Principles and Applications of Assessment in Counseling

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
SECTION I: Principles of Assessment......Page 16
What Is Assessment?......Page 18
Do Counselors Need to Know About Assessment?......Page 20
Assessment Is Integral to Counseling......Page 22
Assessment Can Be Therapeutic......Page 25
What Do Counselors Need to Know About Assessment?......Page 26
Types of Assessment Tools......Page 29
History......Page 32
Summary......Page 37
Measurement Scales......Page 38
Norm-Referenced vs. Criterion-Referenced Instruments......Page 40
Interpreting Norm-Referenced Instruments......Page 42
Measures of Central Tendency......Page 45
Measures of Variability......Page 46
Normal Distributions......Page 48
Types of Scores......Page 50
Standard Scores......Page 52
Evaluating the Norming Group......Page 57
Summary......Page 59
Classical Test Theory......Page 60
Reliability and Unsystematic Error......Page 62
Correlation Coefficients......Page 63
Types of Reliability......Page 66
Evaluating Reliability Coefficients......Page 72
Standard Error of Measurement......Page 73
Standard Error of Difference......Page 76
Alternative Theoretical Models......Page 78
Summary......Page 79
Validity......Page 81
Item Analysis......Page 97
Summary......Page 103
Preliminary Identification of Assessment Instruments or Strategies......Page 104
Evaluating Assessment Strategies......Page 107
Administering Assessment Instruments......Page 113
Scoring......Page 114
Communicating Results......Page 117
Summary......Page 126
SECTION II: Overview of Assessment Areas......Page 128
CHAPTER 6 Initial Assessment in Counseling......Page 130
Initial Intake Interview......Page 131
Interviewing Skills and Techniques......Page 137
Interviewing Children......Page 138
Structured and Unstructured Initial Interviews......Page 139
Strengths and Limitations of Interviewing......Page 142
Other Strategies That Can Be Used in Initial Assessment......Page 143
Assessing Specific Problems in the Initial Sessions......Page 147
Mental Status Examination......Page 157
Summary......Page 159
CHAPTER 7 Intelligence and General Ability Testing......Page 161
Models of Intelligence......Page 162
Individual Intelligence Testing......Page 168
Group Intelligence Testing......Page 178
Issues in Intelligence Testing......Page 180
Summary......Page 186
CHAPTER 8 Assessing Achievement and Aptitude: Applications for Counseling......Page 188
Assessment of Achievement......Page 189
Aptitude Assessment......Page 203
Test Preparation and Performance......Page 215
Summary......Page 216
CHAPTER 9 Assessment in Career Counseling......Page 218
Assessing Individual Differences......Page 220
Integrative Career Assessment Programs......Page 240
Career Choice Process......Page 243
Qualitative Career Assessment......Page 246
Issues and Trends in Career Assessment......Page 247
Summary......Page 252
CHAPTER 10 Appraisal of Personality......Page 255
Informal Assessment Techniques......Page 257
Structured Personality Inventories......Page 259
Projective Techniques......Page 279
Self-Concept Measures......Page 285
Summary......Page 287
CHAPTER 11 Assessment in Marriage and Family Counseling......Page 288
Difficulties with Assessment of Couples and Families......Page 289
Observational and Mapping Activities......Page 292
Use of Instruments Designed for Individuals......Page 299
Formalized Assessment Instruments Specific to Marriage and Family......Page 300
Summary......Page 307
SECTION III: Applications and Issues......Page 308
CHAPTER 12 Assessment and Diagnosis......Page 310
Using the DSM-IV-TR......Page 312
Axis I......Page 315
Axis II......Page 326
Axis III......Page 331
Axis V......Page 332
Multiaxial Evaluation......Page 333
Instruments Designed to Provide Diagnosis......Page 335
Summary......Page 339
CHAPTER 13 Using Assessment in Counseling......Page 340
Treatment Planning......Page 341
Treatment Matching......Page 342
Case Conceptualization and Assessment......Page 344
Monitoring Treatment Progress......Page 345
Using Assessment for Evaluation and Accountability......Page 349
Outcome Assessment in Mental Health Settings......Page 352
Outcome Assessment in Career Counseling......Page 353
Outcome Assessment in School Counseling......Page 354
Summary......Page 356
Ethics......Page 358
Legal Issues in Assessment......Page 368
Summary......Page 378
CHAPTER 15 Issues Related to Assessment with Diverse Populations......Page 380
Multicultural Assessment......Page 382
Assessment of Individuals with Disabilities......Page 396
Summary......Page 403
Technological Applications......Page 405
Future Trends and Directions......Page 416
Summary......Page 420
APPENDIX A: Table of Areas under the Normal Curve......Page 424
APPENDIX B: Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education......Page 427
APPENDIX D: Responsibilities of Users of Tests (RUST)......Page 440
APPENDIX E: Standards for Multicultural Assessment......Page 447
Glossary......Page 459
References......Page 465
Index......Page 489