Pragmatics and Grammar (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Tables......Page 14
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
How to use this book......Page 18
Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English......Page 19
Other sources commonly used:......Page 20
1 Introduction: Grammar, pragmatics, and what’s between them......Page 21
1.1 On inferring......Page 23
1.2 Generating implicatures......Page 29
1.3 Distinguishing between codes and inferences......Page 31
1.3.1 Why distinguish codes from inferences?......Page 32
1.3.2 How can we distinguish codes from inferences?......Page 36
1.4 Distinguishing between types of inferences......Page 39
1.5 The challenges of a code/inference division of labor......Page 44
Introduction......Page 45
2 Distinguishing the grammatical and the extragrammatical: referential expressions......Page 47
2.1 Code or inference? Existential presuppositions of definite descriptions......Page 48
2.1.1 Focusing on commitment......Page 51
2.1.2 Focusing on context satisfaction......Page 56
2.1.3 Encoded Givenness and inferred commitment......Page 59
2.2 Code or inference? The referential marking scale......Page 64
2.3 Grammatical or extragrammatical? Discourse function and discourse profile......Page 73
2.3.1 Preferred Argument Structure as discourse profile......Page 75
2.3.2 Genre-related uses of definite descriptions and pronouns: discourse function and discourse profile......Page 82
3 Distinguishing codes, explicated, implicated, and truth-compatible inferences......Page 88
3.1 And-associated inferences......Page 91
3.1.1 The semantics/pragmatics division of labor in interpreting and......Page 92
3.1.2.1 Explicated or implicated?......Page 98
3.1.2.2 Explicated, implicated, and truth-compatible inferences......Page 104
3.2 The upper bound on most......Page 109
3.2.1 Implicating the upper bound......Page 111
3.2.2 Explicating the upper bound......Page 114
3.2.3 Encoding the upper bound......Page 120
3.3 The coded, the inferred, and the truth-compatible......Page 127
Introduction......Page 131
4 Grammar, pragmatics, and arbitrariness......Page 137
4.1 Is grammar motivated or arbitrary?......Page 138
4.2 Multiple motivations per form, or, are they?......Page 143
4.3 Motivations competing over forms......Page 149
4.4 Forms competing over motivations......Page 155
4.5 Unmotivated grammaticizations?......Page 159
5 All paths lead to the salient discourse pattern......Page 169
5.1 External forces behind grammar......Page 170
5.1.1 Grammar and our cognition......Page 171
5.1.2 Grammar and sociocultural norms......Page 176
5.1.3 Grammar and pragmatic inferencing......Page 179
5.2 External forces propose, discourse disposes......Page 188
5.2.1 Discourse versus cognition......Page 189
5.2.2 Discourse as arbiter......Page 197
5.3 Discourse proposes, the salient discourse pattern disposes......Page 200
5.3.1 The salient discourse pattern......Page 205
5.3.2 Motivated salient discourse patterns......Page 209
5.3.3 Relatively arbitrary salient discourse patterns......Page 213
5.3.4 A possible mechanism for crossing the grammar/pragmatics divide......Page 225
6 The rise (and potential fall) of reflexive pronouns......Page 232
6.1 A structural account of reflexive pronouns......Page 234
6.1.1 Motivating the structural pattern......Page 236
6.2.1 Before grammaticization: indicating marked coreference with old means......Page 239
6.2.2 The grammaticization of emphatics into reflexives......Page 242
6.2.3 The nonunitary nature of the grammaticization of reflexives......Page 246
6.3 Reflexives: grammar or pragmatics?......Page 253
6.3.1 Reflexives and coreference between non-co-arguments......Page 255
6.3.2 Reflexives and coreference between co-arguments......Page 258
6.3.3 Markedness differences among reflexive forms......Page 261
6.3.4 Grammar, and pragmatics too......Page 265
6.4 The potential demise of reflexive pronouns......Page 270
Introduction......Page 277
7.1 The widening gap between ‘what is said’ and a basic-level meaning......Page 281
7.2 A minimalist ‘what is said’......Page 288
7.3 A maximalist ‘what is said’ (truth-conditional pragmatics)......Page 296
7.3.1 Defining ‘what is saidmax’......Page 297
7.3.2 Distinguishing explicated and implicated inferences......Page 302
7.4 A mini–max ‘what is said’......Page 312
7.5 ‘What is said’ as less than semantic meaning......Page 315
7.6 Syncretic approaches to ‘what is said’......Page 317
7.7 In conclusion: the grammar/pragmatics divide and interfaces......Page 326
References......Page 329
Author index......Page 357
Subject index......Page 362