Prevention in mental health : from risk management to early intervention

Preface
Introduction
Mental Health Prevention: What Is New and What Should Be Done
Contents
Part I: General Aspects and Paradigms
	1: Gender and Mental Health Prevention: When Differences Matter
		1.1	 Introduction
		1.2	 Individual Factors
			1.2.1	 Neuroimmune Impact of Childhood Adversities
			1.2.2	 Preventing Childhood Trauma
		1.3	 Familiar Factors
			1.3.1	 Detection of at-Risk Mothers
			1.3.2	 Availability of Effective Perinatal Interventions
			1.3.3	 Availability of an Organizational Framework for the Interdisciplinary Work
		1.4	 Social Factors
			1.4.1	 Education
			1.4.2	 Employment
			1.4.3	 Discrimination
			1.4.4	 Relationships
			1.4.5	 Nutrition
		1.5	 Healthcare Factors
		1.6	 Conclusion
		References
	2: Clinical Staging of Psychiatric Disorders: Its Utility in Mental Health Prevention
		2.1	 Diagnostic Process in Psychiatry: Shortcomings of Current Diagnostic Classifications and Future Directions
		2.2	 Clinical Staging Model: Principles and Criteria for Staging
		2.3	 Clinical Staging Model in Psychiatry
			2.3.1	 Application of the Clinical Staging Model to Psychotic Disorders
			2.3.2	 Application of the Clinical Staging Model to Bipolar Disorders
			2.3.3	 Application of the Clinical Staging Model to Major Depressive Disorder
			2.3.4	 Transdiagnostic Approach to Clinical Staging
		2.4	 Toward a Clinicopathological Staging Model
			2.4.1	 Neuroinflammation and O&NS Markers
			2.4.2	 Brain Structural Changes
		2.5	 Staging Treatment in the Clinicopathological Staging Framework
		References
	3: The Role of Psychopharmacology in Mental Health Prevention
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Preventative Psychopharmacology in Young People
			3.2.1	 The Staging Model and Prevention of Mental Disorders
			3.2.2	 Pharmacological Treatments for Emerging Psychiatric Disorders/‘At-Risk’ States
			3.2.3	 Using Medications Known to be Effective in Full-Threshold Mental Disorders
				3.2.3.1	 At Risk for Psychosis
				3.2.3.2	 Bipolar At-Risk Populations
				3.2.3.3	 Emerging Depressive Disorders or At-Risk States
			3.2.4	 Current Clinical Guidelines
		3.3	 New Frontiers: Novel Agents for Secondary Indicated Prevention
			3.3.1	 Neuroprotective Agents and Nutraceuticals
			3.3.2	 Neuroprotective Properties of Established Treatments for Mental Disorders in At-Risk Mental States
			3.3.3	 Supplementation Agents in At-Risk Mental States
				3.3.3.1	 Supplementation in Ultra High Risk
				3.3.3.2	 Bipolar ‘At Risk’ and Emerging Depressive Disorders
		3.4	 Issues in Research, Clinical Practice and Ethics Relevant to Preventative Prescribing in At-Risk Mental States
			3.4.1	 Prescribing for Prevention in At-Risk Mental States
			3.4.2	 Aspects of the Therapeutic Alliance in Preventative Psychopharmacology
			3.4.3	 Ethical Challenges
		3.5	 Conclusions and Future Directions
		Glossary
		References
Part II: Areas for Intervention and Improvement
	4: Postpartum (Puerperal) Psychosis: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management and Treatment
		4.1	 What Is Postpartum (or Puerperal) Psychosis
		4.2	 Risk Factors for the Onset of PP
			4.2.1	 Obstetric, Psychosocial and Sleep-Related Risk Factors
			4.2.2	 Biological, Genetic and Brain-Related Risk Factors
		4.3	 Differential Diagnosis
		4.4	 Prevention and Prophylaxis
			4.4.1	 Screening for Postpartum Psychosis
			4.4.2	 The Role of Medications
		4.5	 Treatment and Management of Postpartum Psychosis
			4.5.1	 Treatment Continuation
		4.6	 Prognosis of Postpartum Psychosis
		4.7	 Conclusions
		References
	5: Childhood Trauma and Mental Health: Never Too Early to Intervene
		5.1	 The Burden of Childhood Trauma
		5.2	 The Link Between Childhood Trauma and Health Outcomes
			5.2.1	 Mental Health
			5.2.2	 Physical Health
		5.3	 The Timing of Exposure and Developmental Sequelae of Trauma
		5.4	 Prevention and Early Interventions for Trauma
		5.5	 Conclusions
		References
	6: Promoting Positive Parenting to Prevent Mental Health Problems
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 The Dimensions of Parenting
			6.2.1	 The Affective Dimension of Parenting
			6.2.2	 The Regulatory Dimension of Parenting
		6.3	 Types of Intervention
			6.3.1	 Video-Feedback Interventions and Their Efficacy
			6.3.2	 Parent Training Programmes and Their Efficacy
		6.4	 Conclusions
		References
	7: Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Psychosocial Issues Later in Life
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Developmental Trajectories
			7.2.1	 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
			7.2.2	 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
			7.2.3	 Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Other Tic Disorders
		7.3	 Conclusions
		References
	8: Migration and Mental Health: From Vulnerability to Resilience
		8.1	 The Migration Phenomenon Worldwide
			8.1.1	 Migration: Trends and Definitions
		8.2	 Mental and General Health Outcomes of Migration
			8.2.1	 Migration and Health
			8.2.2	 Barriers to Health Care
			8.2.3	 Mental Disorders in Migrants
		8.3	 Migration and Psychosis: From Vulnerability to Resilience
			8.3.1	 Relative Risk of Psychosis among Migrants
			8.3.2	 Possible Explanations of the Phenomenon
			8.3.3	 Vulnerability Factors in Migrants
			8.3.4	 Resilience Factors in Migrants
		8.4	 Conclusions
		References
	9: Tackling Urbanicity and Pollution in Mental Health Prevention Strategies
		9.1	 Setting the Scene
		9.2	 Introduction
			9.2.1	 Urbanization
			9.2.2	 Pollution
		9.3	 Urban Mental Health
		9.4	 Pollution and Its Impact on Mental Health
			9.4.1	 Air Pollution
			9.4.2	 Light Pollution
		9.5	 New Strategies and Challenges
		References
	10: Is There Room for Anti-stigma Interventions in Mental Health Preventive Programmes?
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 The Problem of Mental Health Stigma
		10.3	 Stigma as a Barrier for Universal Prevention in Mental Health
			10.3.1	 The Effect of Public Stigma on Universal Prevention
			10.3.2	 The Effect of Structural Stigma on Universal Prevention
		10.4	 Stigma as a Barrier for Selected and Indicated Prevention in Mental Health
			10.4.1	 The Effect of Public Stigma on Indicated Prevention
			10.4.2	 The Effect of Self-Stigma on Indicated Prevention
			10.4.3	 The Effect of Structural Stigma on Indicated Prevention
		10.5	 Conclusions
		References
	11: Combined Prevention for Substance Use and Mental Health Problems in Youth: A Glance at Two Conditions at High Risk for Addiction
		11.1	 Prologue
		11.2	 The Gateway Theory: Is It Just a Theory?
		11.3	 The Return of the Theory
		11.4	 Not Just Substances
		11.5	 Neurochemical Aspects
		11.6	 Drug Gateway, Nicotine, and Memory Consolidation Mechanisms
		11.7	 ADHD and SUDs
		11.8	 ADHD and Nicotine Smoking
		11.9	 ADHD-Related Symptoms and Their Role in Nicotine Use
		11.10	 Conclusions
		References
	12: Enhancing Cognition in People with Mental Health Vulnerabilities
		12.1	 Introduction
		12.2	 Intervention Paradigms
		12.3	 Interventions on Chronic Patients
		12.4	 Early-Phase Interventions
		12.5	 Interventions on High-Risk Patients
		12.6	 Conclusions
		References
	13: Targeting Metabolic Abnormalities in Mental Health Prevention Strategies
		13.1	 Metabolic Abnormalities in Psychosis (SCZ and BD)
			13.1.1	 Pathophysiology
			13.1.2	 Antipsychotic Treatment
		13.2	 Metabolic Abnormalities in MDD
			13.2.1	 Pathophysiology
			13.2.2	 Role of Antidepressants
		13.3	 Treatment and Prevention
			13.3.1	 Non-pharmacological Interventions
			13.3.2	 Pharmacological Interventions
		13.4	 Conclusions
		References
	14: Imaging in Psychiatry: A Reappraisal of Preventative Potential
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Psychosis
			14.2.1	 Prognosis Prediction and Treatment Response
			14.2.2	 Differential Diagnosis
			14.2.3	 Risk Assessment and Prediction of Illness
		14.3	 Mood Disorders
			14.3.1	 Major Depressive Disorder
				14.3.1.1	 Prognosis Prediction and Treatment Response
			14.3.2	 Bipolar Disorder
				14.3.2.1	 Prognosis Prediction and Treatment Response
				14.3.2.2	 Differential Diagnosis
				14.3.2.3	 Risk Assessment and Prediction of Illness
		14.4	 Anxiety Disorders
		14.5	 Neurodevelopmental Disorders
			14.5.1	 Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders
			14.5.2	 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		14.6	 Limitations
		14.7	 Future Directions
		References
	15: Functional Neurological Symptoms: A Potential Sentinel of Neurological and Mental Health Disorders
		15.1	 Introduction and Definitions
		15.2	 General Characteristics
		15.3	 Etiopathology
		15.4	 Comorbidities
		15.5	 Epidemiology
		15.6	 Clinical Diagnosis
		15.7	 Special Syndromes
		15.8	 Communicating the Diagnosis
		15.9	 Treatment
		15.10	 Outcomes and Prognosis
		15.11	 Prevention of Functional Disorders
		15.12	 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Future Perspectives
	16: Unmet Therapeutic Needs in Psychotic Illness: The Gut Microbiome-Endocannabinoid Axis as a Target for the Development of New Preventative Strategies
		16.1	 Anhedonia and Amotivation: The Search for Novel Therapeutic Targets
		16.2	 The Gut Microbiome: Relevance for Psychosis and Anhedonia/Amotivation
			16.2.1	 The Gut Microbiome in Psychotic Illness
			16.2.2	 Gut Dysbiosis and Anhedonia/Amotivation
			16.2.3	 Therapeutic Implications
		16.3	 The Endocannabinoid System: Relevance for Psychotic Illness and Anhedonia/Amotivation
		16.4	 The Gut Microbiome-Endocannabinoid Axis
			16.4.1	 Future Directions
		References
	17: Prodromal Dementias with Lewy Bodies: A Paradigm for Identifying People at Ultra-High Risk
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 MCI-DLB
		17.3	 Delirium-DLB
		17.4	 Psychiatric-DLB
		17.5	 Moving to a Unified Framework of Ultra-High Risk of DLB
		17.6	 Conclusions
		References
	18: Neglected Vulnerabilities in Mental Health: Where Do We Need to Do More?
		18.1	 Introduction
		18.2	 Vulnerabilities
			18.2.1	 Life Epochs
			18.2.2	 Transition from Child to Adult Mental Health Services
			18.2.3	 Basic Cognition, Social Skills, and Emotional Regulation
			18.2.4	 Negative Symptoms
			18.2.5	 Body Image
			18.2.6	 Humanitarian Emergencies and Mental Health
		18.3	 Final Remarks
		References
Afterword: Prevention of the Risk of Mental Suffering, A General and Specific Objective at Every Stage of Life
	References