Preventive cardiology a companion to Braunwald's heart disease

Front cover
Preventive Cardiology: Companion to Braunwald\'s Heart Disease
Copyright page
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Table of contents
Look for These Other Titles in the Braunwald’s Heart Disease Family
Chapter 1: Preventive Cardiology:
	Key Points
	The Major Levels of Prevention
	Population-Based Versus Individual-Based Prevention
	Current Guideline Statements
	The Future of Preventive Cardiology
	Rationale for the “ABCDE” Approach
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: National and International Trends in Cardiovascular Disease:
	Key Points
	Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and Mortality: Rates and Trends
	Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: National and International Rates and Trends
	Medical Care Trends
	Migrant Studies
	Future Trends in Cardiovascular Disease
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease:
	Key Points
	Origins of Estimation of Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
	Baseline Measurements as Predictors of Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
	Coronary Heart Disease Outcomes
	History of Estimation of Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
	Coronary Heart Disease Risk Algorithm Development
	Performance Criteria for Coronary Heart Disease Risk Algorithms
	Current Estimation of Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
	Future of Prediction of Vascular Disease Risk
	Summary
	References
Chapter 4: Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease and Its Role in Risk Prediction
	Key Points
	Heritability of Cardiovascular Disease
	Genome-Wide Association Studies
	Implications of Genetics for Causality of Risk Factors
	Utility of Genetic Risk Scores for Disease Prediction
	Utility of Genetics for Personalized Medicine
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Novel Biomarkers and the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk
	Key Points
	Criteria for Evaluating a New Marker in Risk Prediction
	Biomarkers Assessed in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction
	Genetic Markers and Assessment of Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Advanced Risk Assessment in Patients with Kidney and Inflammatory Diseases
	Key Points
	Pathophysiology
	Risk in Community-Based Populations
	Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
	Association of Chronic Kidney Disease after Myocardial Infarction
	Measures to Prevent Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Antiplatelet Therapy
	Key Points
	Aspirin
	Thienopyridines
	Novel Agents
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Molecular Biology and Genetics of Atherosclerosis
	Key Points
	A General Overview of Atherogenesis
	Initiation of Atherosclerosis
	Genomic Studies of Flow-Mediated Change in Endothelial Phenotype
	Reflections on Endothelial Activation
	Promotion of Atherosclerosis
	Progression of Atherosclerosis and Precipitation of Events
	Parallels with Human Genetics
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Hypertension:
	Key Points
	Hypertension Guidelines
	Pathophysiology of Hypertension
	Definition and Classification of Hypertension
	Measurement of Blood Pressure
	Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk
	Predictors of Hypertension
	Evaluation of the Hypertensive Patient
	Secondary Hypertension
	Brief Review: Outcomes-Based Clinical Trials
	Management
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Heart Failure Prevention
	Key Points
	Heart Failure Epidemiology
	Risk Factors for Heart Failure
	Predicting Incident Heart Failure
	Incident Heart Failure Risk Modulation
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Antihypertensive Drugs and Their Cardioprotective and Renoprotective Roles in the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease
	Key Points
	Diuretics
	Nitrates
	Calcium Channel Blockers
	Beta Blockers
	Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
	Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
	Direct Renin Inhibitors
	Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists/Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockers
	Raas Combination Therapy
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Evaluation and Management of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents
	Key Points
	Background
	Lipid and Lipoprotein Classification
	Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism
	Lipid Changes Throughout Childhood and Adolescence
	Screening for Dyslipidemia in Youth
	Primary Versus Secondary Dyslipoproteinemia
	Guidelines for Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents
	Metabolic Disorders of Dyslipidemia in Youth
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: The Role of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the Development of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
	Key Points
	Epidemiologic and Pathophysiologic Considerations
	Genetics of High-Density Lipoprotein
	Therapies that Affect High-Density Lipoprotein
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 14: Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol:
	Key Points
	Historical Perspectives on Hypercholesterolemia
	Lipoprotein Metabolism
	Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
	National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines
	Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiometabolic Risk
	Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
	Statin Therapy
	Statin Safety
	Combination Therapy
	Statins–Bile Acid Sequestrants
	Niacin
	Statins-Ezetimibe
	Statin-Fibrate Combination Therapy
	Statin–Omega-3 Fatty Acids
	Beyond LDL-C
	Compliance with Medications
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: The Contribution of Triglycerides and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
	Key Points
	Epidemiologic Evidence Linking Triglyceride Levels with Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
	Lipoprotein Metabolism
	Classification and Causes of Hypertriglyceridemia
	Laboratory Evaluation of Hypertriglyceridemia
	Predictive Value of Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol for Coronary Heart Disease
	Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Treatment Guidelines and Management
	Treatment: Medications to Treat Hypertriglyceridemia
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16: Nutritional Approaches for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
	Key Points
	Nutritional Goals for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
	Dietary Patterns to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk
	Dietary Strategies for Weight Loss
	Key Foods and Nutrients
	Food-Based Dietary Recommendations
	Supplements
	American Heart Association Dietary Guidelines Revision 2006
	American Heart Association Strategic Impact Goals Through 2020
	Simple Strategies to Implement and to Maintain Healthful Dietary Changes
	National and Community Initiatives and Resources
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17: Integrative Medicine in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
	Key Points
	Use of Integrative Medicine in the United States
	Role of Placebo in Complementary and Alternative Medicine
	Traditional Chinese Medicine
	Ayurvedic Medicine
	Meditation and Stress Reduction
	Naturopathic Medicine
	Nutritional Supplements
	Nonvitamin, Nonmineral Supplements
	Unproven Treatments
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	Reported Uses and Potential Interactions Between Dietary Supplement Products and Conventional Medications
		References
	References
Chapter 18: Effects of Alcohol on Cardiovascular Disease Risk
	Key Points
	Epidemiologic Evidence Relating Alcohol to Coronary Heart Disease
	Lack of Randomized Clinical Trials of Alcohol Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease Events
	Differences in Response to Alcohol by Gender, Age, and Ethnicity
	Importance of Pattern of Alcohol Consumption
	Is It Alcohol or Associated Lifestyle Factors That Result in Lower Risk for Coronary Heart Disease?
	Effects of Alcohol on Subjects Already Diagnosed with Coronary Heart Disease
	Biologic Mechanisms for Cardiovascular Effects
	Effects of Alcohol on Other Types of Cardiovascular Disease
	Effects of Alcohol on Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
	Alcohol as a Component of a Healthy Lifestyle
	Effects of Alcohol on Noncardiovascular Diseases
	Adverse Health Effects of Drinking: Alcohol and Cancer
	Alcohol and Total Mortality
	Are There Differences in Effect by Type of Alcoholic Beverage?
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Overweight, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Risk
	Key Points
	Etiology and Pathophysiology
	Obesity Assessment and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
	Risk Factors
	Effect of Weight Loss on Obesity Comorbidities
	Treatment Options
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 20: Tobacco Use, Passive Smoking, and Cardiovascular Disease:
	Key Points
	Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Cardiovascular Disease
	Environmental Tobacco Smoke
	Prevalence and Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among Youth
	Prevalence and Trends Among Adults
	Prevention and Intervention among Youth
	Cessation Interventions among Adults
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 21: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
	Key Points
	Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus
	Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
	Diabetes Mellitus as Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease
	Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
	Management of Hyperglycemia to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease
	Global Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 22: Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease
	Key Points
	Historical Perspective
	Pathophysiology
	Defining Metabolic Syndrome
	Prevalence and Epidemiology
	Cardiovascular Risk in Persons with the Metabolic Syndrome
	Management of Metabolic Syndrome
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 23: Role of Ethnicity in Cardiovascular Disease:
	Key Points
	Cardiovascular Disease in Racial and Ethnic Minorities: Overview and Perspectives
	Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Racial and Ethnic Populations in the United States
	Risk Calculation among Ethnic Groups
	Health Care Use
	Ethnic-Specific Treatment Issues
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 24: Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women
	Key Points
	Awareness
	Risk Stratification
	Risk Factors and Risk Reduction Interventions
	Reproductive Hormones
	Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 25: Cardiovascular Aging:
	Key Points
	Epidemiology Of Cardiovascular Diseases In Older Individuals
	Aging of Central Arteries in Apparently Healthy Humans
	Cardiac Aging
	Interventions to Retard Cardiovascular Aging
	Clinical Implications of Cardiovascular Aging
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 26: Concepts of Screening for Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease
	Key Points
	Concepts in Screening
	Screening for Cardiovascular Risk Factors
	Screening for Global Cardiovascular Risk
	Screening for Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 27: Role of Vascular Computed Tomography in Evaluation and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
	Key Points
	Current Coronary Artery Disease Risk Stratification Guidelines
	Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease
	Non–Contrast-Enhanced Coronary Computed Tomography: Assessment of Coronary Artery Calcification
	Methods of Assessing Coronary Artery Calcium
	Multidetector Computed Tomography Compared With Electron Beam Tomography For Detection Of Coronary Artery Calcium
	Clinical Value of Coronary Artery Calcification In Asymptomatic Individuals
	Absence of Coronary Artery Calcification
	Who Are Candidates For Coronary Artery Calcium Testing?
	Tracking Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium Scores
	Coronary Artery Calcium Testing and Downstream Medication Initiation and Adherence
	Coronary Artery Calcium Testing And Downstream Testing And Costs
	Using Information From Coronary Artery Calcium Testing To Modify Treatment
	Contrast-Enhanced Coronary Computed Tomography: Assessment of Native Coronary Arteries
	Radiation Dose
	Guidelines For Coronary Artery Calcium Testing And Computed Tomographic Angiography In Asymptomatic Individuals
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 28: Use of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography in Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Atherosclerosis Progressio ...
	Key Points
	Imaging of Atherosclerosis
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	Positron Emission Tomography
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 29: Exercise Treadmill Stress Testing With and Without Imaging
	Key Points
	Current Guidelines and Limitations
	Use as a Screening Test
	Exercise Stress Test Performance
	Exercise Stress Test Interpretation
	Stress Testing with Imaging for Screening Risk Assessment of Asymptomatic Individuals
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 30: Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Measurement and Plaque Detection for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction
	Key Points
	Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque Imaging
	Relationship between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Cardiovascular Disease Events
	Relationship between Carotid Plaques And Cardiovascular Disease Events
	Guideline And Consensus Statement Recommendations For Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
	Application of Carotid Ultrasound for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment
	Comparison of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Coronary Artery Calcium
	Effects of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Screening Programs on Clinical Practice and Outcomes
	Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Carotid Plaque Scanning Technique
	Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Measurement
	Study Interpretation
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 31: Peripheral Arterial Disease Assessment and Management
	Key Points
	Epidemiology
	Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease
	Pathophysiology
	Diagnosis of Peripheral Arterial Disease
	Prognosis
	Treatment
	Revascularization for Peripheral Arterial Disease
	Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 32: Endothelial Function and Dysfunction
	Key Points
	Endothelium and Endothelial Physiology: General Overview
	Endothelial Dysfunction
	Endothelial Vasomotor Function Testing
	Emerging Techniques of Vascular Function
	Lifestyle Modifications and Therapeutics
	Prognosis
	Clinical Trials
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 33: Exercise for Restoring Health and Preventing Vascular Disease
	Key Points
	Role of Increased Physical Activity in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
	Exercise Training Effect
	Risks of Increased Physical Activity
	Cardiac Rehabilitation
	Key Benefits of Exercise Training in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
	Cardiac Rehabilitation in the Elderly
	Role of Exercise Training in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
	Exercise Testing for Peripheral Arterial Disease
	Guidelines for Exercise Prescription Including the Role of Aerobic and Resistance Training
	Exercise Prescription for Peripheral Arterial Disease
	Long-Term Maintenance of Exercise Training
	References
Chapter 34: Psychological Risk Factors and Coronary Artery Disease:
	Key Points
	The Epidemiology Linking Psychosocial Risk Factors to Cardiovascular Disease
	Pathophysiology
	The Clinical Management of Psychological Risk Factors in Cardiology Practice
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 35: The Role of Treatment Adherence in Cardiac Risk Factor Modification
	Key Points
	Adherence Defined
	Patterns of Nonadherence and Associated Outcomes
	Nonadherence in Hypertension
	Nonadherence in Hyperlipidemia
	Nonadherence in Diabetes
	Nonadherence in Smoking
	Nonadherence in Obesity
	Factors Associated with Nonadherence
	Interventions to Improve Adherence
	Future Directions in Adherence
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 36: Clinical Practice Guidelines and Performance Measures in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
	Key Points
	Clinical Practice Guidelines: Background
	Guideline Recommendations and Evidence
	Status of Current Guideline Evidence Base
	Future Considerations for Guideline Development
	Guidelines for Secondary Prevention
	Performance Measures: Background
	Development and Selection of Performance Measures
	Performance Measures for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults
	Validation that Guidelines and Performance Measures Improve Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes
	Adherence to Preventive Therapies
	Conclusion
	References
Index