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دانلود کتاب Principles & practice of surgery

دانلود کتاب اصول و عمل جراحی

Principles & practice of surgery

مشخصات کتاب

Principles & practice of surgery

ویرایش: [6 ed.] 
نویسندگان: , , ,   
سری: A Davidson Title 
ISBN (شابک) : 9780702043161, 0702043168 
ناشر: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier 
سال نشر: 2014 
تعداد صفحات: [521] 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 88 Mb 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 37,000



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Front Cover
Principles & Practice of Surgery
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Contributors
Section 1: Principles of perioperative care
	Chapter 1:  Metabolic response to injury, fluid and electrolyte balance and shock
		The metabolic response to injury
			Features of the metabolic response to injury
			Factors mediating the metabolic response to injury
				The acute inflammatory response
				The endothelium and blood vessels
				Afferent nerve impulses and sympathetic activation
				The endocrine response to surgery
			Consequences of the metabolic response to injury
				Hypovolaemia
					Fluid-conserving measures
					Blood flow-conserving measures
				Increased energy metabolism and substrate cycling
				Catabolism and starvation
					Catabolism
						Carbohydrate metabolism
						Fat metabolism
						Protein metabolism
					Starvation
				Changes in red blood cell synthesis and coagulation
			Factors modifying the metabolic response to injury
				Anabolism
		Fluid and electrolyte balance
			Normal water and electrolyte balance
			Assessing losses in the surgical patient
				Insensible fluid losses
				The effect of surgery
					The stress response
					‘Third-space’ losses
					Loss from the gastrointestinal tract
			Intravenous fluid administration
				Types of intravenous fluid
					Crystalloids
					Colloids
				Maintenance fluid requirements
				Treatment of postoperative hypovolaemia and/or hypotension
			Specific water and electrolyte abnormalities
				Sodium and water
					Water depletion
					Water excess
					Hypernatraemia
					Hyponatraemia
				Potassium
					Hyperkalaemia
					Hypokalaemia
				Other electrolyte disturbances
					Calcium
					Magnesium
					Phosphate
			Acid–base balance
				Metabolic acidosis
				Metabolic alkalosis
				Respiratory acidosis
				Respiratory alkalosis
				Mixed patterns of acid–base imbalance
		Shock
			Definition
			Types of shock
				Septic shock
				Cardiogenic shock
				Anaphylactic shock
				Neurogenic shock
			Pathophysiology
				Macrocirculation
				Microcirculation
				Cellular function
			The effect of shock on individual organ systems
				Cardiovascular
				Respiratory
				Renal
				Nervous system
				Gastrointestinal
				Hepatobiliary
			Management
				General principles
					Airway and breathing
					Circulation
				Hypovolaemic shock
				Septic shock
				Cardiogenic shock
				Anaphylactic shock
	Chapter 2: Transfusion of blood components and plasma products
		Introduction
		Blood donation
		Blood components
			Red blood cells in additive solution
			Platelets
			Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
			Cryoprecipitate
		Plasma products
			Human albumin
			Factor VIII and Factor IX concentrates
			Prothrombin complex concentrates
			Immunoglobulin preparations (90% IgG)
		Red cell serology
			ABO antigens
			Rhesus antigens (RH)
			Other red cell antigens
		Pretransfusion testing
			Maximal Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule (MSBOS)
		Indications for transfusion
		Blood administration
		Adverse effects of transfusion
		Autologous transfusion
			Preoperative donation
			Isovolaemic haemodilution
			Cell salvage
		Transfusion requirements in special surgical settings
			Massive transfusion
			Cardiopulmonary bypass
		Methods to reduce the need for blood transfusion
			Acute volume replacement
			Mechanisms for reducing blood use in surgery
				Preoperative
				Intraoperative
				Postoperative
		Better blood transfusion
		Future trends
	Chapter 3:  Nutritional support in surgical patients
		Introduction
		Assessment of nutritional status
		Assessment of nutritional requirements
		Causes of inadequate intake
		Methods of providing nutritional support
			Enteral nutrition
				Oral route
				Methods of administration of enteral feeds
					Nasogastric or nasojejunal tubes
					Gastrostomy and jejunostomy
				Complications of enteral nutrition
			Parenteral nutrition
				Indications for TPN
				Composition of TPN solutions
				Administration of TPN
				Complications of TPN
					Catheter problems
					Thrombophlebitis
					Infection
					Metabolic complications
				Peripheral venous nutrition
		Monitoring of nutritional support
	Chapter 4:  Infections and antibiotics
		Importance of infection
		Biology of infection
			Bacterial factors
			Host defence systems
		Preventing infection in surgical patients
			Preoperative MRSA screening
				Aseptic technique
				Hand decontamination
				Personal protective equipment (PPE) for staff
				Skin preparation
				Surgical instruments
					Terminology
				Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and other prion diseases
		Prophylactic use of antibiotics
			Timing and dose
			Antibiotic choice
			Carriage of resistant organisms and prophylaxis
			Prophylaxis for immunosuppressed patients
		Management of surgical infections
			Diagnosis
			Antibiotic therapy
		Specific infections in surgical patients
			Surgical site infection (SSI)
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Prevention
			Urinary tract infections (UTI)
			Respiratory tract infections
			Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
			Fungal infections
			Infections of prosthetic devices
		Infections primarily treated by surgical management
			Necrotizing fasciitis
			Diabetic foot infections
			Gas gangrene
			Infections following trauma
			Tetanus
		HEALTHCARE Associated Infections (HCAI)
	Chapter 5:  Ethics, preoperative considerations, anaesthesia and analgesia
		Ethical and legal principles for surgical patients
			Principles in surgical ethics
				Principalism
					Autonomy
					Beneficence: doing good
					Non-malfeasance: avoiding harm
					Justice: promoting fairness
			Informed consent
				General considerations
				Consent in specific circumstances
					Children
					Mental illness
					Transient / irreversible cognitive impairment
				Confidentiality
			Specific topics
				Euthanasia and ‘end-of-life’ issues
				Abortion
				Negligence
				Human Tissue Act
				Completion of a death certificate
				Post-mortem examination
				Research governance
				Ethics committees
		Preoperative assessment
			Assessment of operative fitness and perioperative risk
				Oxygen delivery in minimizing operative risk
			Systematic preoperative assessment
				Cardiovascular system
				Respiratory system
				Smoking
				Preoperative exercise
				Alcohol
				Nutritional status
				Obesity
				Drug therapy
					Long-term steroid therapy
					Antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulants
					Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy
					Psychiatric drugs
				Allergies
				Pregnancy
				Previous operations and anaesthetics
			Preoperative investigations
				Haematology
					Full blood count
					Coagulation screen
					Cross matching
				Biochemistry
					Urea and electrolytes
					Liver function tests
					Cardiac investigations
					Respiratory investigations
			The high risk patient
				Preoperative MRSA screening
			Assessment of the patient for emergency surgery
			The preoperative ward round
				Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis
				Antibiotic prophylaxis
				Preoperative anxiolytic medication
				Preoperative fasting
			Perioperative implications of chronic disease
				Cardiovascular disease
					Ischaemic heart disease
					Myocardial infarction
						Angina
						Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), percutaneous angioplasty and stenting
					Congestive cardiac failure
					Valvular heart disease
					Pacemakers
					Hypertension
					Perioperative management of patients with cardiovascular disease
						Drug therapy
							Beta-blockers
							Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
						Cardiovascular management
							Minimizing myocardial oxygen demand
							Maximizing myocardial oxygen supply
				Respiratory disease
					Anaesthetic technique
					Postoperative analgesia
					Physiotherapy
					Postoperative ventilation
				Diabetes mellitus
					Diabetic comorbidity
						Vascular disease
						Renal disease
						Neuropathy
						Infection
					Effect of surgical stress on diabetic control
					Principles of perioperative diabetes management
					Methods of insulin administration
				Chronic renal failure
					Dialysis dependent patients
					Non-dialysis dependent patients
				Jaundice
					Hepatitis
					Coagulopathy
					Acute renal failure
					Cirrhosis
				Abnormal coagulation
					Anticoagulant therapy
					Inherited disorders of coagulation
					Acquired coagulopathy
				Anaemia
				Musculoskeletal disease
				Miscellaneous conditions
		Anaesthesia and the operation
			General anaesthesia
			Local anaesthetic agents
				Spinal and epidural anaesthesia
					Spinal anaesthesia
					Epidural anaesthesia
				Peripheral nerve block
				Local infiltration
				Topical anaesthesia
				Postoperative analgesia
				Pain assessment
				Postoperative analgesic strategy
					Epidural analgesia
					Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
					Parenteral and oral opioid regimens
						Strong opioids
						Weak opioids
					Paracetamol, NSAIDs and selective Cox-2 inhibitors
					Neuropathic pain
					Postoperative nausea and vomiting
	Chapter 6:  Principles of the surgical management of cancer
		The biology of cancer
			The adenoma–carcinoma progression
			Invasion and metastasis
			Natural history and estimate of cure
		The management of patients with cancer
			Screening
				Screening for inherited cancer
			The cancer patient's journey
			Symptoms that may initiate a patient's ‘cancer journey’
				Local effects
				Systemic effects
			Consultation with the GP
			Referral to a specialist/cancer centre
			Investigations
				Diagnostic investigations
				Staging investigations
			Treatment
				Benign tumours
				Malignant tumours
				Adjuvant treatment
			Surgery for metastases
			Follow-up
			Palliation of advanced cancer
			Prognosis and counselling
			Care of the dying
	Chapter 7:  Trauma and multiple injury
		Trauma epidemiology
		Injury biomechanics and accident prevention
		Alcohol and drugs
		Wounds
			Classification and production
			Gunshot wounds
		Falls
		Injury severity assessment
		Prehospital care and transport
		Trauma centres
		Resuscitation in the emergency department
			The first 10 minutes
				Airway
					Control of the cervical spine
					Advanced airway techniques
				Breathing
				Circulation
				Analgesia
			The next phase
		Imaging and other diagnostic AIDS
		After the resuscitation room
	Chapter 8:  Practical procedures and patient investigation
		Introduction
		General precautions
		Aseptic technique
		Local anaesthesia
		Suturing
			Suture materials
				Non-absorbable sutures
				Absorbable sutures
			Suturing the skin
		Airway procedures
			Maintaining the airway
				Procedure
			Ventilation by mask
				Procedure
			The laryngeal mask airway
				Procedure
			Endotracheal intubation
				Procedure
			Surgical airway
				Procedure
			Changing a tracheostomy tube
				Procedure
		Thoracic procedures
			Intercostal tube drainage
				Procedure
			Removal of an intercostal drainage tube
				Procedure
			Pleural aspiration
				Procedure
		Abdominal procedures
			Nasogastric tube insertion
				Procedure
			Fine-bore nasogastric tubes
				Procedure
			Gastric lavage
				Procedure
			Oesophageal tamponade
				Procedure
			Abdominal paracentesis
				Procedure
			Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
				Procedure
		Vascular procedures
			Venepuncture
				Procedure
			Safety measures
			Venepuncture for blood culture
				Procedure
			Peripheral venous cannulation
				Procedure
			Venous cutdown
				Procedure
			Central venous catheter insertion
				Internal jugular vein cannulation
					Procedure
				Subclavian vein cannulation
					Procedure
				Peripheral venous catheterization
					Procedure
			Arterial blood sampling
				Procedure
			Needle pericardiocentesis
				Procedure
		Urinary procedures
			Urethral catheterization
				Procedure in the male
				Procedure in the female
			Suprapubic catheterization
				Procedure
		Central nervous system procedures
			Lumbar puncture
				Procedure
		Excision of lumps and swellings (e.g. sebaceous cyst, lipoma, dermoid, lymph node)
		Imaging
			Plain radiography
			Contrast studies
			Computed tomography (CT)
			Ultrasonography
			Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
			Radioisotope imaging
			Positron emission tomography (PET)
	Chapter 9:  Postoperative care and complications
		Introduction
		Immediate postoperative care
			Airway obstruction
			Haemorrhage
		Surgical ward care
			General care
			Tubes, drains and catheters
			Fluid balance
			Blood transfusion
			Nutrition
		Complications of anaesthesia and surgery
			General complications
			Pulmonary complications
				Pulmonary collapse
				Pulmonary infection
				Respiratory failure
				Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
				Pleural effusion
				Pneumothorax
			Cardiac complications
				Myocardial ischaemia/infarction
				Cardiac failure
				Arrhythmias
				Postoperative shock
			Urinary complications
				Postoperative urinary retention
				Urinary tract infection
				Renal failure
			Cerebral complications
				Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)
				Neuropsychiatric disturbances
				Delirium tremens (acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome)
			Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
				Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
				Pulmonary embolism
			Wound complications
				Infection
				Dehiscence
				Postoperative fever
	Chapter 10: Day surgery
		Introduction
		Facilities for day surgery
			Free-standing units
			Hospital integrated units
		The patient pathway
			First patient contact
				Exclusion criteria for ambulatory surgery
				Bmi
				ASA status
			Pre-assessment
				Basic health screen
				Medication
					Warfarin
					Anti-platelet agents
				Past medical history
					Heart disease
					Diabetes
				Social factors
				Investigations
			The surgical waiting list
			Admission for surgery
			Scheduling for theatre
			Anaesthesia and analgesia
			Recovery
			Discharge criteria
		Day surgery procedures
		23-hour surgery
Section 2: Gastrointestinal surgery
	Chapter 11: The abdominal wall and hernia
		Umbilicus
			Developmental abnormalities
				Persistent vitello-intestinal duct
				Urachus
			Umbilical sepsis
			Umbilical tumours
		Disorders of the rectus muscle
			Haematoma of the rectus sheath
			Desmoid tumour
		Abdominal hernia
			Inguinal hernia
				Surgical anatomy
				Indirect inguinal hernia
					Clinical features
				Direct inguinal hernia
					Clinical features
				Management of uncomplicated inguinal hernia
					Indirect inguinal hernia
					Direct hernia
				Sportsman's hernia
				Femoral hernia
					Clinical features
					Surgical repair of femoral hernia
			Ventral hernia
				Epigastric hernia
				Umbilical hernia
				Para-umbilical hernia
				Incisional hernia
				Parastomal hernia
			Rare external hernia
			Internal hernia
			Complications of hernia
				Irreducibility
				Obstruction
				Strangulation
			Management of complicated hernia
	Chapter 12:  The acute abdomen and intestinal obstruction
		Introduction
		Aetiology
		Pathophysiology of abdominal pain
			Somatic pain
			Visceral pain
		Pathogenesis
			Inflammation
				Peritonitis
					Clinical features
				Infarction
					Clinical features
				Perforation
					Clinical features
			Obstruction
		Clinical assessment
			History
				Site of pain
				Nature of pain
				Radiation of pain
				Onset of pain
				Severity of pain
				Progression of pain
				Movement of pain
			Examination
				Inspection of the abdomen
					Palpation
				Percussion
				Auscultation
				Rectal examination
				Specific clinical signs in acute abdominal pain
					Murphy’s sign
					Boas’s sign
					Grey Turner’s and Cullen’s signs
					Rovsing’s sign
			Investigations
				Blood tests
					FBC, C-reactive protein and U&Es
					Serum amylase
					Liver function tests
					Blood gas analysis
					Serum calcium
					Sickle tests
					Blood glucose
				Urinalysis
					Dipstick testing
					Bacteriology
					Pregnancy test
					Urinary porphobilinogen
				Radiological investigations
					Plain X-rays
					Contrast radiology
					Ultrasonography
					Computed tomography (CT)
					Angiography
					Endoscopic investigations
				Peritoneal investigations
					Peritoneal lavage
					Laparoscopy
		Management
		Peritonitis
			Primary peritonitis
			Postoperative peritonitis
			Intra-abdominal abscess
		Acute appendicitis
			Epidemiology
			Aetiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical features
				History
				Examination
				Variations in clinical features
				Complications
				Investigations
				Management
			Prognosis
		Non-specific abdominal pain (NSAP)
		Gynaecological causes of the acute abdomen
			Mittelschmerz and ruptured corpus luteum
			Ruptured ectopic pregnancy
			Complications of an ovarian cyst
			Acute salpingitis
	Chapter 13: The oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
		Surgical anatomy
			Oesophagus
			Stomach and duodenum
		Surgical physiology
			Oesophagus
			Stomach
			Gastric secretions
		History and symptoms
			Dysphagia
			Odynophagia
			Heartburn
			Dyspepsia
			Regurgitation and Vomiting
			Abdominal pain
		Examination
		Investigations
			Helicobacter pylori tests
			Chest X-ray
			Contrast swallow/meal
			Endoscopy
			Computed tomography (CT)
			Gastric emptying studies
			Endoluminal ultrasound
			Manometry and pH studies
		Diagnosis and management – oesophagus
			Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and Barrett's oesophagus
				Diagnosis and management
				Anti-reflux surgery
			Hiatus hernia
				Clinical features
				Management
			Achalasia
				Clinical features
				Management
			Diffuse oesophageal spasm
				Management
			Nutcracker oesophagus
			Plummer–Vinson syndrome
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
			Pouches
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
			Perforation
				Aetiology
					Intraluminal
					Outside the wall
					Spontaneous
				Clinical features
				Investigations
					Erect chest X-ray
					CT scan and contrast swallow
				Management
		Tumours of the oesophagus
			Benign tumours
			Carcinoma of the oesophagus
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
				Surgical resection
				Postoperative care
				Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
				Palliation
		Diagnosis and management – gastroduodenal
			Peptic ulceration
				Pathology
				Aetiology
					Helicobacter pylori
					Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
					Smoking
					Genetic factors
				Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
				Other factors
			Clinical features
				Diagnosis
			Special forms of ulceration
		Management of uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease
			Medical management
				Eradication of H. pylori
					Duodenal ulcers
					Gastric ulcers
					Gastric ulceration
			Surgical management
				Dumping
				Diarrhoea
				Weight loss
				Anaemia
				Osteoporosis and osteomalacia
				Carcinoma
		Complications of peptic ulceration requiring operative intervention
			Perforation
				Duodenal ulcers
				Gastric ulcers
				Clinical features
				Diagnosis
				Management
					Duodenal ulcers
					Gastric ulcers
			Acute haemorrhage
				Diagnosis
					History and examination
					Blood tests
				Management
					Resuscitation
				Detection and endoscopic treatment
				Surgical management
		Gastric neoplasia
			Benign gastric neoplasms
			Malignant gastric neoplasms
				Gastric carcinoma
					Epidemiology
					Aetiology
				Early gastric cancer
				Advanced gastric cancer
					Factors affecting survival in advanced gastric cancer
				Clinical features of gastric malignancy
				Diagnosis
				Staging of gastric carcinoma
				Treatment with curative intent
				Palliation
				Prognosis
			Other gastric tumours
				Lymphomas
				Carcinoid tumours
		Miscellaneous disorders of the stomach
			Ménétrier's disease
			Gastritis
			Dieulafoy's lesion
			Bezoars
		Miscellaneous conditions of the duodenum
			Duodenal obstruction
			Duodenal diverticula
			Duodenal trauma
			Surgery for obesity
			Operations for obesity
				Complications of obesity surgery
	Chapter 14:  The liver and biliary tract
		The liver
			Anatomy
				Segmental anatomy
				Blood supply and function
			Jaundice
				Diagnosis
					History and clinical examination
					Biochemical and haematological investigations
					Radiological investigations
						Ultrasonography
						Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
						Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
						Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
						Computed tomography (CT)
						Other radiological investigations
					Liver biopsy
					Laparoscopy
					Laparotomy
			Congenital abnormalities
			Liver trauma
			Hepatic infections and infestations
				Pyogenic liver abscess
					Clinical features
					Investigations
					Management
				Amoebic liver abscess
					Clinical features
					Investigations
					Management
				Hydatid disease
					Clinical features
					Investigations
					Management
			Portal hypertension
				Effects of portal hypertension
				Clinical features
				Acute variceal bleeding
					Management
						Active resuscitation
						Endoscopy and control of bleeding
					Prevention of further bleeding
						Emergency portosystemic shunting
						Types of shunt procedure
				Ascites
			Tumours of the liver
				Benign hepatic tumours
					Cavernous haemangioma
					Biliary hamartoma
					Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)
					Liver cell adenoma
				Primary malignant tumours of the liver
					Hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)
						Clinical features
						Investigations
						Management
					Cholangiocarcinoma
					Other primary malignant tumours
				Metastatic tumours
			Liver resection
			Liver transplantation
		The gallbladder and bile ducts
			Anatomy of the biliary system
			Physiology
				Bile salts and the enterohepatic circulation
			Congenital abnormalities
				Biliary atresia
				Choledochal cysts
			Gallstones
				Pathogenesis
					Cholesterol stones
					Pigment stones
				Pathological effects of gallstones
					Acute cholecystitis and its complications
					Chronic cholecystitis
					Mucocoele
					Choledocholithiasis
					Gallstone ileus
				Common clinical syndromes associated with gallstones
					Biliary colic
					Acute cholecystitis
					Chronic cholecystitis
					Choledocholithiasis
						Courvoisier's law
				Other benign conditions of the gallbladder
					Cholesterosis
					Adenomyomatosis
					Acute acalculous cholecystitis
				Investigation of patients with suspected gallstones
					Blood tests
					Plain abdominal X-ray
					Ultrasonography
					Cholangiography
				Surgical treatment of gallstones
					Open cholecystectomy
					Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
					Exploration of the common bile duct
				Complications of cholecystectomy
					Haemorrhage
					Infective complications
					Bile leakage
					Retained stones
					Bile duct stricture
					Post-cholecystectomy syndrome
				Management of acute cholecystitis
				Atypical ‘biliary’ pain
				Non-surgical treatment of gallstones
				Management of acute cholangitis
			Other benign biliary disorders
				Asiatic cholangiohepatitis
				Primary sclerosing cholangitis
			Tumours of the biliary tract
				Carcinoma of the gallbladder
				Carcinoma of the bile ducts
					Clinical features
					Management
	Chapter 15:  The pancreas and spleen
		The pancreas
			Surgical anatomy
			Surgical physiology
				Exocrine function
				Endocrine function
				Pancreatic pain
			Congenital disorders of the pancreas
			Pancreatitis
				Acute pancreatitis
					Aetiology
						Gallstone pancreatitis
						Alcohol-associated pancreatitis
						Other causes
					Clinical features of acute pancreatitis
					Diagnosis
						Radiology
					Differentiation between gallstone- and alcohol-associated pancreatitis
					Assessment of severity
					Management
						Conservative treatment
						Endoscopic treatment
						Surgical treatment
					Complications
						Infected pancreatic necrosis
							Surgical debridement
							Percutaneous drainage/debridement
							Endoscopic drainage
						Pancreatic pseudocyst
						Pancreatic abscess
						Progressive jaundice
						Persistent duodenal ileus
						Gastrointestinal bleeding
						Gastrointestinal ischaemia/fistulae
					Prognosis
				Chronic pancreatitis
					Aetiology
					Pathophysiology
					Clinical features
					Investigations and diagnosis
					Management
						Conservative management
						Endoscopic treatment
					Surgical treatment
			Neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas
				Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
					Aetiology
					Pathology
						Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
						Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
						Mucinous cystic neoplasm
						Serous cystic neoplasm
						Metastases
						Solid pseudopapillary tumour of the pancreas
						Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas
						Ampullary tumours
						Cholangiocarcinoma
				Clinical features of pancreatic neoplasms
				Investigations and multidisciplinary management (MDM) planning
					Curative management
					Palliative treatment
				Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PET)
					Non-functioning PET
					Functioning PET
					Insulinomas
					Gastrinomas
				Miscellaneous PETs
					Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
		The spleen
			Surgical anatomy
			Physiology
				Circulatory filtration
				Immunological function
				Haemopoiesis
			Technique of splenectomy
				Preoperative preparation
				Open technique
					Laparoscopic splenectomy
					Postoperative course and complications
				Traumatic splenectomy
					Splenic conservation
			Indications for splenectomy (non-traumatic)
				The purpuras
					Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
					Secondary thrombocytopenia
				Haemolytic anaemias
					Hereditary spherocytosis
					Acquired haemolytic anaemias
				Hypersplenism
					Segmental portal hypertension
				Proliferative disorders
					Myelofibrosis
					Lymphomas
					Other tumours
				Miscellaneous conditions
					Cysts of the spleen
					Splenic infarct
					Abscess of the spleen
					Splenic artery aneurysm
					Other indications for splenectomy
				Post-splenectomy immunization
	Chapter 16:  The small and large intestine
		Introduction
		Surgical anatomy and physiology
			Anatomy and function of the small intestine
			Anatomy and function of the large intestine and appendix
		Clinical assessment of the small and large intestine
			History
			Examination
			Investigation of the luminal gastrointestinal tract
		Principles of operative intestinal surgery
		Disorders of the appendix
			Appendicitis
			Appendiceal tumours
				Benign tumours of the appendix
				Pseudomyxoma peritonei
				Adenocarcinoma of appendix
		Inflammatory bowel disease
			Crohn's disease
				Pathology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
					Medical management
					Surgical management
			Ulcerative colitis
				Pathology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
					Medical management
					Surgical management
					Cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis
		Disorders of the small intestine
			Small bowel neoplasms
				Benign tumours
				Malignant tumours
					Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST)
					Small bowel adenocarcinoma
					Lymphoma
					Carcinoid tumour
			Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
				Pathology
				Clinical features
				Management
				Meckel's diverticulum
				Jejunal diverticulosis
			Radiation enteritis
			Small bowel ischaemia
				Clinical features
				Investigations and diagnosis
				Management
			Chronic mesenteric ischaemia
		Small and large bowel obstruction
			Pseudo-obstruction and nonmechanical gut functional disorder
				Paralytic ileus
				Pseudo-obstruction
		Non-neoplastic disorders of the large intestine
		Colonic diverticular disease
			Complicated diverticular disease
			Diverticulitis
			Perforation
			Stricture formation and obstruction
			Fistula
			Bleeding
			Large intestinal ischaemia
				Ischaemic colitis
				Gangrenous ischaemic colitis
				Ischaemic stricture of the colon
				Irritable bowel syndrome
				Volvulus
				Angiodysplasia
				Pseudomembranous colitis
				Microscopic colitis
				Hirschsprung's disease
				Acquired megacolon and idiopathic slow-transit constipation
		Intestinal stoma and fistula
			Stoma
			Intestinal fistula
		Polyps and polyposis syndromes of the large intestine
			Colorectal adenoma
				Clinical features
				Management
			Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
				Extra-colonic features
				Diagnosis and management
			Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS)
			Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS)
			Metaplastic (hyperplastic) polyposis and MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP)
			Other rare polyposis syndromes
				Turcot's syndrome
				Cowden's disease
				Cronkhite–Canada syndrome
			Miscellaneous colorectal polyps
		Malignant tumours of the large intestine
			Colorectal adenocarcinoma
				Aetiology
					Diet
					Protective agents
					Smoking, alcohol and exercise
					Inflammatory bowel disease
					Genetic susceptibility
				Clinical features of established colorectal cancer
				Population screening for colorectal cancer
				Investigations
				Preoperative staging
			Management of colorectal adenocarcinoma
				Surgery
					Elective colorectal resection with curative intent
					Emergency colorectal resection
				Pathology and staging
				Adjuvant therapy
					Radiotherapy
					Adjuvant chemotherapy
				Palliative therapy
				Prognosis
			Other malignant tumours of the large intestine
				Squamous cancer of the large bowel
				Carcinoid tumour of the large bowel
				Lymphoma of the large intestine
				Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (including leiomyosarcoma)
	Chapter 17:  The anorectum
		Introduction
		Applied surgical anatomy
			Anal musculature and innervation
			Anal canal epithelium
			The anal (haemorrhoidal) cushions
			Lymphatic drainage of the anal canal
			Anorectal disorders
			Haemorrhoids
				Clinical features
				History
				Examination
				Management
					Non-operative approaches
					Operative approaches
			Fissure-in-ano
				Clinical features and diagnosis
				Management
			Perianal abscess
				Clinical features
				Management
			Fistula-in-ano
				Clinical features and assessment
				Management
		Miscellaneous benign perianal lumps
			Perianal haematoma
			Anal warts
			Fibroepithelial anal polyp
			Anal skin tags
		Anal cancer
			Clinical features and assessment
			Staging
			Management
		Rectal prolapse
			Clinical features and assessment
			Management
				Childhood rectal prolapse
				Mucosal rectal prolapse
				Full-thickness rectal prolapse
			Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
		Anal incontinence
			Clinical features and assessment
			Conservative management
			Surgical management
		Pruritus ani
			Management
		Pilonidal disease
			Clinical features
			Management
Section 3: Surgical specialties
	Chapter 18:  Plastic and reconstructive surgery
		Introduction
		Structure and functions of skin
		Wounds
			Types of wound
			Principles of wound healing
				Lag phase
				Incremental phase
				Plateau or maturation phase
				Hypertrophic scars
				Keloids
				Epidermis
				Primary and secondary intention
			Factors influencing wound healing
				Blood supply
				Infection
				Age
				Site of wound
				Nutritional status
				Intercurrent disease
				Surgical technique
				Choice of suture and suture materials
			Wound infection
				Classification
				Clinical features
				Prevention
				Management
			Involvement of other structures
			Devitalized skin flaps
			Wounds with skin loss
				Skin grafts
				Flaps
			Crushing/degloving injuries and gunshot wounds
		Burns
			Mechanisms
			Local effects of burn injury
			General effects of burn injury
			Classification
				Superficial partial-thickness burns
				Deep partial-thickness burns
				Full-thickness burns
				Determination of burn depth
					Mechanisms
					Appearance
					Sensation
		Prognosis
			Extent of the burn
			Depth of the burn
			Site of the burn
			Associated respiratory injury
			Management
				First aid
					Arrest the burning process
					Ensure an adequate airway
					Avoid wound contamination
				Transfer to hospital
				Adequate ventilation
				Initial assessment and management
				Prevention and treatment of burn shock
				Water replacement
				Blood transfusion
				Organ failure and burn shock
					Respiratory complications
					Renal failure
				Nutritional management
				Sepsis
				Curling's ulcer and gastric erosions
				Local management of burns
				Initial cleansing and debridement
				Prevention of contamination
					Exposure
					Evaporative dressings
					Semi-occlusive and occlusive dressings
					Topical antibacterial agents
					‘Biological’ dressings
				Relief of constriction (escharotomy)
				Restoration of epidermal cover
				Functional and cosmetic result
		Skin and soft tissue lesions
			Diagnosis of skin swellings
			Cysts
				Sebaceous cysts
				Dermoid cysts
			Tumours of the skin
			Epidermal neoplasms arising from basal germinal cells
				Papillomas
					Infective warts
					Senile warts
					Pedunculated papillomas
				Keratoacanthoma (molluscum sebaceum)
				Actinic (solar) keratosis
				Intraepidermal cancer (carcinoma in situ)
				Cancer of the epidermis
					Basal cell carcinoma (rodent ulcer)
					Squamous cell carcinoma
			Epidermal neoplasms arising from melanocytes
				Benign pigmented moles
					Common moles
					Giant hairy naevus
					Blue naevus
					Halo naevus
				Malignant melanoma
					Hutchison's melanotic freckle (lentigo maligna)
					Superficial spreading melanoma
					Nodular melanoma
					Other types of malignant melanoma
					Spread of malignant melanoma
					Clinical and pathological staging
					Management of malignant melanoma
					Sentinel lymph node biopsy
			Vascular neoplasms (haemangiomas)
				Involuting haemangiomas
				Non-involuting haemangiomas
					Port-wine stain
					Cavernous haemangioma
			Tumours of nerves
				Neurilemmoma
				Neurofibroma
			Tumours of muscle and connective tissues
				Lipoma
				Liposarcoma
				Fibrosarcoma
				Rhabdomyosarcoma
	Chapter 19:  The breast
		Anatomy and physiology
			Overview
			Anatomy
			Congenital abnormalities
			Hormonal control of breast development and function
		Evaluation of the patient with breast disease
			Clinical features
			Clinical examination
			Assessment of regional nodes
			Imaging
				Mammography
				Ultrasonography
				Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
				Ductoscopy, ductography and nipple cytology
			Fine needle cytology and biopsy
				Core biopsy
				Fine-needle aspiration cytology
				Open biopsy
				Frozen section
			One-stop clinics
			Accuracy of investigations
		Disorders of development
			Juvenile hypertrophy
			Fibroadenoma
		Disorders of cyclical change
			Cyclical mastalgia
			Nodularity
			Non-cyclical breast pain
		Disorders of involution
			Palpable breast cysts
			Sclerosis
			Duct ectasia
			Epithelial hyperplasia
		Benign neoplasms
			Duct papillomas
			Lipomas
			Phyllodes tumours
		Breast infection
			Lactating infection
			Non-lactating infection
				Central (periareolar) infection
				Mammary duct fistula
				Peripheral non-lactating abscesses
			Skin-associated infection
		Breast cancer
			Epidemiology
			Types of breast cancer
				Non-invasive
				Invasive
			Hormone and growth factors receptors
			Screening for breast cancer
			Mammographic features of breast cancer
			Staging
			The curability of breast cancer
				Prognostic factors
			Presentation of breast cancer
			Management of operable breast cancer
				In situ breast cancer
				Operable breast tumours
				Local therapy
					Breast-conserving treatment (wide local excision and radiotherapy)
					Mastectomy
				Systemic therapy
					Adjuvant chemotherapy
					Adjuvant hormone therapy
					Adjuvant anti- HER2 therapy
					Primary systemic therapy
			Complications of treatment
				Radiotherapy
				Chemotherapy
				Hormonal treatments
			Psychological aspects
			Follow-up
			Management of locally advanced breast cancer
			Breast cancer in pregnancy
				Pregnancy after treatment for breast cancer
			Management of metastatic or advanced breast cancer
				Chemotherapy
				Hormonal treatment
				Anti- HER2 therapy
				Specific problems
					Bone disease
					Hypercalcaemia
					Marrow infiltration
					Spinal cord compression
					Pleural effusion
					Liver metastases
					Brain metastases
			Miscellaneous tumours of the breast
				Lymphoma
				Sarcomas
				Malignant phyllodes tumours
				Secondary tumours
		Male breast
			Gynaecomastia
			Male breast cancer
	Chapter 20:  Endocrine surgery
		Introduction
		Thyroid gland
			Surgical anatomy and development
				Thyroid function
				Assessment of thyroid disease
					‘Physiological’ enlargement
			Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goitre)
				Non-toxic nodular goitre
					Aetiology
					Pathology
					Clinical features
					Investigations
					Management
				Thyrotoxic goitre
				Thyroiditis
					Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain's disease)
					Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease)
						Aetiology
						Clinical features
						Investigations
						Management
					Riedel's thyroiditis
				Solitary thyroid nodules
				Other forms of neoplasia
			Hyperthyroidism
				Primary thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease)
					Pathophysiology
					Clinical features
						Metabolic effects
						Sympathetic effects
						Other features
					Diagnosis
					Management
						Antithyroid drugs
						Radioactive iodine
						Surgery
				Toxic multinodular goitre and toxic adenoma
					Pathophysiology
					Clinical features
					Diagnosis
					Management
			Malignant tumours of the thyroid
				Papillary carcinoma
					Clinical features
					Management
				Follicular carcinoma
					Clinical features
					Management
				Anaplastic carcinoma
					Clinical features
					Management
				Medullary carcinoma
					Clinical features
					Management
				Lymphoma
					Complications
						Haemorrhage
						Nerve damage
						Hypothyroidism
						Hypoparathyroidism
						Scar complications
					Patient information
			Thyroidectomy
		Parathyroid glands
			Calcium metabolism
				Hypercalcaemia and hypocalcaemia
			Primary hyperparathyroidism
				Pathology
				Clinical features
				Diagnosis
				Management
			Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism
			Hypoparathyroidism
			Parathyroidectomy
				Patient information
		Pituitary gland
			Anterior pituitary
				Tumours of the anterior pituitary
					Pathophysiology
						Acromegaly
						Hyperprolactinaemia
						Cushing's disease
				Surgical hypophysectomy
				Radiation therapy
				Replacement therapy
			The posterior pituitary
		Adrenal gland
			Adrenal cortex
				Cortical function
				Cushing's syndrome
					Clinical features
					Investigations
					Management
						Adrenal adenoma
						Adrenal carcinoma
						Pituitary disease
				Hyperaldosteronism
					Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)
						Clinical features
						Diagnosis
						Management
					Secondary hyperaldosteronism
				Adrenogenital syndrome (adrenal virilism)
					Pathophysiology
					Clinical features
					Management
				Adrenal feminization
			Adrenal medulla
				Phaeochromocytoma
					Pathology
					Clinical features
					Investigations
					Management
				Non-endocrine adrenal medullary tumours
					Ganglioneuromas
					Neuroblastomas
				Adrenal ‘incidentaloma’
				Adrenalectomy
					Indications
					Technique
					Replacement therapy
					Patient information
		Other surgical endocrine syndromes
			Apudomas and multiple endocrine neoplasia
				The APUD cell series
				Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes
					MEN type I
					MEN type II
			Carcinoid tumours and the carcinoid syndrome
	Chapter 21:  Vascular and endovascular surgery
		Introduction
		Pathophysiology of arterial disease
			Pathology
				Endothelial injury
					Chemical injury
					Physical injury
				Lipid deposition
				Inflammatory cell infiltrate
				Smooth muscle cells
				Plaque rupture
			Clinical features
				Anatomical site
				Collateral supply
				Speed of onset
				Mechanism of injury
					Haemodynamic mechanism
					Thrombosis
					Atheroembolism
					Thromboembolism
		Chronic lower limb arterial disease
			Anatomy
			Clinical features
				Symptoms
				Examination findings
				Pulse status
				Ankle to brachial pressure index (ABPI)
			Intermittent claudication
				Clinical features
				Epidemiology
			Critical limb ischaemia
				Night and rest pain
				Diabetic vascular disease
				The diabetic foot
					Sensory neuropathy
					Motor neuropathy
					Autonomic neuropathy
					Management
			Management of lower limb ischaemia
				Medical management
				Endovascular management
					Intermittent claudication
					Critical limb ischaemia
				Indications for arterial reconstruction
					Intermittent claudication
				Principles of arterial reconstruction
					Endarterectomy
					Bypass grafting
					Extra-anatomic bypass
				Complications of arterial reconstruction
		Amputation
			Indications
			Level of amputation
			Surgical principles
			Rehabilitation and limb fitting
			Phantom pain
		Arterial disease of the upper limb
			Overview
			Management
		Cerebrovascular disease
			Definitions
				Stroke
				Transient ischaemic attack
				Amaurosis fugax
			Carotid artery disease
				Pathophysiology
				Assessment
				Management
					Medical therapy
					Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
					Carotid stenting
				Asymptomatic carotid disease
			Vertebrobasilar disease
		Renal artery disease
			Pathophysiology
			Management
		Mesenteric artery disease
		Acute limb ischaemia
			Aetiology
			Classification
			Clinical features
			Management
				Acute embolus
				Thrombosis in situ
				Popliteal aneurysm
				Trauma
				Intra-arterial drug administration
				Thoracic outlet syndrome
			Postischaemic syndromes
				Reperfusion injury
				Compartment syndrome
		Aneurysmal disease
			Classification
				Site
				Aetiology
					Atherosclerotic
					Mycotic
				True aneurysms
				False aneurysms
			Abdominal aortic aneurysm (aaa)
				Epidemiology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Asymptomatic AAA
				Symptomatic AAA
				Ruptured AAA
				Open AAA repair (OR)
				Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)
			Peripheral aneurysms
				Iliac aneurysms
				Femoral aneurysms
				Popliteal aneurysms
		Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)
		Raynaud's phenomenon
			Primary Raynaud's phenomenon
			Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon
		Pathophysiology of venous disease
			Anatomy
			Physiology
		Varicose veins
			Classification
				Trunk varices
				Reticular varices
				Telangiectasia
			Epidemiology
			Clinical features
				Cosmetic issues
				Symptoms
				Complications
				Indications for treatment
			Aetiology
			Examination and investigation
			Management
				Conservative treatment
				Surgery
				Endovenous treatment
			Superficial thrombophlebitis
		Chronic venous insufficiency
			Pathophysiology
			Assessment
				History
				Examination
				Investigations
			Management
				Medical therapy
				Dressings
				Compression therapy
					Elastic compression hosiery
				Surgical and endovenous therapy
		Venous thromboembolism (VTE)
			Epidemiology
			Pathophysiology
			Aetiology
			Diagnosis
				Colour flow duplex ultrasound
			Venous gangrene
			Prevention
				Rationale
				General measures
				Physical methods
				Pharmacological methods
			Management
				Overview
				Uncomplicated DVT
				Complicated DVT
				Thrombolysis
				Surgical thrombectomy
				Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy
				Venous stenting
				Caval filters
			Other forms of venous thrombosis
				Superior vena cava thrombosis
				Subclavian and axillary vein thrombosis
		Lymphoedema
			Pathophysiology
			Primary lymphoedema
			Secondary lymphoedema
			Clinical features
				Symptoms
				Signs
			Investigations
			Management
				Physical methods
				Drugs
				Antibiotics
				Surgery
	Chapter 22: Cardiothoracic surgery
		Basic considerations
		Acquired cardiac disease
			Ischaemic heart disease
				Coronary artery disease (CAD)
					Assessment
					Indications
					Coronary bypass
					Results
				Surgery for the complications of coronary artery disease
					Mitral valve regurgitation (MR)
						Chronic
						Acute
					Postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect
					Left ventricular aneurysm
			Cardiac valvular disease
				Assessment
				Surgical management
				Endocarditis
				Aortic valve disease
					Stenosis
					Regurgitation
					Surgical outcomes
				Mitral valve disease
					Stenosis
					Regurgitation
					Surgical outcomes
				Tricuspid valve disease
				Multiple and repeat valve procedures
			Aortic aneurysm
				Tubulosaccular aneurysms
				False ‘aneurysms’
				Aortic dissection
				Aorto-annulo ectasia
				Assessment
				Surgery for aortic pathology
			Pericardial pathology
				Pericardial effusion
				Pericardial constriction
				Cardiac trauma
					Cardiac tamponade with penetrating trauma
		Congenital cardiac disease
			Atrial septal defect
			Ventricular septal defect
			Patent ductus arteriosus
			Coarctation of the aorta
			Tetralogy of Fallot
		Thoracic surgery
			Assessment
			Bronchogenic carcinoma
				Assessment for pulmonary resection
					Fitness for resection
						Staging
					Resection
					Survival
					Infection
					Management
					Bronchiectasis
					Pain control
					Management of secretions
					Fluid management
					Late management
			Metastatic disease
			Other lung tumours
			Mesothelioma
			Mediastinum
			Pneumothorax
			Emphysema
			Interstitial lung disease
			Pleuropulmonary infection
			Chest wall deformities
			Postoperative care
			Cardiac and pulmonary transplantation
	Chapter 23: Urological surgery
		Assessment
			General points
			Urinary tract symptoms
				Pain
				Disorders of micturition
			Examination
			Investigations
				Urine
				Blood tests
				Intravenous urography (IVU)
				Ultrasonography
				CT Urogram
				Special radiological investigations
			Nuclear imaging
				Urodynamic studies
				Semen analysis
				Biochemical screening for stones
		Upper urinary tract (kidney and ureter)
			Anatomy
			Physiology
			Renal cysts
				Simple cysts
				Polycystic kidney disease
			Benign tumours
			Nephroblastomas
				Epidemiology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
			Renal adenocarcinoma
				Epidemiology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
			Renal and ureteric calculi
				Mechanism of stone formation
				Types and causes of stone formation
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
			Upper tract obstruction
			Pelviureteric junction obstruction (idiopathic hydronephrosis)
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
			Retroperitoneal fibrosis
				Pathology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
		Lower urinary tract (bladder, prostate and urethra)
			Anatomy
			Physiology
				Neurological control of micturition
				The micturition cycle
					Storage (or filling) phase
					Emptying (or micturition) phase
			Trauma
				Bladder
					Open injuries
					Closed injuries
					Clinical features
					Investigations
					Management
				Urethra
					Open injuries
					Closed injuries
					Clinical features
					Investigations
					Management
			Bladder tumours
				Pathology
				Staging
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
					Superficial bladder tumours (T a , T 1)
					Invasive bladder tumour (T 2 –T 3s)
				Prognosis
			Carcinoma of the prostate
				Epidemiology
				Pathology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
					Organ confined / localized disease
					Locally advanced disease; no evidence of bone metastases
					Metastatic prostate cancer
				Prognosis
			Benign prostatic hyperplasia
				Pathology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
					Symptomatic only
					Acute retention
					Chronic retention
				Open prostatectomy
				Closed (endoscopic) prostatectomy
			Bladder neck obstruction
			Urethral obstruction
				Pathology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
		Disorders of micturition – incontinence
			Overview
			Structural disorders
				Clinical assessment
				Structural causes of incontinence in males
					Postprostatectomy
					Chronic outflow obstruction
					Carcinoma of the prostate
					Postmicturition dribble incontinence
					Chronic illness and debility
				Structural causes of incontinence in females
					Childbirth and operations
					Cystitis
					Ectopic ureter
					Cervical cancer
			Neurogenic disorders
				Clinical assessment
				Aetiology of abnormal micturition
					Impaired cortical control
					Emotional state
					Drugs
					Damage to the spinal cord
			Principles of management
				Neurologically intact patients
				Neuropathic patients
		External genitalia
			Anatomy
			Physiology
			Circumcision
			Congenital abnormalities of the penis
				Hypospadias
				Epispadias
			Disorders of erection (impotence)
			Priapism
			Peyronie's disease
			Carcinoma of the penis
			Inflammation of the penis
			Undescended testes (cryptorchidism)
				Retractile testis
			Torsion of the testis
			Testicular tumours
				Pathology
				Clinical features
				Investigations
				Management
				Prognosis
			Epididymo-orchitis
			Hydrocoele
			Cyst of the epididymis
			Varicocoele
	Chapter 24: Neurosurgery
		Introduction
		Surgical anatomy and physiology
			The skull
			The spine
			The brain
			The meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
			The cranial nerves
			The spinal cord
		Blood supply
			Anterior circulation
			Posterior circulation
		Intracranial pressure
			Brain herniation syndromes
				Subfalcine (cingulate gyral) herniation
				Transtentorial (uncal) herniation
				Foraminal (tonsillar) herniation
		Investigations
			Plain X-ray
			Computed tomography (CT)
			Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
			CT and MR angiography
		Cerebrovascular disease
			Subarachnoid haemorrhage
				Saccular intracranial aneurysms
				Investigations
				Management of aneurysmal SAH
			Primary intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH)
			Arteriovenous malformations
			Cavernomas
		Neurotrauma
			Assessment
				Glasgow Coma Score
				Neurological examination
				Other systems
			Management
			Skull fracture
			Extradural haematoma
			Subdural haematoma
			Intracerebral haematoma and contusions
			Diffuse axonal injury
			Traumatic spinal injury
				Cervical spinal injury
		Intracranial infections
			Bacterial infections
				Postsurgical infection
				Meningitis
		Intracranial tumours
			Tumours of the skull
				Gliomas
				Meningiomas
				Schwannomas
				Pituitary tumours
				Brain metastasis
				Clinical features of intracranial tumours
					Symptoms of raised ICP
					Focal neurological deficit
					Seizures
					Personality disintegration
					Endocrinopathy
				Diagnosis
				Management
			Paediatric neuro-oncology
		Spinal dysraphism
			Open spinal dysraphism
			Closed spinal dysraphism
		Hydrocephalus
			Management and prognosis
		Malformations of the skull
			Craniosynostosis
			Cranial dermal sinuses and angular dermoids
		Functional neurosurgery
			Movement disorders
			Epilepsy
		Vertebral column
			Spinal degenerative disease
				Aetiology and clinical features
				Management
		Peripheral nerve lesions
			Carpal tunnel syndrome
			Ulnar nerve compression at the elbow
			Meralgia paraesthetica
		Evidence-based neurosurgery
	Chapter 25: Transplantation surgery
		Introduction
		Transplant immunology
			The recipient's immune response to the donor organ
				Early events
				The afferent arm of the immune response
				Antigen presentation
					T-cell receptor binding and costimulation
					T-cell activation
					The efferent arm of the immune response
			Patterns of allograft rejection
				Hyperacute rejection
				Acute rejection
				Chronic allograft damage
			Testing for histocompatibility
			Immunosuppression
			Immunosuppressive drugs
				Steroids
				Antiproliferative agents
					Azathioprine
					Mycophenolate mofetil
				Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs)
					Cyclosporin
					Tacrolimus
				Sirolimus
				Antibody therapies
				General risks of immunosuppresssion:
					Infection
					Malignancy
				The future of immunosuppression
		Organ donation
			Deceased donation
			Donor management
			Multiorgan retrieval
			Organ preservation
			Donation after circulatory death
			The extended criteria donor (ECD)
			Living donation
				Living donor kidney transplantation
					Donor selection
					Operative approaches
					Procedure-related morbidity and mortality
		Renal transplantation
			Indications and patient assessment
				Patient listing for transplantation
			The operative procedure
				Back table preparation
				Recipient operation
			Postoperative management
				Management of delayed graft function
			Complications
			Outcome
			Recent developments in renal transplantation
		Liver transplantation
			Indications and patient assessment
			Living donation for liver transplantation
			The operative procedure
			Postoperative management and complications
			Outcome
		Pancreas transplantation
			Indications and patient assessment
			The operative procedure
				Back table preparation
				Recipient operation
				Postoperative management and complications
			Outcome
		Pancreatic islet transplantation
		Heart and lung transplantation
			Indications and patient assessment
				Heart
				Lung
			The operative procedure
				Heart
				Lung
			Postoperative management and complications
				Heart
				Lungs
			Combined heart and lung transplant
			Outcome
		Summary
	Chapter 26: Ear, nose and throat surgery
		Ear
			Anatomy
				External ear
				Middle ear
				The inner ear
			Physiology
			Assessment
				Clinical features
				Examination
				Audiometry
				Temporal bone imaging
			Diseases of the pinna
				Bat ears
				Trauma
				Tumours
			Diseases of the external auditory meatus
				Wax
				Otitis externa
				Tumours
			Diseases of the middle ear
				Acute suppurative otitis media
				Otitis media with effusion (OME), or ‘glue ear’
				Chronic suppurative otitis media
					Tubotympanic or mucosal disease
					Atticoantral or squamous disease
				Otosclerosis
			Diseases of the inner ear
				Deafness
				Vertigo
			Disorders of the facial nerve
		Nose
			Anatomy
			Physiology
			Assessment
				Clinical features
				Examination
				Imaging
			Diseases of the nose
				Trauma
				Chronic rhinitis
				Nasal polyps
				Epistaxis
		Paranasal sinuses
			Anatomy
			Diseases of the paranasal sinuses
				Sinusitis
				Tumours
		Nasopharynx
			Anatomy
			Diseases of the nasopharynx
				Adenoids
				Tumours
		Mouth
			Anatomy
			Diseases of the mouth
				Stomatitis and gingivitis
				Mouth ulcers
				Retention cysts
				Leukoplakia
				Tumours
		Oropharynx
			Anatomy
			Diseases of the oropharynx
				Pharyngitis
				Tonsillitis
				Snoring and sleep apnoea
				Tumours
		Hypopharynx
			Anatomy
			Physiology of swallowing
			Assessment
				Clinical features
				Examination
				Imaging
			Diseases of the hypopharynx
				Pharyngeal pouch
				Tumours
		Larynx
			Anatomy
			Physiology of voice
			Assessment
				Clinical features
				Examination
				Imaging
			Diseases of the larynx
				Congenital disorders
				Laryngitis
				Vocal cord palsy
				Tumours
			Tracheostomy
		Neck
			Anatomy
			Assessment
				Clinical features
				Examination
				Imaging
			Diseases of the neck
				Skin and subcutaneous swellings
				Thyroglossal cyst
				Branchial cyst and fistula
				Other cystic swellings
				Lymph node swellings
				Salivary gland disease
				Salivary gland tumours
				Carotid body tumours
	Chapter 27: Orthopaedic surgery
		Introduction
			History
				Age
				Birth history
				Childhood
				Dominant hand
				Occupation
				Trauma
				Details of previous treatment
				Past medical history
				Drug history
		Examination
			Look
			Feel
			Move (active and passive)
		Investigations
			Ultrasound
			Nerve conduction tests and electromyography (EMG)
			Computed tomography (CT)
			Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
			Bone scans
		Description of deformity
		Osteoarthritis: degenerative disease of the joints
			Medical management of OA
				Drug therapy
				Off-loading
				Injections
				Other conservative treatments
			Surgical management of OA
				Osteotomy
				Joint replacement
					Hemi-arthroplasty
					Total joint replacement
					Arthrodesis
					Interposition arthroplasty
				Excision arthroplasty
		Rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory disease of joints
		Bone and joint infection
			Primary infection
			Secondary infection
		Overview of joint replacement surgery
		Overview of arthroscopic surgery
		Paediatric orthopaedic surgery
			Dysplastic disease of the hip (DDH)
			Perthes' disease
			Cerebral palsy (CP)
			Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE)
			Congenital club foot (talipes equinovarus or ctev)
			Scoliosis
			Angular deformities
		Musculoskeletal tumours
		The upper limb
			The shoulder
				Anterior dislocation
				Impingement syndrome
				Rotator cuff disease
				Osteoarthritis
			The elbow
				Tennis and golfers' elbow
				Rheumatoid elbow
			The hand and wrist
				Wrist disease
				Carpal tunnel disease
				Trigger finger
				Dupuytren's disease
		The lower limb
			The hip joint
				Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
				Hip arthroscopy
			The knee joint
				History
				Meniscal injuries
				Osteoarthritis
			The foot and ankle
		Trauma and fractures
			General approach
			Examination
			Joint dislocation
			Fracture management
				Classification
				Children
				Principles of fracture healing
				Compound fractures
				Intra-articular fractures
				Conservative treatment
				Compartment syndrome
				Operative treatment
			Some specific fractures
				Fractures of the femoral neck
				Colles' fractures
				Forearm fractures
				Scaphoid fractures
				Ankle fractures
				Tibial plateau fractures
Index




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