Predictions in the brain: using our past to prepare for the future (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society series B)

Contents......Page 3
Predictions: a universal principle in the operation of the human brain......Page 5
I am deeply grateful to Jasmine Boshyan for her relentless and remarkably meticulous assistance with preparing this entire issue for publication.......Page 6
Introduction......Page 7
Do animals have the capacity to recall the past, and is this capacity supported by the hippocampus?......Page 8
Do animals use integrated what, when and where representations to remember unique events, and are these representations supported by the hippocampus?......Page 9
Can rats predict the future and does this ability involve the hippocampus?......Page 11
Preparation of this paper was support by grants from the National Science Foundation and National Institute of Mental Health.......Page 13
References......Page 14
Theta/gamma phase code and phase precession......Page 16
Prospective coding: predicting upcoming places......Page 17
Phase precession in the non-spatial domain......Page 18
Usefulness of sequence retrieval to guide behaviour......Page 20
Possible mechanisms of phase precession......Page 21
References......Page 22
Constraints on sequence memory......Page 25
Variable-order memory......Page 26
Biological implications of a sequence memory model......Page 27
Sequence timing......Page 28
Splitting states......Page 29
Experimental results......Page 30
References......Page 31
Hierarchical dynamical models......Page 32
Summary......Page 33
Hierarchical message passing......Page 34
Birdsong and attractors......Page 35
Song recognition......Page 36
Structural and dynamical priors......Page 38
Omission and violation of predictions......Page 39
Perceptual categorization......Page 40
References......Page 41
Learning of invariant recognition categories in the ‘what’ cortical stream......Page 43
Imagining and planning ahead: prediction without action......Page 44
Spikes, synchrony and attentive learning by laminar thalamocortical circuits......Page 45
Cognitive-emotional interactions endow predictions with value constraints......Page 47
Spectral timing in cerebellum and hippocampus: timed action, attention, and autism......Page 48
Balancing reactive versus planned behaviours: basal ganglia gating......Page 50
Inhibitory matching and mismatch learning of sensory motor maps and gains......Page 51
References......Page 52
Introduction: the general framework......Page 55
Analogies: the trigger......Page 56
Associations: the building blocks......Page 58
Predictions and some implications......Page 59
References......Page 61
Introduction......Page 64
Neuroimaging of past and future events......Page 65
MTL and future event simulation: summary, extensions and theoretical implications......Page 68
References......Page 70
Defining ‘future’......Page 73
Use reinstates fresh plasticity in old memories......Page 74
Plastic opportunities in the absence of explicit retrieval......Page 75
On memory metaphors......Page 76
On being just stable enough......Page 77
References......Page 78
Using imagination......Page 81
The construction system......Page 84
Add-ons to the construction system......Page 85
This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust and the Brain Research Trust.......Page 87
References......Page 88
Computation: the functions of mental imagery......Page 90
Algorithm: representations and processes used in imagery......Page 91
Mental imagery, mental simulation and mental emulation......Page 92
Predictive function......Page 93
Holistic versus piecemeal generation......Page 94
Endnotes1The term ‘imagine’ is ambiguous, meaning either ‘suppose’ or ‘image’ (as in ‘visualize’, which is imaging in the visual modality). The fact that the same word is used for the two meanings is telling: we often ‘suppose’ by creating mental image.........Page 95
References......Page 96
Re-enactments of modal states......Page 98
Sources of simulators......Page 99
Entrenched situated conceptualizations......Page 100
Perception......Page 101
Implicit memory......Page 102
Language......Page 103
References......Page 104
Neurobiology of the human prefrontal cortex......Page 107
Neural architecture......Page 108
Counterfactual thought......Page 110
Categories of counterfactual inference......Page 111
Category specificity of the PFC......Page 112
Conclusion......Page 113
References......Page 114
Prediction and movement......Page 117
The discontinuous nature of movement......Page 118
Motor binding in time and the centralization of prediction......Page 119
Dynamic geometry and Bayesian approach to decision theory......Page 120
References......Page 122
Introduction......Page 124
The functional neuroanatomy of mentalizing......Page 125
The effect of perceived similarity on self-projective mentalizing......Page 126
Predictions about ones own mental states......Page 127
Suppressing ones own mental states......Page 128
References......Page 129
Introduction......Page 132
Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence......Page 133
Uniquely human?......Page 134
Language......Page 135
Evolutionary considerations......Page 136
References......Page 137
Introduction......Page 140
Affect defined......Page 142
Evidence for affective predictions......Page 143
Basic-level affective predictions in object perception......Page 144
Coordinating affective predictions in the brain......Page 145
Conclusions......Page 146
References......Page 147
From preview to premotion to prediction......Page 150
Previews are unrepresentative......Page 151
Previews are essentialized......Page 152
Previews are truncated......Page 153
CODA......Page 154
References......Page 155