Prevention of Valve Fugitive Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry

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Prevention of Valve Fugitive Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry
Prevention of Valve Fugitive Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry
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Contents
1 - Terms and definitions
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2 - Fugitive emissions from piping and valves
	2.1 Introduction to fugitive emission
	2.2 Fugitive emission history and regulations
		2.2.1 The United States
		2.2.2 The Kyoto protocol
		2.2.3 TA Luft/VDI 2440
	2.3 Fugitive emission sources
	2.4 Fugitive emission evaluation and challenges
	2.5 Negative impacts of fugitive emission
	2.6 Valve emission sources
		2.6.1 Identifying valve leak points
		2.6.2 Key factors in low emission solutions
	2.7 Fluid services category
		2.7.1 ASME B31.3
		2.7.2 NORSOK M-601
	2.8 Leak detection and repair
		2.8.1 Identifying at-risk components
		2.8.2 Leak definition
		2.8.3 Monitoring methods
		2.8.4 Repairing components
		2.8.5 Recordkeeping
	2.9 Questions and answers
	Bibliography
3 - Valve sealing and packing
	3.1 Introduction to industrial valve seals
	3.2 Valve components seals
	3.3 Dynamic and static seals
	3.4 Valve stem seals
	3.5 Reasons for valve leakage
	3.6 Valve sealing types
		3.6.1 Gaskets
			3.6.1.1 Nonmetallic flat gaskets
			3.6.1.2 Semimetallic gaskets
			3.6.1.3 Metallic gaskets
		3.6.2 O-rings
		3.6.3 Lip seals
		3.6.4 V-packs
		3.6.5 Compression packing
		3.6.6 Bellows
	3.7 Valve sealing materials
		3.7.1 Stem sealing materials
			3.7.1.1 Graphite
			3.7.1.2 PTFE (Teflon)
			3.7.1.3 Elastomeric seals
			3.7.1.4 Lip seal materials
			3.7.1.5 Bellows materials
			3.7.1.6 V-packs and Glyd rings (subsea valve seals)
		3.7.2 Body/bonnet sealing materials
			3.7.2.1 Gaskets
			3.7.2.2 O-rings
	3.8 Questions and answers
	Bibliography
4 - Valve fugitive emission test standards, specifications, and laws
	4.1 Introduction and history
	4.2 Standards and regulations review
		4.2.1 API standards
			4.2.1.1 API 622 scope
				4.2.1.1.1 API 622 fugitive emission test
					4.2.1.1.1.1 Test fixture
					4.2.1.1.1.2 API 622 test fluid
					4.2.1.1.1.3 API 622 mechanical and thermal cycles
					4.2.1.1.1.4 API 622 packing selection and installation
					4.2.1.1.1.5 API 622 leak measurement
				4.2.1.1.2 API 622 packing corrosion test
					4.2.1.1.2.1 Ambient temperature corrosion test
					4.2.1.1.2.2 High-temperature corrosion test
				4.2.1.1.3 API 622 packing material test
			4.2.1.2 API 624 scope
				4.2.1.2.1 API 624 fugitive emission test
					4.2.1.2.1.1 API 624 test fluid
					4.2.1.2.1.2 API 624 mechanical and thermal cycles
					4.2.1.2.1.3 API 624 leak measurement
			4.2.1.3 API 641 scope
				4.2.1.3.1 API 641 test fluid
				4.2.1.3.2 API 641 mechanical and thermal cycles
				4.2.1.3.3 API 641 valve pressure/temperature ratings
				4.2.1.3.4 API 641 leak test equipment and measurement
		4.2.2 ISO standards
			4.2.2.1 ISO standard 15848-1
				4.2.2.1.1 ISO standard 15848-1: scope, aim, and objective
				4.2.2.1.2 ISO standard 15848-1 test preparation
				4.2.2.1.3 ISO standard 15848-1 test fluid
				4.2.2.1.4 ISO standard 15848-1 leakage classes
				4.2.2.1.5 ISO standard 15848-1 cycles
					4.2.2.1.5.1 Isolation valves
					4.2.2.1.5.2 Control valves
				4.2.2.1.6 ISO standard 15848-1 temperature classes
				4.2.2.1.7 ISO standard 15848-1 class tightness and marking
			4.2.2.2 ISO standard 15848-2
				4.2.2.2.1 ISO standard 15848-2 scope, aim, and objective
				4.2.2.2.2 ISO standard 15848-2 test fluid and procedure
					4.2.2.2.2.1 Shaft sealing test measurement
					4.2.2.2.2.2 Body seal test measurement
		4.2.3 TA Luft/VDI 2440
	4.3 Test fluid (helium vs. methane)
	4.4 Leak detection methods
	4.5 Reasons for test failure
	4.6 Fugitive emission and valve design/manufacturing
	4.7 Conclusions on fugitive emission standards
	4.8 Questions and answers
	Bibliography
Index
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