Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases

Content: 
Contributors, Pages xi-xvii
Preface, Page xix
1 - Anatomy of Cerebral Circulation, Pages 3-5
2 - Embryogenesis and Angiogenesis, Pages 5-8
3 - Vasoactive Mediators of Cerebral Vessels, Pages 8-13
4 - Biology of Cerebral Vascular Muscle, Pages 13-16
5 - Glial-Vascular Relations, Pages 17-21
6 - Blood-Brain Barrier Transport Mechanisms, Pages 21-25
7 - Brain Edema and the Blood-Brain Barrier, Pages 25-28
8 - CSF: Formation, Absorption, Markers, and Relationship to Blood-Brain Barrier, Pages 29-34
9 - Principles and Methods for Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow: Experimental Methods, Pages 34-37
10 - The Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Human Subjects, Pages 38-41
11 - Overview of Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics, Pages 42-44
12 - Cerebral Microcirculation, Pages 45-51
13 - Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow, Pages 51-54
14 - Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow by Carbon Dioxide, Pages 55-58
15 - Oxygen and Cerebral Blood Flow, Pages 58-60
16 - Extrinsic Innervation: Transmitters, Receptors, and Functions—The Sympathetic Nervous System, Pages 60-63
17 - Extrinsic Innervation: Transmitters, Receptors, and Functions—The Parasympathetic Nervous System, Pages 63-67
18 - Extrinsic Innervation: Transmitters, Receptors, and Functions—The Trigeminovascular System, Pages 67-70
19 - Coupling of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, Pages 70-75
20 - Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow by Ions, Pages 75-77
21 - Adenosine and Its Receptors: Influence on Cerebral Blood Flow, Pages 77-79
22 - Serotonin and Its Receptors, Pages 80-82
23 - Acetylcholine and Its Receptors, Pages 82-85
24 - Catecholamines and Their Receptors, Pages 86-91
25 - Neuropeptide Transmitters and Their Receptors, Pages 91-93
26 - Eicosanoids and Cerebrovascular Control, Pages 93-96
27 - Nitric Oxide and the Cerebral Circulation, Pages 96-98
28 - Cell Death: Apoptosis versus Necrosis, Pages 101-104
29 - Selective Neuronal Vulnerability and Infarction in Cerebrovascular Disease, Pages 104-107
30 - Evolution of the Brain Lesion Induced by Experimental Focal Ischemia, Pages 107-111
31 - Neuronal Damage in Remote Areas after Focal Cerebral Infarct: Retrograde Degeneration and Transsynaptic Death, Pages 111-113
32 - Astrocyte Reaction to Global Ischemic Brain Injury, Pages 114-117
33 - Reactive Microglia and Ischemic Injury, Pages 117-124
34 - Animal Models of Global and Focal Cerebral Ischemia, Pages 124-126
35 - Transgenic Mice, Pages 126-129
36 - Understanding Gene Function: Antisense Knockdown versus Homologous Recombination Knockout Techniques, Pages 129-133
37 - Measurements of Microcirculatory Events in the Brain in Vivo, Pages 133-136
38 - Imaging Techniques for Focal Ischemic Damage, Pages 136-141
39 - Hypertension, Pages 142-144
40 - An Overview of Atherosclerosis, Pages 145-148
41 - Thrombosis, Pages 148-153
42 - Cellular Edema, Pages 153-156
43 - Vasogenic Brain Edema, Pages 156-159
44 - Acidosis as a Complicating Factor in Cerebral Ischemia, Pages 159-162
45 - Hyperthermia and Brain Ischemia, Pages 163-165
46 - Production of Free Radicals, Pages 165-169
47 - Peri-infarct Depolarization Waves, Pages 169-172
48 - Cell Calcium Homeostasis and Calcium-Related Ischemic Damage, Pages 172-178
49 - Loss of Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis in Ischemia, Pages 178-183
50 - Mitochondrial Function and Calcium Sequestration during Reperfusion, Pages 184-187
51 - The Excitotoxic Concept, Pages 187-190
52 - Is Calcium Involved in Excitotoxic or Ischemic Neuronal Damage?, Pages 190-192
53 - Lipid Messengers and Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase-2 in Neuronal Cell Death, Pages 193-195
54 - The Role of Inositol Phospholipid Metabolites, Pages 196-198
55 - Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as a Drug Target in Brain Ischemia, Pages 199-200
56 - Lipid Peroxidation, Pages 200-204
57 - Methods of Evaluating Protein Oxidation Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, Pages 205-206
58 - The Role of Nitric Oxide in Cerebral Ischemia, Pages 207-208
59 - Nitric Oxide, Superoxide, and Peroxynitrite in CNS Injury, Pages 209-210
60 - NO-Related Species: Neuroprotection versus Neurodestruction, Pages 210-213
61 - Microvascular Patency in Ischemia and Reperfusion, Pages 214-216
62 - Reperfusion damage: The role of PMN Leukocytes, Pages 217-220
63 - Inflammatory Mediators in Brain Microvessels, Pages 220-222
64 - Mechanisms of Acidosis-Related Damage, Pages 223-226
65 - Aberrant Cell Signaling in the Postischemic Brain: An Integrated View, Pages 227-230
66 - Immediate–Early Gene Expression after Global Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemia Tolerance Induction, Pages 230-234
67 - The Heat Shock/Stress Response after Ischemia, Pages 234-236
68 - Trophic Factors and Brain Cell Survival, Pages 237-239
69 - Ischemic Tolerance, Pages 240-243
70 - NMDA and AMPA Receptor Antagonists in Global and Focal Ischemia, Pages 244-247
71 - Sodium Channel Antagonists, Pages 248-250
72 - Adenosine Agonists and Antagonists, Pages 250-253
73 - Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin, Pages 253-256
74 - 21-Aminosteroids, Pages 257-261
75 - Free Radical Scavengers and Spin Traps, Pages 261-265
76 - Cytokines, Growth Factors, Adhesion Molecules, and Inflammation after Ischemia, Pages 265-269
77 - Trophic Factor Treatment for Stroke, Pages 269-272
78 - Hypothermic Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia, Pages 272-275
79 - Mechanisms of Ischemia in in Situ Vascular Occlusive Disease, Pages 279-285
80 - Brain Embolism, Pages 286-289
81 - Systemic Hypoperfusion Brain Injury, Pages 289-292
82 - Anterior Circulation—Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism, Pages 293-298
83 - Posterior Circulation—Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism, Pages 298-302
84 - Small Artery Occlusive Disease, Pages 303-307
85 - Chronic Vascular Disease of the Brain, Pages 307-312
86 - Stroke and Neoplasia, Pages 313-314
87 - Stroke and the Eye, Pages 315-319
88 - Corticosteroids in Acute Stroke, Pages 319-321
89 - Spinal Stroke, Pages 321-324
90 - Pregnancy, Hormonal Contraception, and Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Pages 324-329
91 - Ischemic Stroke in the Young, Pages 330-332
92 - Stroke and Migraine, Pages 333-335
93 - Head Pain and Stroke, Pages 335-340
94 - Stroke Secondary to Trauma, Pages 340-344
95 - Radiation Arteriopathy, Pages 344-347
96 - Aortic Arch Atherosclerotic Disease: A New Potential Source of Brain Embolism, Pages 347-350
97 - Rare Stroke, Pages 351-355
98 - Stroke and Seizures/Epilepsy, Pages 355-358
99 - Transient Focal Neurologic Events, Pages 358-361
100 - Pediatric Stroke, Pages 362-363
101 - Vascular Dementias, Pages 364-366
102 - Hypertensive Encephalopathy, Pages 367-370
103 - White Matter Disorders, Pages 371-376
104 - Immune Mediated Neurovascular Disease, Pages 376-381
105 - Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, Pages 381-384
106 - Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, Pages 385-389
107 - Spontaneous Dissections of Cervicocephalic Arteries, Pages 390-396
108 - The Heart in Stroke, Pages 397-399
109 - Coagulopathies and Stroke, Pages 399-401
110 - Primary Platelet Disorders, Pages 401-405
111 - Stroke and Sickle Cell Disease, Pages 405-410
112 - CADASIL: Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy, Pages 410-413
113 - Toxicity/Substance Abuse, Pages 413-416
114 - Stroke and Infection: Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, and Syphilis, Pages 417-422
115 - AIDS and Stroke, Pages 423-425
116 - Clinical Aspects of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Pages 425-432
117 - Clinical Aspects of Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Pages 432-436
118 - Clinical Aspects of Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Pages 437-446
119 - Clinical Aspects of Subdural Hemorrhage (SDH), Pages 446-450
120 - Timing of Surgery and Special Features of Ruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms, Pages 450-454
121 - Surgical Management of the Acutely Ruptured Posterior Circulation Aneurysm, Pages 455-462
122 - Surgical Management of the Patient with a Symptomatic Unruptured Aneurysm, Pages 462-469
123 - Surgical Management of the Patient with an Incidental Asymptomatic Aneurysm, Pages 470-474
124 - Surgical Management of the Patient with a Giant Cerebral Aneurysm, Pages 475-480
125 - Surgical Management of Special Aneurysms, Pages 480-484
126 - Surgical Management of Aneurysms in the Pediatric Age Group, Pages 484-487
127 - Unique Features of Aneurysms by Location, Pages 487-490
128 - Cerebral Vasospasm, Pages 490-497
129 - Pathology of Cerebral Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Pages 498-502
130 - Management of Intracerebellar Hematomas and Infarcts, Pages 503-508
131 - Surgical Management of Pituitary Apoplexy, Pages 508-510
132 - Surgical Management of Acutely Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformations, Pages 511-519
133 - Surgical Management of Unruptured Arteriovenous Malformations, Pages 520-525
134 - Special Considerations in Treating Arteriovenous Malformations, Pages 525-528
135 - Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, Pages 528-532
136 - Venous Angiomas, Pages 533-536
137 - Vein of Galen Abnormalities, Pages 536-541
138 - Carotid Cavernous and Other Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas, Pages 541-548
139 - Cavernous Malformations, Pages 549-556
140 - Spinal Vascular Malformations, Pages 556-566
141 - Extracranial Arterial Injury, Pages 567-570
142 - The Surgical Management of Lesions in the Vertebrobasilar Circulation, Pages 570-575
143 - Middle Cerebral Artery Embolectomy, Pages 575-578
144 - Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery, Pages 578-580
145 - Surgery for Ischemic Infarcts, Pages 580-581
146 - Carotid Endarterectomy, Pages 582-586
147 - Surgical Aspects of Moyamoya Disease, Pages 586-589
148 - Clinical Diagnosis and General Laboratory Evaluation, Pages 593-597
149 - Cerebral Spinal Fluid in Stroke, Pages 597-599
150 - Neuroimaging of Stroke, Pages 599-611
151 - Cerebral Arteriography, Pages 611-614
152 - Cervical Ultrasound, Pages 614-620
153 - Transcranial Doppler Sonography and Stroke, Pages 620-624
154 - Cardiac Ultrasound in Stroke Investigation, Pages 624-628
155 - Ultrasound Examination of the Aortic Arch in Stroke, Pages 628-634
156 - Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) in Cerebrovascular Disease, Pages 634-636
157 - PET CBF Investigation of Stroke, Pages 636-640
158 - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Investigation of Brain Recovery and Reorganization after Ischemic Infarct, Pages 640-644
159 - Metabolic Studies Using PET in Stroke Investigation, Pages 644-650
160 - Metabolism: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging, Pages 650-660
161 - Cardiac Electrophysiology in Stroke Investigation, Pages 660-666
162 - Neuropsychological Aspects of Stroke, Pages 667-669
163 - Investigation of Autonomic Dysfunction in Acute Stroke, Pages 669-671
164 - Emergency Strategies, Pages 671-675
165 - General Treatment of Stroke in Intensive Care Settings, Pages 675-678
166 - Physiologic Monitoring of Stroke in Intensive Care Settings, Pages 678-684
167 - Evaluation of Stroke Patients in Intensive Care Settings, Pages 684-686
168 - Management of Hypertension in Stroke, Pages 687-689
169 - Management of Diabetes in Stroke, Pages 689-691
170 - Management of Cardiac/ECG Complications of Stroke, Pages 692-696
171 - Management of Dysautonomic Complications of Strokes, Pages 696-699
172 - Management of Cerebral Edema/ICP in Stroke, Pages 699-702
173 - Depression, Psychosis, and Agitation in Stroke, Pages 703-705
174 - Management of Seizures in Acute Stroke, Pages 706-708
175 - Management of Lipid Metabolism, Pages 708-711
176 - Mechanisms of Antiplatelet Agents and The Prevention of Stroke, Pages 712-716
177 - Anticoagulants in Stroke Treatment, Pages 716-728
178 - Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke, Pages 728-731
179 - Current Clinical Status of Cytoprotection, Pages 731-737
180 - Management of Acute Stroke with Hyperosmolar Agents, Pages 737-739
181 - Stroke Rehabilitation, Pages 740-744
182 - Rehabilitation: Occupational Therapy for Stroke, Pages 744-747
183 - Rehabilitation: Physical Therapy for Stroke, Pages 747-751
184 - Epidemiology and Risk Factor Management, Pages 751-757
185 - The Prevention of Ischemic Stroke, Pages 757-762
186 - Management of Asymptomatic Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease, Pages 762-765
187 - Stroke-in-Evolution, Pages 765-767
188 - Management of Vascular Dementia, Pages 767-771
189 - Basilar Thrombosis, Pages 771-773
190 - Stroke Units, Pages 774-775
191 - Cardiopulmonary Arrest Resuscitation, Pages 776-783
192 - Cerebrovascular Complications of Cardiac Surgery, Pages 783-786
193 - Management of Atrial Fibrillation, Pages 786-790
194 - Emerging Treatments for Stroke, Pages 791-793
195 - Endovascular Therapy for the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Pages 794-798,I-X
Index, Pages 799-823