Primates Face to Face: The Conservation Implications of Human-nonhuman Primate Interconnections

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Foreword......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
Introduction......Page 21
Part 1 Science and nonhuman primates......Page 25
Introduction......Page 27
The anthropology connection......Page 29
The primatology connection......Page 33
Caveats......Page 37
In summary......Page 40
References......Page 41
Introduction......Page 45
The value of the cross-species perspective......Page 46
Biological determinism......Page 50
Naturalistic fallacy......Page 52
Sociobiology......Page 53
Proximate mechanisms......Page 55
Are we all sociobiologists?......Page 56
Rejection of evolution by natural selection......Page 57
Beyond biology......Page 59
Post-modernism......Page 60
Concluding comments......Page 61
References......Page 63
3 The ethics and efficacy of biomedical research in chimpanzees with special regard to HIV research......Page 65
The ‘standard housing/rearing’ confound......Page 67
Same symptoms and different etiology......Page 71
Same stimulus, but a different response......Page 72
False positives, or type I errors......Page 73
False generalizations......Page 75
Conclusions......Page 77
References......Page 78
Part 2 Cultural views of nonhuman primates......Page 81
4 Monkey as food, monkey as child: Guajá symbolic cannibalism......Page 83
Material importance of monkeys......Page 84
The role of monkeys in the Guajá diet......Page 85
The monkey and Guajá ethnobotany......Page 88
The monkey and the Guajá social system......Page 90
…the forest kin......Page 95
Guajá symbolic endocannibalism......Page 98
Conclusion......Page 100
References......Page 101
Introduction......Page 105
Habitat of the Barí and monkeys......Page 106
Perception of monkey taxa and the ecosystem......Page 109
Barí uses of monkeys......Page 111
Barí hunting strategies......Page 114
Changes in Barí population, settlement and technology, and their impact on monkeys......Page 117
Conservation, biodiversity and the future of monkeys......Page 118
References......Page 119
Introduction......Page 121
The Matsigenka and the Manu Biosphere Reserve......Page 122
Primates as prey......Page 125
Monkey hunting practices......Page 128
Primates in mythology and ethnozoology......Page 131
Monkeys, manhood and medicine......Page 134
Kaokirontsi: eyedrop medicines......Page 135
Purgatives and emetics......Page 136
Medicinal sedges......Page 137
Hallucinogens and other psychoactive plants......Page 139
Gender roles and ecological balance......Page 140
Indigenous people and conservation: boon or bane?......Page 143
Conclusion: the future of primate conservation in Manu......Page 148
Notes......Page 150
References......Page 151
Overview......Page 157
Background......Page 158
Human nature: Sun WuKong......Page 159
Synopsis......Page 162
The meaning of the Journey......Page 165
Identification of Monkey......Page 166
The origin and diffusion of Monkey King......Page 169
Monkey of the mind......Page 172
Conservation......Page 175
The paradox of possibility......Page 177
References......Page 179
Introduction......Page 183
The country and its traditional organization......Page 184
The pressure for land and the forests of Rwanda......Page 186
The case of the mountain gorilla and the forest of the Parc National des Volcans......Page 188
Rwandans’ relation to wild spaces......Page 191
Perception of the gorillas......Page 194
Conclusion......Page 197
Notes......Page 198
References......Page 199
Part 3 Conservation of nonhuman primates......Page 203
References......Page 205
Introduction......Page 207
The Mentawai Islands......Page 208
Location......Page 209
The forests: structural ecology......Page 210
The nonhuman primates......Page 211
The human primates......Page 214
Habitat interconnections......Page 216
Cultural interconnections......Page 217
Nonhuman primate and human primate ecologies: similar threats......Page 218
Primatological research......Page 221
Surf wars, National Parks and ecotourism in Siberut......Page 222
No simple solutions......Page 223
Acknowledgements......Page 225
References......Page 226
Introduction......Page 228
Hunting and primates......Page 229
Guns and commerce......Page 230
Logging and anarchy......Page 233
War and chaos......Page 235
Intrusion and disease......Page 236
Face the crisis......Page 237
Conservation moves from saving biodiversity to promoting biosynergy......Page 238
The wildlife values continuum: theistic – conflicted – utilitarian......Page 240
The constitution continuum: myth – precept – law......Page 241
The identification continuum: nature – society – individual......Page 243
The management continuum: kinship – consensus – contract......Page 244
The commerce continuum: hunt – trade – market......Page 245
Recommendations for research and intervention......Page 247
Bushmeat supply control......Page 248
Bushmeat demand reduction......Page 250
Bushmeat alternative development......Page 251
Strategies must escalate......Page 253
Teamwork must prevail......Page 254
Success must be global......Page 255
References......Page 256
Introduction......Page 260
The 1994 study......Page 261
1999 Update......Page 265
Discussion......Page 266
Acknowledgements......Page 271
References......Page 272
Introduction......Page 274
Traditional forest resource utilization......Page 275
New threats to monkeys’ ecological security......Page 278
Crop damage: an old problem in a new guise......Page 281
Where have all the farmers gone?......Page 282
The agricultural buffer zone......Page 284
The declining agricultural population......Page 285
Discussion......Page 288
References......Page 290
Part 4 Government actions, local economies and nonhuman primates......Page 293
References......Page 295
Thailand......Page 297
Vietnam......Page 301
Myanmar......Page 302
Conclusions......Page 304
Acknowledgments......Page 305
References......Page 306
Ethnoprimatology......Page 308
Macaque crop pickers......Page 310
Biological facilitators......Page 312
Economic facilitators......Page 314
Cultural facilitators......Page 317
Hypothesis 1: adaptive shift......Page 319
Hypothesis 2. Conservation......Page 320
Animal rights......Page 322
Notes......Page 323
References......Page 325
Introduction......Page 330
The Ramyana......Page 331
The rhesus monkeys of Jaipur, India......Page 335
The rhesus monkeys of Silver Springs, Florida......Page 338
Conclusions......Page 347
References......Page 348
Index......Page 351