Principles and Practice of Engineering PE Mechanical Reference Handbook

COVER AND COPYRIGHT......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 4
1.1	Engineering Terms and Symbols......Page 16
1.1.1	Units......Page 17
1.2.3	Properties of Water at Standard Conditions......Page 20
1.2.4	Thermal and Physical Properties of Ideal Gases (at Room Temperature)......Page 21
1.2.5	Physical Properties of Fluids......Page 22
1.2.6	Engine Oil Viscosity Classification and Properties......Page 23
1.2.7	Compressible-Flow Functions......Page 26
1.2.8	Properties of Air at Low Pressure, per Pound......Page 38
1.2.9	Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure......Page 41
1.2.11	Properties of Metals......Page 43
1.2.12	Material Properties......Page 46
1.3.2	Identities......Page 48
1.4.4	Circular Segment......Page 50
1.4.7	Right Circular Cylinder......Page 51
1.4.8	Properties of Shapes......Page 52
1.4.9	Relations of Mass and Space......Page 58
1.5	Periodic Table......Page 62
1.6.1	Nomenclature and Definitions......Page 63
1.6.2	Economic Factor Tables......Page 65
1.6.3	Depreciation......Page 73
1.7.1	ANSI and ISO Orthographic Projection Styles......Page 74
1.7.2	Symbols for Drawings......Page 76
1.8	Structural Properties......Page 80
1.9	Pipe and Tube Data......Page 92
1.10.3	Full-Load Current......Page 95
1.10.6	Motor Phases......Page 96
1.10.7	Basic Circuits......Page 97
2.1	Elements of Machine Design Methodologies......Page 98
2.2.1	I-P System......Page 100
2.2.2	SI System......Page 101
2.2.3	Tables of Cylindrical Fits and Tolerances......Page 102
2.3.1	Dispersion, Mean, Median, and Mode Values......Page 118
2.4	Statistical Quality Control......Page 119
2.4.1	Tests for Out of Control, for Three-Sigma Control Limits......Page 120
2.4.2	Nondestructive Testing......Page 121
2.5.5	Systems of n Forces:......Page 128
2.6.1	Constant Acceleration......Page 129
2.6.3	Relative Motion......Page 130
2.6.5	Normal and Tangential Components......Page 131
2.6.7	Newton's Second Law (Equations of Motion)......Page 132
2.6.8	Motion of a Rigid Body......Page 133
2.7.4	Work......Page 134
2.7.8	Coefficient of Restitution......Page 135
2.8.1	Instantaneous Center of Rotation (Instant Centers)......Page 136
2.9.1	Atomic Bonding......Page 137
2.9.2	Corrosion......Page 138
2.9.3	Electrical Properties......Page 140
2.9.4	Mechanical Properties......Page 141
2.9.5	Composite Materials......Page 142
2.9.7	Impact Test......Page 143
2.9.8	Relationship Between Hardness and Tensile Strength......Page 144
2.9.9	Binary Phase Diagrams......Page 148
2.10.1	Strain......Page 149
2.10.5	Uniaxial Loading and Deformation......Page 150
2.10.7	Principal Stresses......Page 151
2.10.9	Hooke's Law......Page 152
2.10.10	Strain Energy......Page 153
2.11.2	Torsional Strain......Page 154
2.11.3	Interference-Fit Stresses......Page 155
2.11.5	Hollow, Thin-Walled Shafts......Page 156
2.11.6	Beams......Page 157
2.12.1	Intermediate Columns......Page 164
2.13.1	Brittle Materials......Page 165
2.14	Variable Loading Failure Theories......Page 166
2.15.1	Free Vibration......Page 170
2.15.2	Torsional Vibration......Page 171
2.15.3	Vibration Transmissibility, Base Motion......Page 172
2.15.5	Vibration Absorber......Page 173
2.15.7	Viscous Damping......Page 174
2.15.8	Equivalent Masses, Springs, and Dampers......Page 175
2.16.1	Springs......Page 177
2.16.2	Bearings......Page 179
2.16.3	Power Screws......Page 181
2.16.4	Power Transmission......Page 182
2.16.5	Gears......Page 183
2.16.6	Belts, Pulleys, and Chain Drives......Page 192
2.16.7	Clutches and Brakes......Page 200
2.17	Welding......Page 201
2.18.1	Bolts......Page 205
2.18.2	Tension Connections—The External Load......Page 208
2.18.3	Adhesives and Bonding......Page 217
2.19.1	Cylindrical Pressure Vessel......Page 219
2.19.2	Definitions......Page 220
3.1.1	Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Gravity......Page 221
3.2.1	Pressure Field in a Static Liquid......Page 222
3.3.1	The Continuity Equation......Page 223
3.4.1	Reynolds Number......Page 224
3.4.2	Head Loss Due to Flow......Page 225
3.4.3	Water Hammer......Page 242
3.5.1	The Impulse-Momentum Principle......Page 243
3.5.3	Deflectors and Blades......Page 244
3.6.1	Mach Number......Page 245
3.6.2	Isentropic Flow Relationships......Page 246
3.6.4	Adiabatic Frictional Flow in Constant Area Ducts......Page 247
3.7.1	Hydraulic Pneumatic Cylinder Forces......Page 248
3.7.4	Centrifugal Pump Characteristics......Page 249
3.7.5	Pump Power Equation......Page 252
3.8.1	The Pitot Tube......Page 253
3.8.3	Manometers......Page 254
3.8.5	Orifices......Page 255
3.8.6	Submerged Orifice Operating under Steady-flow Conditions:......Page 256
3.8.8	Open Channel Flow......Page 257
3.9.1	Pressure Drop for Glycol Solutions......Page 258
3.9.2	Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol......Page 259
3.9.3	Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol......Page 263
4.1.1	Definitions......Page 267
4.1.2	Properties for Two-Phase (Vapor-Liquid) Systems......Page 268
4.2.1	Ideal Gas......Page 269
4.2.2	Ideal Gas Mixtures......Page 270
4.2.3	Compressibility Factor and Charts......Page 271
4.2.4	Equations of State (EOS)......Page 273
4.3.1	Closed Thermodynamic Systems......Page 274
4.3.2	Open Thermodynamic Systems......Page 275
4.3.3	Steady-Flow Systems......Page 276
4.4.3	Entropy......Page 277
4.4.4	Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)......Page 278
4.5.1	Basic Cycles......Page 279
4.5.2	Common Thermodynamic Cycles......Page 280
4.5.3	Compressors......Page 283
4.5.4	Turbines......Page 284
5.1.2	Thermal Diffusivity......Page 291
5.2	Thermal Resistance (R)......Page 292
5.2.1	Composite Plane Wall......Page 293
5.2.3	Constant Fluid Temperature......Page 294
5.2.4	Fins......Page 295
5.3.4	External Flow......Page 296
5.3.8	Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes......Page 297
5.4.1	Vertical Flat Plate in Large Body of Stationary Fluid......Page 298
5.5.2	Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Concentric Tube and Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers......Page 299
5.5.5	Number of Exchanger Transfer Units (NTU)......Page 300
5.6.1	Types of Bodies......Page 301
5.6.2	Emissivity of Various Surfaces and Effective Emittances of Facing Air Spaces......Page 302
5.6.8	Net Energy Exchange by Radiation Between Two Diffuse Gray Surfaces That Form an 
	Enclosure......Page 303
5.6.10	Reradiating Surfaces......Page 305
6.1.1	Feedwater Heaters......Page 306
6.1.3	Steam Quality and Volume Fraction......Page 307
6.1.4	Flash Steam......Page 308
6.2	Flow Rate of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe......Page 309
6.3.1	Properties of Saturated Water and Steam (Temperature) - I-P Units......Page 310
6.3.2	Properties of Saturated Water and Steam (Pressure) - I-P Units......Page 322
6.3.3	Properties of Superheated Steam - I-P Units......Page 325
6.3.4	Properties of Saturated Water and Steam (Temperature) - SI Units......Page 342
6.3.5	Properties of Saturated Water and Steam (Pressure) - SI Units......Page 345
6.3.6	Properties of Superheated Steam - SI Units......Page 347
7.1	Psychrometric Properties......Page 371
7.2	Temperature and Altitude Corrections for Air......Page 374
7.3	Psychrometric Charts......Page 376
7.4	Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air......Page 379
7.5	Thermodynamic Properties of Water......Page 385
8.2.1	Thermal Cycles......Page 388
8.2.2	Single-Effect Absorption Cycle......Page 389
8.3.1	Water-Cooled Condensers......Page 390
8.4	Refrigeration Evaporator: Top-Feed Versus Bottom-Feed......Page 393
8.5.1	Liquid Overfeed Systems......Page 394
8.6	Comparative Refrigerant Performance Per Ton of Refrigeration......Page 395
8.7.1	Refrigerant R-22......Page 397
8.7.2	Refrigerant R-134a......Page 401
8.8	Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants......Page 404
8.9	Refrigerant Safety......Page 428
8.10	Refrigeration Properties of Foods......Page 429
9.1.1	Human Cooling Loads......Page 431
9.1.3	Electric Lighting......Page 432
9.1.4	Electric Motors......Page 433
9.1.6	Heat Gain From Kitchen Equipment......Page 435
9.1.7	Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air and Water Values......Page 439
9.1.8	Elevation Corrections for Total, Sensible, and Latent Heat Equations......Page 440
9.1.10	Fenestration......Page 441
9.1.11	Thermal Resistance Properties......Page 443
9.1.12	Thermal Conductivity of Soils......Page 457
9.1.13	U-Factors for Fenestration......Page 458
9.1.14	Design U-Factors of Swinging Doors......Page 460
9.1.15	Pipe and Duct Insulation......Page 461
9.2.1	Moist-Air Sensible Heating or Cooling......Page 463
9.2.2	Moist-Air Cooling and Dehumidification......Page 464
9.2.4	Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected Into Moist Air (Evaporative Cooling)......Page 465
9.2.7	Heat-Recovery Ventilator (HRV) – Sensible Energy Recovery......Page 466
9.2.8	Energy-Recovery Ventilator (ERV)......Page 468
9.3.1	HVAC System Components......Page 470
9.3.3	In-Room Terminal Systems......Page 471
9.3.4	Transmission of Heat in a Space......Page 472
9.3.6	Duct Design......Page 473
9.3.7	Air Distribution......Page 477
9.3.8	Fans......Page 482
9.3.10	Humidifiers......Page 490
9.3.11	Evaporative Air-Cooling Equipment......Page 491
9.3.12	Filtration......Page 492
9.4.2	Heat Loss from Bare Copper Tubing......Page 493
9.4.4	Time Needed to Freeze Water......Page 494
9.5.1	Thermal Expansion of Metal Pipe......Page 495
9.5.2	L-Bends......Page 496
9.5.3	Z-Bends......Page 497
9.6.1	Mechanical Energy Equation in Terms of Energy Per Unit Mass......Page 498
9.6.2	Efficiency......Page 499
9.6.4	Mechanical Energy Equation in Terms of Energy Per Unit Weight Involving Heads......Page 500
9.7.2	Multiple Sound Sources......Page 501
9.7.3	Sound Rating Methods......Page 502
9.7.4	Background Noise......Page 506
9.8	Vibration Control......Page 508
9.9.2	Cost Utilization Index (CUI)......Page 511
10.1	General Information......Page 512
10.2	Excess Air Supplied to Ensure Complete Combustion......Page 513
10.3	Stoichiometric Combustion of Fuels......Page 514
10.4	Heats of Reaction......Page 517
10.5.2	Incomplete Combustion......Page 518
10.7	Flue Gas Condensation......Page 519
11.1	Terminology......Page 520
11.3.1	Control-Valve Flow Characteristics......Page 523
11.3.3	Two-Way Control Valves......Page 524
11.3.7	Valve Cavitation......Page 525
11.3.9	Valve Normal Position......Page 526
11.4.2	Damper Authority......Page 527
11.7	Electric Heaters......Page 528
11.8	Air-Side Economizer Cycle......Page 529
11.9.2	Single-Duct, Variable Air Volume (VAV)......Page 530
11.9.4	Series Fan-Powered VAV Terminal Unit......Page 531
11.9.5	Parallel Fan-Powered VAV Terminal Unit......Page 532
11.10.1	Typical Single-Zone Air Handling Unit......Page 533