Preclassical Conflict of Laws

Cover
Half-title
Series information
Title page
Copyright information
Dedication
Epigraph
Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Maps
	Figures
	Tables
	Maps
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
	1.1 Prologue
	1.2 The End of History for Private International Law?
	1.3 An Historicism for the Age of Globalization
	1.4 Revisiting the Early History of Private International Law
	1.5 An Historical Outline
		1.5.1 Theories of Statutes, or: Preclassical Conflict of Laws
			1.5.1.1 History and Prehistory
		1.5.2 The Choice-of-Law Method, or: Classical Conflict of Laws
		1.5.3 Revolution, Crisis, Pluralism: Modern Conflict of Laws
		1.5.4 Classical, Preclassical, and Modern
		1.5.5 Theory and Practice
		1.5.6 On Conflict of Laws, Private International Law, and Other Names
	1.6 Conceptual Premises
		1.6.1 The Discipline of Private International Law
		1.6.2 The Governance Functions of Private International Law
			1.6.2.1 International Governance and Private International Law
			1.6.2.2 Private-Law Governance and Private International Law
			1.6.2.3 Autonomy
		1.6.3 A ''Remarkable Trinity''
	1.7 Structure of the Book
Part I History and Historiography in the Conflict of Laws
	2 Uses of History in Private International Law
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Materials
			2.2.1 Conflicts History as Textbook History
				2.2.1.1 Structure and Narratives
				2.2.1.2 Historical Consciousness in the Common-Law World
			2.2.2 Historical Studies
		2.3 Conflicts Historiography in the Beginnings
			2.3.1 Preclassical Historical Consciousness
			2.3.2 Moments of Transition
				2.3.2.1 Savigny
				2.3.2.2 Demangeat
				2.3.2.3 John Westlake in 1858
		2.4 The Discipline Ascendant: Progress Narratives in Classical Private International Law
			2.4.1 François Laurent in 1880
			2.4.2 Armand Lainé in 1888
			2.4.3 A Lost Cause? de Vareilles-Sommières in 1897
			2.4.4 Eugen Ehrlich in 1906
		2.5 The Discipline Persists: Interwar Progress Narratives
			2.5.1 Scientific Optimism: Max Gutzwiller in 1929
			2.5.2 Progress as Struggle: Meijers in 1934
			2.5.3 The Triumph of Comparative Law: Ernst Rabel in 1945
		2.6 History as Pedigree: Conflict and Eclecticism in Modern Private International Law
			2.6.1 Variations on a Theme
				2.6.1.1 History as Quest
				2.6.1.2 History as Dialectics
				2.6.1.3 History as Marxist Narrative
				2.6.1.4 History in Circles
			2.6.2 Historicism and Pedigree History
				2.6.2.1 Explanatory Historicism
				2.6.2.2 Normative Historicism
				2.6.2.3 Archaeological Historicism
			2.6.3 Historical Narratives as Opposition
				2.6.3.1 The Genealogies of Lex Mercatoria
				2.6.3.2 The End of History as Progress Narrative
		2.7 Concluding Remarks
	3 Preclassical Conflict of Laws in the Historical Consciousness
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 The Narrative
			3.2.1 Mutations
		3.3 The Division into Schools
			3.3.1 Schools as Paradigm
				3.3.1.1 Italian School
				3.3.1.2 French School
				3.3.1.3 Dutch School
				3.3.1.4 A Comment
			3.3.2 National Schools
			3.3.3 A Sociological Approach
			3.3.4 A Contextual Definition
		3.4 The Foundational Moment: ''Si Bononiensis''
			3.4.1 Of Founders
			3.4.2 Foundations
			3.4.3 An Alternative Foundational Moment? Aldricus: ''potior et utilior''
		3.5 Neglected Influences? Alternative Narratives about the Foundational Moment
			3.5.1 A Role for Court Practice and Customary Law
			3.5.2 Law Merchant and the Conflict of Laws
			3.5.3 Canon Law and the Conflict of Laws
		3.6 Conclusion
Part II Current Concerns
	4 Conflict of Laws as a Conceptual Battlefield
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Territorialism and Personalism
			4.2.1 Definitions
			4.2.2 Personalist Approaches: Domicile v. Nationality
			4.2.3 Territorial Approaches: Actus v. Situs
				4.2.3.1 Public Policy Territorialism
		4.3 Unilateralism in the Conflict of Laws
			4.3.1 Doctrinal Unilateralism: The Choice-of-Law Process
				4.3.1.1 Technically Unilateral Rules
				4.3.1.2 Determining Who Determines the Scope of Foreign Law
				4.3.1.3 Doctrinal Unilateralism as ''International Governance''
				4.3.1.4 Jurisprudential Aspects of Doctrinal Unilateralism
			4.3.2 Political Unilateralism: Extraterritorial Effects of Regulation
			4.3.3 Limited Unilateralism
			4.3.4 Absolute Unilateralism
		4.4 Universalism and Particularism
		4.5 Perspectives and Ideologies: Internationalism, Nationalism
		4.6 Conflict of Laws as a ''Conflict of Sovereignties''
			4.6.1 The ''Conflict of Sovereignties'' in Historical Narratives
			4.6.2 A Critique
		4.7 Conclusion
	5 Conflict of Laws as a Doctrinal Exercise
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Legal Reasoning in Conflicts Works
			5.2.1 On Rules and Formalism
			5.2.2 The Invocation of General Principles
		5.3 The Classification of the Legal Subject Matter
		5.4 The Distinction between Formalities, Procedural, and Substantive Matters in the Conflict of Laws
			5.4.1 Form as a Private-Law Construct
				5.4.1.1 Formalities as a Burden or Intervention
				5.4.1.2 Formalities as the Liberal Course of Action
			5.4.2 Procedural Formalism and the Distinction between Substance and Procedure in Conflicts Doctrine
		5.5 Conflict of Jurisdictions and Conflict of Laws
			5.5.1 On the Relationship between Choice-of-Law and Jurisdiction Rules
		5.6 Individuals, Party Autonomy, and the Conflict of Laws
			5.6.1 On the Individual as the Epicenter of a Conflicts System
			5.6.2 On Party Autonomy
		5.7 Decisional Harmony
	6 Conflict of Laws as a World System
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Mediating between Perspectives
		6.3 International Law as a Governance Project
		6.4 International Law as Doctrinal Foundation
		6.5 World Views and World Systems
		6.6 Conclusion
Part III Bartolus da Sassoferrato and the Conflict of Laws in the Middle Ages
	7 ''Nunc veniamus ad glossam'': Bartolus on the Conflict of Laws
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The Commentary on cunctos populos
			7.2.1 Establishing the Text
			7.2.2 Basic Structure
		7.3 ''Cujus occasione videnda sunt duo . . .''
		7.4 ''. . . utrum statuta porrigantur ad non subditos''
			7.4.1 Contracts (nus. 13-19)
			7.4.2 Wrongs (nu. 20)
			7.4.3 Testaments (nus. 21-26)
			7.4.4 Rights over Real Property (nus. 27)
			7.4.5 Clerical Privileges (nus. 28-31)
		7.5 ''. . . utrum effectus statuti porrigat extra territorium statuentium''
			7.5.1 Prohibitive Statutes (nus. 32-33)
			7.5.2 Permissive Statutes (nus. 34-43)
				7.5.2.1 Statutes Conferring a Privilege
				7.5.2.2 Statutes Facilitating Permissible Acts
					7.5.2.2.1 Solemnity
					7.5.2.2.2 Personal Status
				7.5.2.3 The English Question: Primogeniture and Effects as to Property
			7.5.3 Punitive Statutes (nus. 44-49)
				7.5.3.1 Statutes with Explicit Extraterritorial Effect
				7.5.3.2 Statutes Expressed in General Terms
			7.5.4 Effects of Judgments (nus. 50-51)
				7.5.4.1 Judgments as to Persons (in personam)
				7.5.4.2 Judgments as to Property (in rem)
	8 The Political Context of Bartolan Conflict of Laws
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Polities and Hierarchies
			8.2.1 A World Empire (with Its Common Law)
			8.2.2 Cities (and the Power to Make Law)
				8.2.2.1 The Legislative Jurisdiction of Cities
				8.2.2.2 The ''Internal Sovereignty'' of Cities
		8.3 Laws and Their Hierarchies
			8.3.1 Of Ius Gentium and the Law Common to All Peoples
			8.3.2 From City Laws to City Law
			8.3.3 Iura propria
				8.3.3.1 Citizens at Home
				8.3.3.2 Foreigners Abroad
				8.3.3.3 Foreigners in the City
				8.3.3.4 Subjects Abroad
				8.3.3.5 Legal Acts and Legal Rights
		8.4 Bartolus, Ius Commune, and the Conflict of Laws
	9 Doctrinal Aspects of Bartolan Conflict of Laws
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Legal Style
			9.2.1 Structure of the Text
			9.2.2 Mode of Reasoning
		9.3 Organization of the Legal Subject Matter
			9.3.1 Contracts
			9.3.2 Delicts, Wrongs, and Crimes
			9.3.3 Succession
			9.3.4 Property
			9.3.5 Bartolus and the Law of Persons
			9.3.6 Marriage and the Family
		9.4 Form, Substance, and Procedure
			9.4.1 Form, Solemnitas, and Formalities
			9.4.2 Formalities and the Validity of Legal Acts
			9.4.3 ''Form,'' ''Substance,'' and the Limits on the Reach of Local Law
			9.4.4 Substance and Procedure
		9.5 Conflicts of Jurisdictions and Conflicts of Laws
		9.6 Individual Autonomy and Bartolan Conflict of Laws
		9.7 Harmony of Solutions
		9.8 Conclusion
	10 Bartolan Conflict of Laws in the Conceptual Battlefield
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Bartolus and the Basic Theory of Statutes
			10.2.1 Bartolus, the Basic Theory, and the Modern Historical Consciousness
			10.2.2 Territorialism, Personalism, and the Bartolan Doctrine
			10.2.3 Bartolus and the English Case
		10.3 Bartolus and the Limits of Unilateralism
			10.3.1 Permissive and Punitive Statutes
			10.3.2 Punitive Statutes and Unilateralism
			10.3.3 An a priori Unilateralism?
		10.4 Bartolus and the Conflict of Sovereignties
		10.5 Conclusion
Part IV Ulrik Huber and Conflict of Laws in the Early Modern Period
	11 ''Saepe fit, ut negotia'': Huber on the Conflict of Laws
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 De Conflictu Legum Diversarum
			11.2.1 The Text
			11.2.2 Structure of the Text
		11.3 Foundations
			11.3.1 Foregrounding (§ 1)
			11.3.2 Statement and Justification (§ 2)
				11.3.2.1 Axioms
				11.3.2.2 Citing the Digest
				11.3.2.3 Discussing the Axioms
		11.4 Primary Rule: locus regit actum
			11.4.1 Acts inter vivos and mortis causa
				11.4.1.1 Testaments (§ 4)
				11.4.1.2 Contracts (§ 5)
			11.4.2 Res judicata and Actions
				11.4.2.1 Res judicata (§ 6)
				11.4.2.2 Actions (§ 7)
			11.4.3 Marriage
				11.4.3.1 Validity (§ 8)
				11.4.3.2 Effects (§ 9)
			11.4.4 Limitations
				11.4.4.1 Intention of the Parties (§ 10)
				11.4.4.2 The Prejudice Exception (§ 11)
		11.5 Second Rule: Personal Status and Capacity
			11.5.1 The Rule: Personality (§ 12)
			11.5.2 The Rule Does Not Create Personal Statutes (§§ 13-14)
		11.6 Third Rule: The lex rei sitae Exception (§ 15)
			11.6.1 The Rule as to Immovables
			11.6.2 Intestate Succession and a Reference to Movable Property
		11.7 Concluding
	12 The Political Context of Huber's Conflict of Laws
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Ulrik Huber in Political Context
			12.2.1 A Commercial Republic (or Republics)
			12.2.2 Sovereignty and the State
				12.2.2.1 Citizens, Foreigners, and Domicile
			12.2.3 Religion
				12.2.3.1 Protestantism, Catholicism, and Conflicts in Huber's Friesland
				12.2.3.2 Religion and Early Modern Marriage
		12.3 Legal Sources and Their Hierarchies
			12.3.1 Natural Law and the Law of Nations
			12.3.2 Civil Law
			12.3.3 Judicial Power and Discretion
		12.4 Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in Huber
			12.4.1 Civil Jurisdiction over Foreigners in Huber
				12.4.1.1 Arrest-Based Jurisdiction
			12.4.2 Res Judicata, Jurisdiction, and Huber on the Conflict of Laws
			12.4.3 Jurisdiction Theories and Huber
		12.5 Conclusion
	13 Doctrinal Aspects of Huber's Conflict of Laws
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Legal Style
			13.2.1 Structure
			13.2.2 Rational Ordering
				13.2.2.1 A Novel Method
			13.2.3 Practice and Pragmatism
		13.3 The Organization of the Legal Subject Matter
			13.3.1 Huber as an Institutist
			13.3.2 Contracts and Obligations
			13.3.3 Law of Persons
				13.3.3.1 Marriage
				13.3.3.2 Marital Property
			13.3.4 Testaments and Property
		13.4 Form and Substance in Huber
			13.4.1 From Testaments to Contracts
			13.4.2 Formal and Substantive Validity of Marriages
			13.4.3 Procedure: or, Control by the Forum through Carving an Area of Form
		13.5 Huber and the Conflict of Jurisdictions
		13.6 Individual Autonomy in Huber's Conflict of Laws
		13.7 Harmony of Solutions
		13.8 Conclusion
	14 Huber's Conflict of Laws in the Conceptual Battlefield
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Huber and Territorialism
			14.2.1 Huber and Actus Territorialism
			14.2.2 Actus Territorialism and Personalism
			14.2.3 Actus and Situs Territorialism
			14.2.4 Huber and Public Policy Territorialism
		14.3 Huber as Unilateralist
		14.4 Comity in Huber's Doctrine
			14.4.1 Huber's Third Axiom
			14.4.2 Comity from Paul to Johannes Voet
			14.4.3 Comity as Foundation
			14.4.4 Comity and Exceptions
				14.4.4.1 Fighting against Evasion
				14.4.4.2 Defending Local Laws
				14.4.4.3 Defending Local Rights: Third-Party Rights and Conflicts of Obligations
		14.5 Huber and the Conflict of Sovereignties Discourse
		14.6 Conclusion
Part V Epilogue
	15 Preclassical Conflict of Laws Configured
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 De Statutis
		15.3 Addressing Private Law Problems
		15.4 Political Foundations and Legal Hierarchies
		15.5 A Conflicts Literature (and Discourse)
		15.6 From Preclassical Conflict of Laws to Private International Law
		15.7 The Hedgehog and the Fox
Bibliography
	Primary Sources
		Manuscripts
		Original and Early Modern Printed Editions
		Modern Era Editions
		Translations
	Secondary Sources
Index