Preterm Birth

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Epidemiological Factors for Preterm Birth: Maternal Factors
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Maternal Risk Factors
		2.1. Recurrent Preterm Birth
		2.2. Uterine Anomalies
		2.3. Interpregnancy Interval
		2.4. Cervical Length
		2.5. Previous Miscarriage and Pregnancy Termination
		2.6. Maternal Age
		2.7. Artificial Reproductive Technologies (ART)
		2.8. Multiple Gestations
		2.9. Number of Gestations
		2.10. Socio-Economic Status
		2.11. Race – Ethnicity
		2.12. Environmental Exposure
		2.13. Nutritional Intake, Body Mass Index (BMI)  and Gestational Weight Gain
		2.14. Marital Status
		2.15. Psychological Stress
		2.16. Employment
		2.17. Smoking
		2.18. Caffeine Consumption
		2.19. Alcohol Consumption
		2.20. Drugs
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Epidemiological Factors for Preterm Birth: Paternal and Fetal Factors
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Paternal Risk Factors
		2.1. Paternal Anthropometric Characteristics (Age, Height, Weight, Birth-Weight)
		2.2. Paternal Educational Level
		2.3. Paternal Occupation
		2.4. Paternal Involvement
		2.5. Partner Alteration
	3. Fetal Risk Factors
		3.1. Fetal Sex
		3.2. Congenital Anomalies and Pregnancy Complications
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
The Link between DHA and Bone Turnover in the Preterm Neonate
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Preterm Neonate:  Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes
	Bone Turnover
	Bone Turnover During Pregnancy, Lactation  and Newborn Development
	Role of (-3 Fatty Acids in Preterm Neonate  Bone Turnover
	References
Chapter 4
Maternal Periodontal Disease  and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: The Current Stand
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
	Influence of Pregnancy on Oral Health
	Does Periodontal Disease Pose  a Systemic Threat?
	Periodontal Pathogens and Systemic Infection
	Mechanism Linking Periodontal Infection  and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
		Bacterial Vaginosis
		Role of Periodontitis
		Mechanism of Overlapping Genetic Substrates –  Epigenetic Concept
	What Does the Evidence Point to? [38]
		Maternal Periodontitis and Low Birth Weight
		Maternal Periodontitis and Preterm Birth
		Maternal Periodontitis and Pre-Eclampsia
		Analysis of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
	Effect of Periodontal Treatment on  Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
	Conclusion
	References
	Biographical Sketch
Index
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