Primate communities

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
ENVIRONMENTS OF AFRICAN PRIMATES......Page 13
A FOCUS ON FOREST STUDY SITES......Page 18
Tiwai Island, Sierra Leone......Page 19
Lopé Forest Reserve, Gabon and Forêt des Abeilles – Makandé, Gabon......Page 24
Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo......Page 25
Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda......Page 26
The species structure of communities......Page 27
Habitat and community structure......Page 29
History and community structure......Page 31
Food supply......Page 33
Predation......Page 37
CONSERVATION......Page 38
CONCLUSIONS......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 42
INTRODUCTION......Page 50
Biomass and primate communities......Page 53
Habitat types......Page 55
Rainfall......Page 58
Tree density......Page 60
Forage quality......Page 61
Productivity......Page 63
CONCLUSION......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 65
METHODS......Page 67
Sampling sites and patterns of species distribution......Page 69
The geography of species diversity......Page 71
Environmental determinants of primate richness......Page 72
Forest types and primate community similarity......Page 74
DISCUSSION......Page 75
Latitudinal gradients revisited......Page 76
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 79
INTRODUCTION......Page 87
THE NUMBER OF LEMUR SPECIES PER COMMUNITY......Page 91
COMPARISON OF RAIN AND DRY FOREST HABITATS: FOOD QUANTITY......Page 94
SUMMARY......Page 96
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 98
5 Primate diversity......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
INTRODUCTION......Page 104
OVERVIEW OF THE PRIMATE FOSSIL RECORD......Page 106
THE TIMING OF PRIMATE RADIATIONS FROM MOLECULAR EVIDENCE......Page 107
Africa......Page 109
Asia......Page 111
Madagascar......Page 113
South America......Page 115
ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY......Page 116
PHYLOGENY AND ECOLOGY......Page 117
Ecological distance and phylogenetic distance within assemblages......Page 120
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
PRIMATE COMMUNITY DATA......Page 128
Species diversity and population densities within and among continents......Page 129
Biomass distributions within and among continental areas......Page 140
Comparisons of body size and biomass within and among primate communities......Page 142
POPULATION DENSITY AND ECOLOGICAL SPACE WITHIN AND AMONG CONTINENTS......Page 143
Primate population density and ecospace discussion......Page 147
CONCLUSIONS......Page 150
REFERENCES......Page 151
INTRODUCTION......Page 153
POPULATION DENSITIES, BODY MASS AND DIET......Page 154
Dietary categories......Page 155
Primate communities......Page 158
SYNTHESIS......Page 161
Lack of primate niche diversification, resulting in intensive competition over limited resources and thus reducing the…......Page 163
Consequence of strong interactions of primates with other mammalian taxa......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 165
INTRODUCTION......Page 170
DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS......Page 171
CONVERGENCE IN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE......Page 172
Group structure......Page 173
DISCUSSION......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 179
SITE LISTS AND METHODS......Page 183
TOTAL MAMMAL FAUNAS......Page 187
INDIVIDUAL FAUNAL COMPONENTS......Page 188
Continental patterns......Page 190
The scale of patterns......Page 196
SUMMARY OF RESULTS......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 198
11 Comparing communities......Page 201
INTRODUCTION......Page 203
AN OVERVIEW OF ANTHROPOID DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA......Page 204
Africa......Page 205
South America......Page 209
Alternative explanations for latitudinal gradients in species richness and range size......Page 210
Regional vs. local processes......Page 213
Evolutionary and biogeographical history......Page 214
The importance of barriers......Page 215
The frequency distribution of species range size......Page 217
Niche breadth and range size......Page 218
Abundance, body size and range size......Page 220
Phylogenetic relationship and temporal dynamics......Page 223
SYNTHESIS......Page 224
APPENDIX 12.1......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 226
Forest cover......Page 232
Phenological patterns......Page 233
Impact of past climate change on primates......Page 234
HUMAN ACTIVITIES......Page 238
Competition......Page 239
Hunting......Page 240
Farming......Page 241
DISEASE......Page 242
DISCUSSION......Page 243
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
INTRODUCTION......Page 249
Insects and other animals......Page 250
Seeds......Page 251
Leaves......Page 252
Why are primates such generalized feeders?......Page 254
Summary: primate dietary niches......Page 255
A brief sketch of tropical forests......Page 256
Leaf quantity......Page 258
Leaf quality......Page 259
Minerals......Page 262
Food species diversity......Page 263
Productivity......Page 264
Food quality......Page 265
CONCLUSIONS......Page 266
APPENDIX 14.1: METHODS AND CAUTIONS FOR SAMPLING THE ABUNDANCE OF PRIMATE DIETARY RESOURCES......Page 267
Insects......Page 268
Fruit......Page 269
Leaves......Page 271
REFERENCES......Page 272
INTRODUCTION......Page 280
METHODS AND SAMPLING SITES......Page 281
Line-transect censuses......Page 284
Primate abundance, hunting pressure and forest types......Page 285
Ordination of primate communities......Page 288
Primates as game vertebrates in neotropical forests......Page 289
Forest productivity, hunting pressure, and primate abundance......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
LOCAL VS. REGIONAL DETERMINANTS OF PRIMATE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE......Page 296
ARE PRIMATE COMMUNITIES AT EQUILIBRIUM, AND DOES IT MATTER?......Page 297
REFERENCES......Page 299
KNOWN EXTINCTIONS......Page 301
POSSIBLE EXTINCTIONS......Page 302
Why are red colobus so susceptible to hunting by humans?......Page 303
Selective trends of hunting and forest degradation by humans......Page 304
Concluding remark......Page 305
REFERENCES......Page 306
INTRODUCTION......Page 307
PATTERNS OF PRIMATE ENDANGERMENT......Page 308
Human pressure and geographic range......Page 309
Geographic range and ecology......Page 310
Circadian rhythm......Page 311
And all the other factors......Page 312
Asia......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 317
EXPLAINING COMMUNITIES......Page 322
PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 325
Systematic index......Page 327
Subject index......Page 331