Primary Wood Processing: Principles and Practice

CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 9
1. Introduction......Page 11
2. The Microscopic Structure of Softwoods......Page 15
3. The Microscopic Structure of Hardwoods......Page 22
4. The Microscopic Structure of Bark......Page 30
2. The Structure of Cellulose......Page 33
3. The Cellulose Microfibril and Cellulose Biosynthesis......Page 40
4. The Structure of Hemicelluloses......Page 46
5. The Structure of Lignin......Page 53
6. The Cell Wall Structure of a Softwood Tracheid......Page 62
7. Distribution of Cell Constituents......Page 66
8. Wood Extractives......Page 69
2. Some Definitions......Page 78
3. The Density of Wood Tissue......Page 83
4. The Amount of Air in Oven-Dry Wood......Page 86
5. The Fibre Saturation Point......Page 87
6. Hysteresis and Adsorbed Water in the Cell Wall......Page 88
7. Measuring the Fibre Saturation Point......Page 91
8. Theories of Adsorption......Page 92
9. Distribution of Water within the Cell Wall......Page 96
10. Where is the Adsorbed Water within the Cell Wall?......Page 97
11. Characteristics of Adsorbed Water in the Cell Wall......Page 100
2. Shrinkage and Swelling of Wood......Page 104
3. Extractive Bulking......Page 109
4. Anisotropic Shrinkage and Swelling of Wood......Page 110
5. Theories for Anisotropic Shrinkage......Page 112
6. Movement and Responsiveness of Lumber......Page 118
7. Coatings......Page 120
8. Dimensional Stabilization......Page 122
9. Panel Products......Page 129
2. Market Pull or Product Push......Page 130
3. Industry Requirements......Page 133
4. Spatial Distribution Within Trees......Page 134
5. Density......Page 137
6. Tree Form: Size, Compression Wood and Knots......Page 151
7. Softwood Plantation Silviculture......Page 153
8. Eucalyptus for Wood Production......Page 164
2. Moving Closer to Markets......Page 168
3.Stiffness......Page 169
4. Microfibril Angle......Page 175
5. Breeding for Increased Stiffness......Page 181
6. Acoustics to Select for Stiffness......Page 184
7. Near Infrared to Predict Wood Quality......Page 187
8. Strength and Adsorption of Energy......Page 188
9. Fibre Length......Page 189
10. Spiral Grain......Page 192
11. Heartwood......Page 195
12. Growth Stress and Reaction Wood......Page 196
13. Endgame......Page 211
1. Introduction......Page 212
2. Basic Saw Types and Blades......Page 213
3. Mill Design......Page 226
4. Mill Efficiency......Page 246
5. Aspects of Optimizing Sawlog Breakdown......Page 247
6. Flexibility......Page 259
1. Introduction......Page 260
2. The Drying Elements......Page 261
3. Surface Temperature......Page 263
4. The Movement of Fluids through Wood......Page 265
5. The External Drying Environment......Page 277
6. Drying Methods......Page 281
7. A Conventional Kiln Schedule......Page 290
8. High-Temperature Drying above 100°C......Page 294
9. Drying Degrade......Page 295
10. Practical Implications of Drying Models......Page 302
1. Introduction......Page 305
2. Organisms that Degrade Wood......Page 306
3. Natural Durability......Page 312
4. Philosophy of Protection......Page 314
5. Preservative Formulations......Page 316
6. Treatment Processes......Page 327
7. Health and Environmental Issues......Page 342
1. Introduction......Page 347
2. Theoretical Strength of Wood......Page 348
3. Timber Grading for Non-Structural Purposes......Page 349
4. Visual Grading of Structural Lumber......Page 365
5. Machine-Graded Structural Timber......Page 379
6. Adjusting Structural Timber Properties for Design Use......Page 386
7. Glued Structural Members......Page 388
8. Fire......Page 397
9. Timber Structures......Page 398
1. Introduction......Page 399
2. Trends......Page 400
3. Plywood......Page 402
4. Raw Material Requirements......Page 404
5. Plywood Manufacture......Page 406
6. Competition and Technological Change......Page 424
7. Sliced Veneer......Page 426
8. Timber-Like Products......Page 428
2. Overview......Page 435
3. Market......Page 436
4. Characterising Wood-Based Panels......Page 439
5. History of Wood-Based Composites......Page 443
6. Raw Materials......Page 444
7. Generalised Panel Production Line......Page 447
8. Product Standards and Panel Performance......Page 476
9. Conclusion......Page 482
1. Introduction......Page 484
2. An Overview of Processing Options......Page 487
3. Paper......Page 488
4. Wood Preparation......Page 491
5. Mechanical Pulping......Page 492
6. Cleaning, Washing and Screening......Page 498
7. Bleaching Mechanical Pulps......Page 499
8. Semichemical Pulping......Page 500
9. Chemical Pulping......Page 501
10. Sulphite Pulping Processes......Page 505
11. Sulphite Pulping Technology......Page 507
13. Kraft Pulping......Page 508
14. Process Chemistry and Alkaline Delignification Mechanisms......Page 509
15. The Kraft Pulping Process......Page 511
16. Extended Kraft Delignification......Page 515
17. The Kraft Recovery Cycle......Page 517
19. Other Processes and their Potential......Page 521
20. Bleaching of Chemical Pulps......Page 522
21. Effluent Loads and Disposal......Page 525
22. The Manufacture of Paper......Page 526
23. Beating of Chemical Pulps......Page 527
25. The Fourdrinier Papermachine......Page 531
27. Paper Additives, Paper Coatings and Wet-End Chemistry......Page 537
28. Fibre Characteristics......Page 538
Appendix A: Some Definitions and Test Methods......Page 539
1. Introduction......Page 542
2. Characteristics of Wood as a Fuel......Page 545
3. Charcoal......Page 546
5. Wood Gasification......Page 548
6. Wood as a Feedstock for Liquid Fuels......Page 552
7. Methanol Production......Page 554
9. Fischer-Tropsch Liquids......Page 555
10. Hydrolysis of Wood......Page 556
11. Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolysis and Fermentation......Page 558
12. Ethanol via Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation......Page 560
13. Liquid Fuels......Page 561
14. Energy and Climate Change......Page 562
REFERENCES......Page 564
C......Page 596
E......Page 597
H......Page 598
M......Page 599
P......Page 600
S......Page 602
X......Page 603