Practices and Perspectives in Sustainable Bioenergy: A Systems Thinking Approach (Green Energy and Technology)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Bioenergy, Consumer Decision-Making and Shaping the River Flow
	1 Introduction
	2 Issues Regarding Energy Consumption
	3 Perceived Characteristics of Biofuel by Consumers
	4 Theories of Consumption and Demand
	5 Consumers Are Information Processors
	6 Consumers Plan Their Consumption Behavior
	7 Consumers Have Cognitive Biases
	8 Renewable Energy Delivery Structure
	9 Discussion
	10 Conclusion
	Glossary
	Questions
	References
The Global Scenario of Biofuel Production and Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Development and Production of Bioethanol
		2.1 Food Crop-Derived Bioethanol
		2.2 Nonfood Crop-Derived Bioethanol
	3 Development and Production of Biodiesel
	4 Development and Production of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil
	5 Development and Production of Drop-in Biofuels
	6 Summary and Conclusions
	Review Questions
	Index
	References
Production Potential and Logistics of Biomass Feedstocks for Biofuels
	1 Introduction
	2 Production Potential of Biomass for Biofuels
	3 Biomass Feedstock Logistics
		3.1 Bioenergy Pathways
		3.2 Biomass Harvest and Collection
		3.3 Drying Biomass
		3.4 Pre-processing and Densification of Biomass
		3.5 Biomass Transportation
		3.6 Biomass Storage
		3.7 Biomass Pre-processing
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	Review Questions
	Index
	References
Bottlenecks in Biomethane Production from Agro-Industrial Wastes Through Anaerobic Digestion
	1 Introduction
	2 Agro-Industrial Wastes
	3 Classification of Wastes
	4 Characteristics of Wastes
	5 Compositional Variations of Feedstock
		5.1 Variation in Cell Wall Characteristics
		5.2 Variation in C:N
		5.3 Variation in Volatile Matter
	6 Availability of Waste Materials
	7 Measurement of Pollution Level
		7.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
		7.2 Biological/Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
		7.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
		7.4 Relation Between BOD and COD
	8 Types of Treatment
		8.1 Aerobic Treatment
		8.2 Anaerobic Treatment
	9 Pretreatment Strategies
		9.1 Biological Pretreatment
	10 Bottlenecks of Process Parameters that Govern Methane Production Efficiency
		10.1 Influence of Inoculum
		10.2 Temperature
		10.3 pH
		10.4 Organic Loading
		10.5 Macro- and Micronutrients
		10.6 Mixing
		10.7 Retention Time
		10.8 Influence of Inhibitory Substances
	11 Bioreactors Used for Anaerobic Treatment
		11.1 Reactor Associated Bottlenecks in Biomethanation
		11.2 Reactor Modifications
	12 Methane Enrichment by Carbon Dioxide Removal for Improved Calorific Value
	13 Utilization of CO2 Enriched Liquid for Blue-Green Algae Cultivation
	14 Conclusions
	Questions
	References
Oleaginous Lipid: A Drive to Synthesize and Utilize as Biodiesel
	1 Introduction
	2 Oleaginous Microorganisms
		2.1 Oleaginous Bacteria
		2.2 Oleaginous Microalgae
		2.3 Oleaginous Yeast and Mold
	3 Biochemistry of Lipid Accumulation
	4 Strategies for Enhanced Lipid Production
		4.1 Biochemical Engineering Approaches for Lipid Enhancement
		4.2 Genetic Engineering Approaches for Lipid Enhancement
		4.3 Blockage of Competing Pathways
		4.4 Multigene Transgenic and Transcription Factor Engineering Approaches
	5 Fermentation
		5.1 Batch Fermentation
		5.2 Fed-Batch Fermentation
		5.3 Continuous Fermentation
	6 Transesterification
		6.1 Conversion of Crude Glycerol: By-Product Utilization
	7 Conclusion
	Questions
	References
Photobioreactors for Bioenergy Systems and Lipid Extraction Methods from Microalgae
	1 Photobioreactor
	2 Desirable Characteristics for Algal PBRs
		2.1 Adequate Illumination Area
		2.2 Optimal Gas–Liquid Transfer
		2.3 Low Contamination Levels
		2.4 Low Capital and Production Cost
		2.5 Minimal Land Area Requirement
	3 PBR Inputs
		3.1 Light
		3.2 Carbon
		3.3 Water
		3.4 Other Nutrients
		3.5 Power
	4 PBR Designs
	5 Instrumentation and Control Systems
	6 PBR Productivity
	7 Microalgal Oil
	8 Lipid Extraction Methods
	9 Lipid Analysis
	10 Commercialization
	11 Future Trends
		11.1 Algae Production in Tandem with Industry, a Bioremediation Model
		11.2 Increasing PBR Efficiency Through Process and Structures Optimization
		11.3 Biorefineries
	Questions
	References
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sustainable Biomass
	2 Thermochemical Conversion Technologies
		2.1 Direct Combustion
		2.2 Gasification
		2.3 Pyrolysis
		2.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)
	References
Microbial Fuel Cells: A Path to Green, Renewable Energy
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrochemistry of a Galvanic Cell
	3 Electron Transfer at an Electrode
	4 Microbial Fuel Cell
	5 Electron Transfer Mechanism at the Anode
	6 Mud-Based MFC
	Review Questions
	Index
	References
Advancements in Thermochemical Modification of Wood for Bioenergy and Biomaterial Applications
	1 Overview of Wood Thermochemical Pretreatment
		1.1 Torrefaction and Densification
		1.2 Carbonization
	2 Advancement in Wood Thermochemical Conversion: Torrefaction
		2.1 Laboratory Scale Pelletization Methods
		2.2 Compaction Energy
		2.3 Temperature and Pressure
		2.4 Pellet Strength
		2.5 Resistance to Moisture
	3 Advancement in Wood Thermochemical Conversion: Carbonization
		3.1 Carbon Crystalline Evolution and Its Effects on Properties of Carbonized Wood
		3.2 Highly Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Produced Using Wood Cell Nanostructure
	Critical Thinking Questions
	References
Chemistry of Bioproducts
	1 Definition of Bioproducts
	2 Bioproducts and Bioeconomy
	3 Significance of Bioproducts
	4 Classification of Bioproducts
	5 Sources and Chemistry of Biomass and Bioproducts
		5.1 Chemistry in Biomass
		5.2 Chemistry in Bioenergy
		5.3 Chemistry in Biochemicals
		5.4 Chemistry in Biomaterials
	6 Conclusion
	Questions
	References
Heating in the Northeastern USA with a Biomass Pellet Stove: Lessons Learned in a Rural Residential Setting
	1 Authors’ Note to the Reader
	2 Introduction
	3 Methods of Making Heat from Biomass Materials
	4 Methods of Preparing Biomass to Serve as a Heating Fuel
	5 Heat Value of Fuel Sources and Trade-Offs
	6 Environmental Laws Relating to Residential Heating Technologies
	7 Capital Cost Comparisons
	8 On the Technology Horizon
	Questions for Critical Thinking
	References