
276 - Intestinal Nematodes......Page 1313
277 - Tissue Nematodes......Page 1321
278 - Blood and Tissue Nematodes (Filarial Worms)......Page 1329
279 - Diphyllobothrium, Dipylidium, and Hymenolepis Species......Page 1334
280 - Taenia solium and Taenia saginala (Taeniasis and Cysticercosis)......Page 1338
281 - Echinococcus Species (Agents of Cystic, Alveolar, and Polycystic Echinococcosis)......Page 1344
282 - Taenia (Multiceps) multiceps and Taenia serialis (Coenurosis)......Page 1348
283 - Intestinal Trematodes......Page 1349
284 - Clonorchis, Opisthorchis, Fasciola, and Paragonimus Species......Page 1351
285 - Blood Trematodes (Schistosomiasis)......Page 1354
286 - Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, and Rickettsiae......Page 1357
287 - Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Viruses, Chlamydia, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma......Page 1368
288 - Laboratory Manifestations of Infectious Diseases......Page 1384
289 - Principles of Anti-Infective Therapy......Page 1398
290 - Mechanisms and Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance......Page 1408
291 - Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Basis of Optimal Antibiotic Therapy......Page 1420
292 - Antimicrobial Agents......Page 1436
293 - Antifungal Agents......Page 1468
294 - Topical Antimicrobial Agents......Page 1476
295 - Antiviral Agents......Page 1486
296 - Antiparasitic Agents......Page 1504
Index\r......Page 1523